Quiz 7: C Memory

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model,human memory consists of ____________ memory stores. A)two B)three C)seven plus or minus two D)a potentially infinite number of

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory consists of ____________,which retain information,and ____________,which shift information from one type of memory to another. A)stores;episodic buffers B)control processes;central executives C)stores;control processes D)control processes;stores

Carlos finds a friend on Facebook whom he has not talked to in years.As they reminisce about things that happened 10 years ago,the information from old memories is transferred from Carlos' long-term memory into his short-term memory.This process is known as A)storage. B)retrieval. C)attention. D)encoding.

____________ describes the process of moving information from short-term to long-term memory,while ________ is the process of moving it from long-term back to short-term memory. A)Encoding;storage B)Encoding;retrieval C)Rehearsal;encoding D)Attention;storage

Which memory system holds information about all surrounding stimuli present at a particular moment? A)long-term memory B)sensory memory C)working memory D)short-term memory

Visual images remain in sensory memory for about A)0.5-1 second. B)2-3 seconds. C)5-10 seconds. D)30 seconds.

The auditory form of sensory memory is known as __________ memory,while the visual form is known as _________. A)iconic;echoic B)phonological loop;visuospatial sketchpad C)visuospatial sketchpad;phonological loop D)echoic;iconic

Auditory information remains in the sensory store for about A)0.5-1 second. B)5-10 seconds. C)30 seconds. D)1 minute.

Why is studying sensory memory so difficult? A)Sensory stimuli are difficult to reproduce in a laboratory. B)Sensory memory is processed on an implicit level and cannot be verbalized. C)The capacity of sensory memory is too vast to be measured. D)Sensory memory disappears faster than an individual can report.

Conrad is a participant in a memory experiment.He is shown a grid of letters for a fraction of a second,and then quickly asked to report the letters he saw either in the top,middle,or bottom row.The researchers conducting this experiment are most likely measuring Conrad's _____________ memory. A)short-term B)long-term C)sensory D)working

In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory,participants were asked to report A)only one of the three lines of letters. B)any letters they could remember. C)the first letter of each line. D)the last letter of each line.

Using the partial report method,Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory could hold A)only one line of letters (4). B)5-10 letters. C)all the letters present (12). D)only 1-2 letters.

_________ is required to move sensory information into short-term memory. A)Attention B)Encoding C)Retrieval D)Rehearsal

Alice was distracted when her friend asked her a question.She started to ask her friend to repeat the question,when she suddenly realized what her friend had been asking her.This is likely because the question was still stored in her A)working memory. B)short-term memory. C)long-term memory. D)sensory memory.

What is the correct order for shortest to longest duration of memory? A)short-term,sensory,long-term B)sensory,short-term,long-term C)short-term,long-term,sensory D)sensory,long-term,short-term

The 'magical' number that describes short-term memory capacity is A)fifteen plus or minus seven. B)thirty plus or minus seven. C)seven plus or minus five. D)seven plus or minus two.

When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes,the typical adult would probably start to encounter difficulty once they got past ________ digits. A)3 B)4 C)7 D)10

One way to store more information in short-term memory is called ____________,which involves organizing smaller units of information into larger,more meaningful units. A)rehearsal B)consolidation C)chunking D)dual coding

________ is a technique used to increase the amount of information held in short-term memory. A)Chunking B)Decoding C)Rote rehearsal D)Consolidation

Loni is asked to memorize the letters <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>I K T E A L N</i> in no particular order.She memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>INK</i> and <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>LATE</i>.This tactic is called A)the method of loci. B)the serial position effect. C)rote rehearsal. D)chunking.

Maria finds that it is easier to remember her student ID number if she thinks of it in segments,such as the first three digits,then the next two,and then the final four.This method is known as A)rote rehearsal. B)chunking. C)the method of loci. D)the serial position effect.

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory. P I O Y E L H O V S L Y C O G However,if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words,they fit short-term's memory span: I love psychology.This illustrates A)chunking. B)attentional blindness. C)rote rehearsal. D)serial position effect.

Devin is trying to remember the name of the cell body of a neuron.He can remember that it starts with an "s" and kind of sounds like aroma,but can't quite remember the term.This is an example of A)the serial position effect. B)the limits of sensory memory. C)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. D)retroactive amnesia.

Amahl just began teaching a new class.After having all the students list off their names,which ones is he most likely to forget? A)the names of students from the middle of the list B)the names of students at the beginning of the list C)the names of students at the end of the list D)any student names that were strange to him

According to the serial position effect,if you are shown a list of items and then asked to immediately recall them,you will most easily recall items from the A)beginning and the middle of the list. B)beginning and the end of the list. C)middle of the list. D)end of the list.

The tendency to recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the ___________ effect,and the tendency to recall items at the end of a list is known as the ___________ effect. A)recency;primacy B)primacy;recency C)serial position;primacy D)serial position;recency

Adrianna is trying to memorize the names of the bones in the hand.She had gone through the whole list of them when her phone rang.After she gets off the phone,she is MOST likely to remember the first few bone names on the list because of the A)retroactive interference effect. B)recency effect. C)primacy effect. D)proactive interference effect.

According to the recency effect,if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store,you would most easily recall items A)from early in the list. B)in the middle of the list. C)from the end of the list. D)that are most distinctive.

Proactive interference refers to when A)older information interferes with the retrieval of newer information. B)newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information. C)information at the end of a list is more easily remembered. D)information in the middle of a list is more easily remembered.

_______________ is when recently learned information interferes with previously learned information. A)The primacy effect B)Proactive interference C)Retroactive amnesia D)Retroactive interference

Isla is studying French and Spanish for two upcoming exams.She starts by studying French and then moves on to studying Spanish.However,when Isla goes to write her Spanish exam,she finds she keeps remembering French words rather than Spanish words.This is an example of A)retroactive interference. B)proactive interference. C)a shallow depth of processing. D)the recency effect.

Tomlin is rehearsing with his band for an upcoming show;however,he's having a hard time remembering the lyrics to his songs.Each time he rehearses a new song,he forgets the lyrics to the songs they practised previously.This is an example of A)the recency effect. B)retroactive interference. C)anterograde amnesia. D)proactive interference.

After working up the courage to ask Sam for her number,Alex repeats the number over and over in her head because she doesn't want to forget it.Alex's mental repetition is an example of A)chunking. B)deep processing. C)rehearsal. D)echoic memory.

After you finish reading this sentence,the information will remain in your ________ as you consider each of the answers below. A)long-term memory B)echoic memory C)sensory memory D)working memory

Sarah is working on her calculus homework.To solve the equations,she needs to hold on to the information while she works through the problems.In this example,Sarah is using her A)sensory memory. B)nondeclarative memory. C)working memory. D)episodic memory.

Which memory system can be divided into four interrelated systems: central executive,visuospatial sketchpad,episodic buffer,and the phonological loop? A)sensory memory B)working memory C)long-term memory D)episodic memory

As Katlin is learning a new language,she repeats the sound of the word over and over in her mind.Which component of working memory is primarily engaged during this task? A)phonological loop B)central executive C)episodic buffer D)visuospatial sketchpad

Recent research suggests that working memory includes a(n)_______________,which combines images and sounds into coherent,story-like episodes. A)phonological loop B)central executive C)episodic buffer D)visuospatial sketchpad

Gillian is assembling a bookcase.She studies one of the diagrams in the instructions and then looks for the parts she needs and begins to put them together.Which part of Gillian's working memory is primarily engaged during this task? A)the phonological loop B)the central executive C)the episodic buffer D)the visuospatial sketchpad

Which part of working memory guides attention and ensures that the other components are working on the appropriate task? A)the phonological loop B)the central executive C)the episodic buffer D)the visuospatial sketchpad

Similar to chunking,the visuospatial process of combining visual features (like shape and colour)into a single unit is called A)feature binding. B)feature detection. C)episodic buffering. D)encoding.

Visuospatial memory can accurately retain approximately ________ whole objects. A)3-4 B)7 +/- 2 C)7-10 D)15-30

The provincial psychology association has invited teams from all the universities in the province to compete in a Psych Bowl.The teams will answer questions such as "Who founded the first psychology laboratory?" Where is this information stored in the participants' memory? A)long-term memory B)short-term memory C)sensory memory D)implicit memory

Memories that we are consciously aware of and can verbalize,including facts about the world and one's own personal experiences,are called ______________ memories. A)implicit B)procedural C)nondeclarative D)declarative

Which two types of memories are both considered to be forms of declarative memory? A)semantic and episodic B)semantic and procedural C)episodic and conditioning D)procedural and conditioning

___________ memories can be told to someone,whereas____________ memories must be shown to someone. A)Procedural;declarative B)Nondeclarative;procedural C)Declarative;nondeclarative D)Nondeclarative;declarative

____________ memories include actions or behaviours that can be remembered and performed without awareness. A)Declarative B)Nondeclarative C)Semantic D)Episodic

After Tanya has repeatedly practised her ballet performance,she feels as if her muscles know exactly what to do at each point in the piece.This is an example of a(n)_____________ memory. A)episodic B)semantic C)conditioning D)procedural

Cassondra is running a basketball clinic and is trying to explain how to complete a 'lay-up.' Cassondra knows the best way to teach this skill is to demonstrate it.In this example,Cassondra is relying on her _________ memory. A)procedural B)semantic C)declarative D)nondeclarative

Classical conditioning can occur without a person's knowledge,as such,it can be considered a type of ____________ memory. A)procedural B)semantic C)declarative D)nondeclarative

You've been studying for days for your upcoming History exam.When completing the exam,you'll be relying on your________ memory. A)episodic B)semantic C)procedural D)conditional

When thinking back to your first day of university,which type of memory are you relying upon? A)nondeclarative memory B)semantic memory C)episodic memory D)procedural memory

Greg loves telling the story about how he met his boyfriend Asher while skydiving in New Zealand.In recalling how he and Asher first met,Greg is relying on his _______ memory. A)semantic B)nondeclarative C)procedural D)episodic

Our memories of general knowledge items such as the meanings of words or the dates of famous historical events are stored in A)procedural memory. B)semantic memory. C)episodic memory. D)nondeclarative memory.

On a TV game show,Jeannette is asked to name the 13^th Prime Minister of Canada.This information is most likely stored in Jeannette's A)procedural memory. B)semantic memory. C)episodic memory. D)nondeclarative memory.

___________ refers to the increased connectivity between neurons that fire together. A)Synaptic pruning B)Long-term potentiation C)Cellular potentiation D)Hippocampal potentiation

A researcher identifies a neuron in the brain that sends signals to a second neuron.After stimulating the neurons,the researcher finds that the signal being sent between the neurons is stronger than before.Which phenomenon can explain this result? A)synaptic pruning B)hippocampal potentiation C)long-term potentiation D)cellular encoding

_______________ may represent the first stages of memory at the cellular level. A)Hippocampal potentiation B)Long-term potentiation C)Cellular encoding D)Long-term encoding

______________is the process of converting short-term memories into long-term memories in the brain. A)Retrieval B)Consolidation C)Long-term potentiation D)Short-term potentiation

Immediately after class,Indigo remembered the definitions she had just learned in her Psychology class.However,when completing a quiz a few days later,Indigo had trouble remembering most of the content.Which of the following is the most likely biological explanation for this? A)Indigo is suffering from hypothalamic damage. B)Long-term potentiation has occurred. C)Consolidation did not occur. D)Indigo is suffering from anterograde amnesia.

The case of H.M.helped researchers understand that the hippocampus is involved in A)storing long-term memories. B)processing information using working memory. C)transferring information from sensory to short-term memory. D)transferring information from short-term to long-term memory.

Hélène recently suffered a stroke.Although she is able to remember events that occurred prior to her stroke,she doesn't remember the doctors and nurses that she has met since being admitted to the hospital.Hélène is likely suffering from A)retrograde amnesia. B)infantile amnesia. C)anterograde amnesia. D)consolidation confusion.

You train a rat to successfully navigate a maze,wait a week,and test him again.You note that the rat has remembered the successful path through the maze.You then lesion the rat's hippocampus.What results would you expect when testing the rat after the lesion has been performed? A)The rat will be unable to successfully navigate the maze. B)The rat's mobility will be too impaired to navigate the maze. C)The rat will require full re-training but will eventually learn to navigate the maze. D)The rat should have no problem successfully navigating the maze.

Following a car accident,Jane and Joan both suffer head injuries with resulting amnesia.Joan cannot remember events that occurred <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>before</i> the accident,while Jane cannot remember events that occurred <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>after</i> the accident.Joan is suffering from __________ amnesia,while Jane is suffering from __________ amnesia. A)anterograde;retrograde B)retrograde;anterograde C)proactive;retroactive D)retroactive;proactive

Damage to the hippocampus would most likely result in which disorder? A)anterograde amnesia B)retroactive interference C)retrograde amnesia D)proactive interference

The primary symptom experienced by Henry Molaison (H.M.)after his surgery was that he A)could not recall any memories from before the surgery. B)could form no new long-term memories of any type. C)could form nondeclarative,but not declarative memories. D)could form episodic,but not procedural memories.

________ is an active process,taking place between encoding and retrieval. A)Consolidation B)Rehearsal C)Elaboration D)Storage

The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters the memory system and is later used is A)encoding,retrieval,and storage. B)encoding,storage,and retrieval. C)acquisition,elaboration,and storage. D)acquisition,encoding,and retrieval.

__________ is the process of transforming sensory and perceptual information into memory traces,while __________ is the process of accessing memorized information. A)Retrieval;encoding B)Storage;retrieval C)Encoding;storage D)Encoding;retrieval

Reading and re-reading your notes to study for an exam is known as A)deep processing. B)elaborative rehearsal. C)maintenance rehearsal. D)encoding specificity.

To better retain information for an exam,researchers would suggest using ________ rehearsal rather than ____________ rehearsal. A)maintenance;elaborative B)elaborative;maintenance C)rote;maintenance D)rote;elaborative

Who is most likely to obtain the top score on his or her vocabulary test? A)James,who made term-definition flash cards of all his words and is going over and over them B)Cynthia,who has written down each word and definition five times in her notebook C)Callum,who has drawn a picture to illustrate each word D)Abbott,who says the words and definitions over and over to herself all day long

Which of the following correctly describes the basic levels of processing (LOP)effect? A)The longer someone is exposed to information,the more they will encode. B)Long-term memories are processed at a deeper level than short-term memories. C)Thinking about the meaning of information leads to better encoding. D)Memories are easier to recall in the same context as they were originally encoded.

On the first day of class,Sheila asked her professor the best way to learn and remember the material for the course.The professor responded,"Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts." The instructor's advice supports the research on A)state-dependent memory. B)context-dependent memory. C)levels of processing. D)encoding specificity.

Assessing whether the word CONSOLIDATION is in all capital letters is an example of _________ processing,whereas assessing whether it means the same thing as "encoding" is an example of __________ processing. A)structural;declarative B)declarative;semantic C)deep;shallow D)shallow;deep

While studying about operant conditioning for his upcoming Psychology exam,Damien thinks about his job at the plastics factory.He realizes that he's paid on a fixed-ratio schedule.Personalizing the information in an effort to better retain it,is an example of A)the self-reference effect. B)elaborative rehearsal. C)state-dependent memory. D)context-dependent memory.

Typical multiple choice questions rely upon ________,whereas short answer questions rely on _________. A)recall;recognition B)recognition;recall C)maintenance rehearsal;elaborative rehearsal D)elaborative rehearsal;maintenance rehearsal

Dr.James advises that if you study for your next psychology exam in the same room where you take the exam,your score will improve.He is basing this advice on A)state-dependent memory. B)the method of loci. C)context-dependent memory. D)deep processing.

If a researcher showed that people remember pleasant memories better when they are happy than when they are sad,this would demonstrate the concept of A)context-dependent memory. B)state-dependent memory. C)mood-dependent memory. D)depth-dependent memory.

State-dependent memory refers to the superior retrieval of information when the organism A)is in the same environment as it was during encoding. B)is in the same mood as it was during encoding. C)is in the same physical location as it was during encoding. D)is in the same internal state as it was during encoding.

Misty and her parents just got back from a vacation at Disney World,where they had a great time.Under which of the following circumstances is Misty likely to have more difficulty remembering what they did? A)while attending her grandmother's funeral B)at the park while playing with her friends C)at the beach with her family D)while attending the local fair

Finn is recovering from serious back surgery and has been taking pain medication for the last several days.During his recovery,he received multiple calls from friends and family.Later that week,off his medication,Finn can't seem to remember who called or what they said.Which of the following provides the best explanation for Finn's memory failure? A)context-dependent memory B)state-dependent memory C)mood-dependent memory D)depth-dependent memory

Based on research outlined in the textbook that describes the influence of emotion on memory,which of the following orders is correct,from most likely to be recalled to least likely to be recalled? A)emotionally positive;neutral;emotionally negative B)emotionally positive;emotionally negative;neutral C)neutral;emotionally positive;emotionally negative D)emotionally negative,emotionally positive,neutral

Which of the following situations is most likely to create a flashbulb memory? A)watching a favourite movie for the second time B)playing tennis with a friend C)finding out that one's partner is pregnant D)attending a basketball game with one's father and grandfather

You are telling your friend about a trip you took to Sea World when you were a child.During the middle of the show,the trainer slipped,fell into the water,and was nearly killed.You can remember the scene as if it happened yesterday.This is an example of which type of memory? A)unalterable B)semantic C)flashbulb D)procedural

Flashbulb memories A)are not subject to periodic revision. B)concern events that are highly significant. C)are typically highly accurate. D)are typically emotionally neutral.

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is TRUE? A)Flashbulb memories are no more accurate than other types of memories. B)People are often unsure about their recall of flashbulb memories. C)A major news event automatically leads to the development of a flashbulb memory. D)After a flashbulb memory has formed,it cannot be altered.

Emotional memories typically involve activation of the ________,whereas non-emotional memories do not. A)hippocampus B)amygdala C)thalamus D)temporal lobe

Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten A)more rapidly as time goes by. B)gradually at first,then with increasing speed. C)quickly at first,then tapers off gradually. D)most quickly,one day after learning.

As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class,she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting A)immediately after learning the new words. B)immediately after finishing the semester. C)immediately after taking the test. D)immediately before taking the test.

Sarah runs study-strategy workshops at the university.She teaches students different types of ________,techniques (e.g. ,method of loci,acronyms,and others)intended to help them improve their recall of specific information. A)coding B)serial positions C)testing effects D)mnemonics

In order to help her music students learn the lines of the treble clef in musical notation,the teacher has them learn the sentence "<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>E</b>very <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>G</b>ood <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>B</b>oy <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>D</b>oes <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>F</b>ine." This is an example of the A)method of loci. B)first-letter technique. C)serial position effect. D)testing effect.

One way to improve memory is to use techniques that allow the information to be stored in more than one form.This is known as A)binary encoding. B)the testing effect. C)an acronym. D)dual coding.

Jasmine needs to remember an eight-line poem for her fifth-grade English class next week.Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home,starting with the front door.This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as A)an acronym. B)the first-letter technique. C)the method of loci. D)maintenance rehearsal.

One potential drawback to the use of mnemonic devices is that they A)can help with rote memorization,but may not improve understanding. B)can lead to the formation of false memories. C)cannot be used to remember more than approximately 20 items. D)are usually only useful for remembering information for short periods of time.

