Question 1

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people's behaviours?
A)operant conditioning
B)classical conditioning
C)latent learning
D)observational learning

Accepted Answer

Observational learning occurs when we observe other people's behaviors and the consequences that follow. This type of learning is also known as social learning, modeling, or vicarious learning. It involves observing and imitating the behavior of others, particularly those who are seen as role models or authority figures. Operant conditioning involves learning through rewards and punishments, classical conditioning involves learning through the association between two stimuli, and latent learning involves the acquisition of knowledge or skills without any observable change in behavior.

Question 2

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?
A)Greg hears on the radio that a huge storm is approaching,so he cancels his trip.
B)After several hours of staring at the computer screen,Marley suddenly realizes the solution to the puzzle he is trying to solve.
C)Carey figures out if she doesn't give her boss a hard time,he's a lot nicer to be around.
D)Ingrid swam poorly until she noticed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane;now her swimming is greatly improved.

Accepted Answer

Observable learning involves learning from observing others' behaviors and the consequences of their actions. In this scenario, Ingrid observed the efficient stroke of the man in the next lane while swimming and improved her own swimming technique. Therefore, option D is the best example of observational learning as it involves learning through observation.

Question 3

You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park.One day when you arrive at the park,you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years,and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park.Even though the paths are complicated and twisted,you quickly find and use the shortest route to your cousin.Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of
A)stimulus-response theory.
B)the formation of a cognitive map.
C)observational learning.
D)social reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

Tolman's theory of cognitive maps suggests that humans create mental representations of physical spaces, allowing them to efficiently navigate through those spaces. The efficient passage through the park, despite its many paths, supports the idea that the individual had formed a cognitive map of the park.

Question 4

Kwan checks her email for new messages several times during the day.She realizes that because emails are sent on a ________________ schedule,checking her email more frequently will not increase the number of new emails she receives in a day.Furthermore,she knows that she cannot predict when people will email her,but if an email has been sent to her,she will receive it the next time she checks.
A)fixed-ratio
B)fixed-interval
C)variable-ratio
D)variable-interval

Accepted Answer

Emails arrive on a variable-interval schedule because they are sent at unpredictable times, and checking more frequently does not affect the number of emails received.

Question 5

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.
A)reinforcement
B)associations
C)cognitive processes
D)punishment

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any immediate reinforcement, but it becomes evident when a reinforcement is offered later. This type of learning emphasizes the role of cognitive processes, such as making connections between different pieces of information, without necessarily needing to be reinforced.

Question 6

The concept of latent learning was developed by
A)Watson.
B)Skinner.
C)Tolman.
D)Thorndike.

Accepted Answer

The concept of latent learning was developed by Edward Tolman, who did extensive research on rats and their cognitive maps. Neither Watson nor Skinner developed this concept, and while Thorndike's laws of learning are related, they do not specifically address latent learning.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?
A)memory
B)attention
C)motivation
D)threat of danger

Accepted Answer

The threat of danger is not one of the processes identified by Albert Bandura to support observational learning. The other three - memory, attention, and motivation - are all critical components of observational learning.

Question 8

Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo"" doll study?
A)Exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children.
B)Exposure to aggressive models did not influence levels of aggression in children.
C)Exposure to aggressive models led to decreased levels of aggression in children.
D)Exposure to nonaggressive models led to increased levels of aggression in children.

Accepted Answer

In Bandura's "Bobo" doll study, exposure to aggressive models led to increased aggression in children. This finding supported Bandura's social learning theory, which suggests that behaviors are learned through observation and imitation of others.

Question 9

According to your textbook,which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?
A)Researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviours to others through imitation.
B)Humans are the only species known to transmit information through demonstration and imitation.
C)Several animals can imitate behaviours demonstrated by humans,but they cannot learn new behaviours from members of their own species.
D)Only primates,the closest relative to humans,are capable of teaching.

Accepted Answer

The textbook states that researchers have observed members of several different species transmitting new behaviours to others through imitation. This suggests that animals can teach each other through demonstration and imitation, not just humans. Option B is incorrect since it states that humans are the only species capable of transmitting information through demonstration and imitation. Option C is incorrect since the textbook implies that animals can also learn new behaviours through imitation from members of their own species, not just from humans. Option D is incorrect since the textbook does not state that only primates are capable of teaching.

Question 10

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship.This behaviour is reflective of ________ learning.
A)observational
B)conditional
C)operant
D)conformist

Accepted Answer

John is observing the behaviour of others and modeling it himself, which is characteristic of observational learning. Conditional learning involves forming associations between stimuli and responses, operant learning involves changing behaviour based on the consequences of that behaviour, and conformity involves changing behaviour to fit within a group or societal norms, which do not fully apply to this situation.

Question 11

Sarah has just received her driver's licence and is now ready to drive to school.Although she's never driven to her school before,Sarah knows the way.The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.
A)latent learning
B)classical conditioning
C)operant conditioning
D)classical and operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

The fact that Sarah knows the way to school without ever having driven there before suggests that she has undergone latent learning, which is learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response. This type of learning occurs when an individual learns something but does not demonstrate that knowledge until some incentive or motivation is provided to do so.