Which of the following is most likely to improve performance on an exam? A)using maintenance rehearsal instead of elaborative rehearsal B)taking a practice test beforehand C)studying for long,intense periods D)studying from small stacks of flashcards instead of one big stack

Aleixo just started his job as an advertising intern.When he arrived at the office,he was surprised that everyone was wearing jeans or other types of informal attire.The situation most likely violates Aleixo's __________ of office workers. A)reconstruction B)discrimination C)dual coding D)schema

A(n)__________ is an organized cluster of memories that constitutes one's knowledge about events,objects,and ideas. A)bias B)code C)implicit attitude D)schema

One reason for misremembering an event is that our __________ influence(s)what to pay attention to,and what we expect to happen in certain situations. A)subconscious B)schemas C)episodic buffer D)procedural memory

How have clinical psychologists applied the concept of schemas to the treatment of psychological problems like depression? A)Abnormal schemas can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify depression in patients. B)Patients are encouraged to develop a "therapeutic process" schema that facilitates treatment. C)Schemas can be used by therapists to recover blocked memories which are causing the disorder. D)Some therapists attempt to change negative self-schemas which contribute to negative thoughts.

Mariska's parents often tell the story about how she broke her arm when she was two,but Mariska has no memory of the event at all.She is most likely experiencing A)anterograde amnesia. B)infantile amnesia. C)retrograde amnesia. D)hippocampal damage.

Which of the following do the textbook authors suggest might be a cause of infantile amnesia? A)hippocampal damage B)low IQ C)a lack of self-schemas D)repression

Jermaine sees a car accident and initially estimates the offending driver to be travelling at 60 km/hr.However,after hearing another witness's report of the cars "bumping into each other" and answering a police officer's questions about the rate of speed when the cars "made contact," he subsequently revises his estimate to 50 km/hr and his memory of the accident changes.This is an example of A)retroactive interference. B)a flashbulb memory. C)imagination inflation. D)the misinformation effect.

Which of the following situations is most likely to lead to the misinformation effect? A)The detective asked Jade if the robber had a strange scar. B)Jared's mother asked him about his day at school. C)The Mountie asked Johanna to describe what happened. D)Josh asked his girlfriend what she had for dinner last night.

Benjamin is a participant in a lab experiment.He is shown a list of words that include: engine,tire,trunk,drive,gasoline,and steering wheel.When later asked,Benjamin says that "car" was one of the words he saw on the list,even though it was not there.This experiment is using __________ to study memory. A)guided imagery B)a recovered memory technique C)imagination inflation D)the DRM procedure

The more times an individual imagines an event,the more likely he is to believe the event happened,even if it did not.This is known as A)the DRM procedure. B)the misinformation effect. C)imagination inflation. D)reality conflation.

When meeting new people,Wanda breaks the ice by telling them that she once met the Queen,which is actually a lie.After years of retelling the same story,Wanda begins to believe that she really did meet the Queen.This is an example of A)the DRM procedure. B)imagination inflation. C)anterograde amnesia. D)the misinformation effect.

In a study discussed in your textbook,volunteers were shown old childhood photos their parents had provided,including pictures that had been altered to show things that never happened.What did this study find? A)After several sessions,the photos began triggering repressed memories from some volunteers' childhoods. B)The volunteers could not remember any of the events that occurred before they were three years old. C)After several sessions,many volunteers 'remembered' situations that had never happened. D)The photographs that were in colour were more successful in cueing forgotten memories than the black-and-white photographs.

Which of the following statements about recovered memories is TRUE? A)All psychologists agree that trauma does not cause memories to be repressed. B)Recovery of traumatic memories has no therapeutic benefit. C)Techniques used to recover memories are the same ones used to create false memories. D)No one has ever claimed to have successfully recovered a repressed memory.

Opponents of recovered memories argue that they are A)false memories of events that never happened. B)memories of everyday events that were simply forgotten. C)intentional lies created by an individual for attention. D)memories that were never repressed in the first place.