Question 12

Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?
A)Rats still learned to navigate a maze without receiving any reinforcement.
B)Rats learned when receiving punishment but not when receiving reinforcement.
C)Rats were not able to learn if reinforcement was withheld for long periods of time.
D)Rats learned only when reinforcement was presented immediately following the desired behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning showed that rats can learn to navigate a maze without receiving any reinforcement. This suggests that learning can occur even without the presence of reinforcement, and that the knowledge gained during this latent period can influence future behavior.

Question 13

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick,Julie applies some to her own lips.Julie acquired this behaviour through
A)classical conditioning.
B)observational learning.
C)operant conditioning.
D)stimulus generalization.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves acquiring new behaviors or information by watching and imitating others. In this scenario, Julie observed her sister applying lipstick and imitated the behavior. This is an example of observational learning. Classical conditioning involves learning associations between stimuli, operant conditioning involves learning through consequences, and stimulus generalization involves responding to stimuli that are similar to a previous learned stimuli.

Question 14

Learning that is not directly observable is called
A)latent inhibition.
B)innate learning.
C)social learning.
D)latent learning.

Accepted Answer

Latent learning refers to learning that is not immediately expressed in behavior, but rather remains hidden until it is needed. This type of learning is not directly observable, as it occurs without any outward signs of learning taking place.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?
A)Spanking is generally a very effective punisher when it is used for immediately stopping a behaviour.
B)There is no evidence that spanking can lead to poor mental health and it can be used frequently.
C)Corporal punishment teaches appropriate behaviours.
D)Corporal punishment is illegal in Canada.

Accepted Answer

Spanking can be effective in immediately stopping a behavior, but it is not recommended due to potential negative long-term effects.

Question 16

In a demonstration of observational learning,rats can identify food that is safe to eat by
A)observing where humans place poison rat traps.
B)feeding small pieces of the food to other rats and observing the result.
C)smelling the breath of other rats.
D)associating certain tastes with illness.

Accepted Answer

Rats can identify food that is safe to eat by smelling the breath of other rats. This is a form of observational learning where they use the experiences of others to guide their own behavior, without the need for direct interaction with the food or experiencing its effects firsthand.

Question 17

Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?
A)Interval schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to ratio schedules.
B)Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules.
C)Fixed schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to variable schedules.
D)All combinations of intermittent schedules tend to yield similar rates of responding.

Accepted Answer

Ratio schedules tend to yield higher rates of responding as compared to interval schedules because animals or humans are rewarded for a specific number of responses rather than a certain amount of time. This leads to a more consistent rate of responding and an increased willingness to work for the reward.

Question 18

B.F.Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds.Within a short time,most of the pigeons were practising some sort of consistent behaviour,even though the behaviour did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer.The birds were
A)demonstrating spontaneous recovery.
B)developing phobias.
C)demonstrating the partial reinforcement effect.
D)behaving superstitiously.

Accepted Answer

The pigeons were behaving in a superstitious manner, as they were displaying repetitive behaviors that were not actually linked to the reinforcement (food delivery). This is because they believed that their actions were causing the reinforcement, even though they were not.

Question 19

Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.
A)partial
B)negative
C)delayed
D)continuous

Accepted Answer

Partial reinforcement leads to a behavior that is more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement. This is because the behavior is not reinforced every time, making it harder for the subject to discern when or if a reward will be given, thus they continue the behavior longer in hopes of a reward.

Question 20

Which of the following statements is true about continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?
A)Both partial and continuous reinforcement lead to behaviours that tend to extinguish quickly.
B)Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through partial reinforcement.
C)Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous reinforcement.
D)Both continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist for extremely long periods of time.

Accepted Answer

Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement. This is because partial reinforcement creates a stronger association between the behavior and the reward, as the rewarding stimulus is not available every time the behavior is exhibited. This creates a higher level of persistence in the behavior as the individual continues to engage in the behavior in anticipation of the reward. In contrast, with continuous reinforcement, the behavior is extinguished more quickly as the individual learns that the behavior is only rewarded every time and therefore, the behavior ceases once the reward is no longer provided.

Quiz 6: C: Learning

Which type of learning occurs when we observe other people's behaviours?

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning?

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.

The concept of latent learning was developed by

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes Albert Bandura identified as supporting observational learning?

Which of the following is true concerning Bandura's classic "Bobo"" doll study?

According to your textbook,which of the following is true about animals teaching other members of their species?

John sees others being praised for using good penmanship and now he attempts to use good penmanship.This behaviour is reflective of ________ learning.

Sarah has just received her driver's licence and is now ready to drive to school.Although she's never driven to her school before,Sarah knows the way.The fact that Sarah can drive herself to school suggests that _________ has occurred.

Which of the following is true concerning Tolman and Honzik's classic study of latent learning?

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick,Julie applies some to her own lips.Julie acquired this behaviour through

Learning that is not directly observable is called

Which of the following statements is true regarding corporal punishment?

In a demonstration of observational learning,rats can identify food that is safe to eat by

Which of the following is true concerning partial schedules of reinforcement?

B.F.Skinner rigged the cages of pigeons so that food was delivered every 15 seconds.Within a short time,most of the pigeons were practising some sort of consistent behaviour,even though the behaviour did not have any effect on the delivery of the reinforcer.The birds were

Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.

Which of the following statements is true about continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement?