Quiz 6: B Learning
Psychology
Q 1Q 1
The process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behaviour or potential behaviour is known as
A)learning.
B)intelligence formation.
C)imprinting.
D)cognition.
Free
Multiple Choice
A
Q 2Q 2
Learning is a process by which experience results in
A)acquisition of motivation.
B)relatively permanent change in behaviour.
C)amplification of sensory stimuli.
D)delayed genetic behavioural contributions.
Free
Multiple Choice
B
Q 3Q 3
We associate the name of _______ most closely with classical conditioning.
A)B.F.Skinner
B)Robert Rescorla
C)Albert Bandura
D)Ivan Pavlov
Free
Multiple Choice
D
Q 4Q 4
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the presentation of the meat was the
A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 5Q 5
Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>unconditioned stimulus</i>?
A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 6Q 6
Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>unconditioned response</i>?
A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 7Q 7
In classical conditioning,the stimulus that normally evokes an automatic response even without new learning is called the
A)conditioned stimulus.
B)reflexive stimulus.
C)unconditioned stimulus.
D)orienting stimulus.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 8Q 8
Which scenario would result in the fastest acquisition of a classically conditioned response?
A)Hugh repeatedly rings a bell after he gives his dog a bone,over multiple trials.
B)Hugh rings a bell and then gives his dog a treat 30 minutes later,over multiple trials.
C)Hugh makes his dog "play dead" and then gives him a treat if he has performed the behaviour.
D)Hugh makes two pieces of toast every morning,and when they pop out of the toaster,he throws one of the pieces of toast to his dog.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 9Q 9
What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?
A)unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
B)conditioned response and unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
D)neutral stimulus and conditioned stimulus
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 10Q 10
When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.
A)UR,US
B)US,UR
C)CS,CR
D)CR,CS
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 11Q 11
Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?
A)A child learns to blink her eyes to a bell because the ringing of the bell has been followed by a puff of air to the eye.
B)A pigeon learns to peck at a disc in a Skinner box to get food.
C)Rich saw that when Donna banged her fist against a particular vending machine,she got a free soft drink,so now he bangs his fist against that machine when he wants a free soft drink.
D)A monkey learns to escape from a cage.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 12Q 12
Many individuals decide that they feel hungry and eat lunch when they see both hands of the clock on the 12,indicating that it is noontime.This may occur regardless of how recently they ate breakfast.In this example,the conditioned response is
A)the act of eating breakfast.
B)the act of eating lunch.
C)the counting of the number of hours since breakfast.
D)the watching of the hands of the clock.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 13Q 13
By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,the ringing of the bell was the
A)unconditioned stimulus.
B)unconditioned response.
C)conditioned stimulus.
D)conditioned response.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 14Q 14
Rachel has found that when she opens the cupboard door to get the cat food,the cats come running to the kitchen.Rachel knows that this is classical conditioning and that the conditioned stimulus is the
A)cat food.
B)cat.
C)running of the cats.
D)cupboard door opening.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 15Q 15
Most young children put their hands over their ears when they hear the loud boom of firecrackers at a Canada Day festival,but at first pay scant attention to the person lighting the firecrackers.However,after just a few firecrackers have been exploded,some of the children put their hands over their ears as soon as they see the person approach the firecracker with a match! What is the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>conditioned stimulus</i>?
A)the person lighting the firecrackers
B)the loud booming sound made by the firecrackers
C)the children putting their hands over their ears when they see the person about to light the firecrackers
D)the children putting their hands over their ears when the firecrackers explode
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 16Q 16
As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.Jodie's crying when she sees dogs is the
A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 17Q 17
As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.The sight of dogs is the
A)US.
B)CS.
C)UR.
D)CR.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 18Q 18
Which of the following statements about classical conditioning is true?
A)Most cases of classical conditioning require repeated trials.
B)One trial is usually enough for conditioning to occur.
C)Learning will continue to increase indefinitely.
D)Learning is more effective if trials follow each other very quickly.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 19Q 19
In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned stimulus was
A)the experimenter.
B)the laboratory.
C)the loud noise.
D)the rat.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 20Q 20
In the experiment with Little Albert,the conditioned response was
A)the rat.
B)the laboratory.
C)the loud noise.
D)fear.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 21Q 21
In the experiment with Little Albert,the unconditioned response was
A)fear of the loud noise.
B)fear of the rat.
C)fear of the experimenter.
D)fear of the laboratory.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 22Q 22
One of the best-known examples of classical conditioning in humans was the Little Albert study,conducted by
A)Pavlov.
B)Freud.
C)Watson.
D)Skinner.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 23Q 23
A research participant hears a tone followed by a puff of air directed toward his eye.Later,he blinks when he hears the tone.Before ending the experiment,what could the researcher do in order to extinguish the blinking to that tone?
A)present the tone alone repeatedly
B)present the puff of air alone repeatedly
C)increase the loudness of the tone
D)increase the amount of air that is directed toward the eye
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 24Q 24
Repeatedly presenting a CS by itself will result in
A)extinction.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)stimulus generalization.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 25Q 25
Spontaneous recovery
A)occurs before the pairing of the CS and US.
B)occurs after a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement.
C)is an unlearned response.
D)can occur once a response has been extinguished.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 26Q 26
If a rat has learned to press a lever to obtain pellets of food and,all of a sudden,the response permanently ceases to produce any food,then _______ will occur.
A)shaping
B)discrimination
C)generalization
D)extinction
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 27Q 27
The process of presenting the conditioned stimulus alone so often that the learner no longer associates it with the unconditioned stimulus and stops making the conditioned response is called _________ .
A)extinction
B)generalization
C)spontaneous recovery
D)shaping
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 28Q 28
The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event is called _________ .
A)extinction
B)inhibition
C)stimulus generalization
D)discrimination
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 29Q 29
Which two learning processes seem to be opposites?
A)acquisition and generalization
B)discrimination and extinction
C)discrimination and generalization
D)acquisition and discrimination
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 30Q 30
If a dog salivates when it sees a green light or a yellow light,it is exhibiting
A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)extinction.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 31Q 31
Of the following phenomena,which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired?
A)discrimination
B)extinction
C)generalization
D)spontaneous recovery
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 32Q 32
A small boy has just recently delighted his parents because he learned to call his father "daddy." However,it has now become an embarrassment to his mother when she takes him out with her because he keeps calling other men "daddy." This is an example of
A)associative linkage.
B)generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)spontaneous recovery.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 33Q 33
As she walked through her neighbourhood,Jodie,a 6-year-old girl,frequently saw a large brown dog.She repeatedly walked to the dog to pet it,but as her hand approached the animal,it barked and bit her.The bite was painful and caused her to cry.Now Jodie cries when she sees dogs of any colour or size.This illustrates which of the following?
A)generalization
B)discrimination
C)extinction
D)spontaneous recovery
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 34Q 34
Stimulus discrimination
A)is a response followed by a reinforcer.
B)occurs when responses are made to stimuli that are similar to the original CS.
C)is the removal of a stimulus.
D)occurs when responses are made to certain stimuli,but not to others.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 35Q 35
This is the first exam you have ever taken in Professor Smith's class.You know nothing about her tests,and she has never done anything harmful to you or anyone else.Nonetheless,you are anxious about the test.Your anxiety in this situation is an example of
A)generalization.
B)discrimination.
C)backward conditioning.
D)none of the above.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 36Q 36
Corky's mouth waters when he sees Ball Park Franks,but not when he sees other brands of franks.This response is known as
A)extinction.
B)discrimination.
C)generalization.
D)intelligence.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 37Q 37
Which scenario is an example of classical conditioning?
A)training a rat to run a maze by rewarding it with food once it reaches the end
B)ignoring a patient who fakes anxiety attacks because the attacks normally result in attention from staff
C)teaching a child to do her chores by giving her a cookie when she has completed them
D)helping a patient's phobia of spiders by exposing him to the dangerous stimuli when he's in a relaxed state
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 38Q 38
Paul is coming down with the flu,but he eats spaghetti anyway and subsequently becomes violently ill.A month later,he sees that spaghetti is being served in the dining hall and is overcome by nausea.What type of learning is illustrated by this episode?
A)operant conditioning
B)cognitive learning
C)latent learning
D)classical conditioning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 39Q 39
Taste aversions seem to be specific examples of what type of learning?
A)classical conditioning
B)insight learning
C)vicarious learning
D)operant conditioning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 40Q 40
Operant conditioning assumes that
A)events that follow behaviour affect whether the behaviour is repeated in the future.
B)one's mental processes (e.g. ,memory and perception)mediate what behaviours one does in a situation.
C)voluntary behaviours are reflexive.
D)one learns by watching others' behaviour.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 41Q 41
Anything that follows a response,making that response more likely to recur,is
A)an antecedent.
B)an enhancement.
C)reinforcement.
D)consequence.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 42Q 42
Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was
A)a wire monkey.
B)a cognitive map.
C)a puzzle box.
D)a buzzer.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 43Q 43
A woodchuck tries to crack a walnut shell in two different ways-with his paws and with his teeth.The last method worked and the first did not;hence,the woodchuck will be more likely to rely on his teeth for splitting the next nut.This observation illustrates the
A)the discrimination principle.
B)the law of practice.
C)the law of effect.
D)the Premack principle.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 44Q 44
The apparatus that has come to symbolize the theory of operant conditioning is the
A)Rubik's cube.
B)Skinner box.
C)Pavlov bell.
D)Thorndike puzzle.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 45Q 45
What did Thorndike's research with cats lead him to conclude?
A)Cats learn by insight and can grasp the nature of a problem.
B)All animals are capable of experiencing an "aha reaction" when they solve a problem and respond correctly after that point.
C)All learning,in animals and humans,occurs by trial and error.
D)Learning that is strongly reinforced occurs faster and is less subject to extinction.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 46Q 46
An example of a behaviour that is learned through operant conditioning is
A)blinking in response to a flash of light.
B)studying in order to get a teacher's approval.
C)sneezing in response to dust.
D)pulling one's hand away from a flame.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 47Q 47
The Canada Revenue Agency threatens Sue with a penalty if she fails to pay her back taxes.She pays,and the threat is withdrawn.In the future,she is more prompt in meeting her obligation.This is an example of the use of _______ to control behaviour.
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive punishment
D)negative punishment
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 48Q 48
A child is praised for using his fork instead of his fingers to eat some spaghetti.This is an example of __________ reinforcement.
A)positive
B)extrinsic
C)higher-order
D)secondary
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 49Q 49
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
A)positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)punishment
D)positive reinforcement
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 50Q 50
Positive reinforcement takes place when a stimulus is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.
A)removed;decreases
B)presented;increases
C)presented;decreases
D)removed;increases
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 51Q 51
Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of
A)negative reinforcement.
B)aversive conditioning.
C)punishment.
D)positive reinforcement.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 52Q 52
A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a(n)__________ reinforcer.
A)positive
B)additive
C)primary
D)secondary
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Multiple Choice
Q 53Q 53
When someone uses negative reinforcement to change a behaviour,the behaviour is likely to __________ .
A)occur less frequently
B)occur more frequently
C)occur at the same rate
D)completely stop
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Multiple Choice
Q 54Q 54
Mary arrives home to find her son washing the dirty dishes left from his party the night before.When she discovers his first-semester grade report on the table and sees that he got straight A's,Mary rewards him by relieving him of the unpleasant task of finishing the dishes.Which operant process does the example illustrate?
A)positive reinforcement
B)negative reinforcement
C)extinction
D)punishment
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 55Q 55
Wearing sunglasses all the time because people tell you they make you look "irresistible" is an example of which of the types of punishment or reinforcement?
A)aversive punishment
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive reinforcement
D)response cost
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 56Q 56
Negative reinforcement is best thought of as
A)reinforcement for an undesirable activity.
B)punishment.
C)something that was predicted to serve as reinforcement but did not do so.
D)stimuli whose termination or removal increases behaviour.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 57Q 57
Putting on sunglasses to relieve glare is an example of which of the types of punishment or reinforcement?
A)aversive punishment
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive reinforcement
D)response cost
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 58Q 58
To avoid getting a headache,Lory always lets her dog outside when it sits by the door and howls.This is an example of which type of punishment or reinforcement?
A)aversive punishment
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive reinforcement
D)response cost
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 59Q 59
Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of
A)aversive punishment.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)response cost.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 60Q 60
Which of the following statements about positive reinforcement is accurate?
A)It is used in negative reinforcement.
B)It weakens the behaviours that it follows.
C)It strengthens the behaviours that it follows.
D)It strengthens the behaviours that lead to its removal.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 61Q 61
Mom and Dad think it is really funny and laugh when their 2-year-old,Bruce,says dirty words.When Bruce is sent home from kindergarten because of swearing,they don't understand why he cusses.Now when he cusses at home,they ignore the cussing.(They don't think it's cute anymore.)Laughing,in this example,is
A)positive reinforcement.
B)a negative reinforcer.
C)a primary reinforcer.
D)a neutral stimulus.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 62Q 62
Which of the following is NOT negative reinforcement?
A)turning off an electric shock
B)giving a spanking
C)removing a noxious odour
D)silencing a banging door
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 63Q 63
The 5-year-old child of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums.Whenever the child goes off the deep end,one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him.Nevertheless,his tantrums do not diminish;they even seem to increase.We may assume that his parents' fussing over him serves as
A)negative reinforcement.
B)punisher.
C)positive reinforcement.
D)model.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 64Q 64
Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that
A)a consequence stimulus is delivered in a negative manner.
B)it results in the removal of the behaviour.
C)the behaviour results in the removal of a negative reinforcer.
D)the behaviour is decreased/weakened.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 65Q 65
Shaping is achieved through
A)discrimination training.
B)generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)successive approximations.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 66Q 66
A camp leader repeatedly hugs a camper after she helps her friend.Each time,the camper is embarrassed and shies away from future acts of assistance.In the example,"hugging the camper" is
A)a positive reinforcer.
B)a primary reinforcer.
C)a punishment.
D)none of the above.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 67Q 67
When you were first learning to make your bed,your parents told you that you did a good job when you got the bedspread pulled up,even though the bed was still a little messy.For the next week,they showed you how to be a little neater each time you made the bed.What operant conditioning procedure did your parents use?
A)generalization
B)extinction
C)shaping
D)punishment
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 68Q 68
At the local zoo,a polar bear suffered a broken tooth,and keepers needed a safe way of treating the problem.The bear was rewarded first for sticking its nose through a slot in the cage door,then for allowing a keeper to lift its lip and touch its teeth.Finally,a veterinarian was able to treat the damaged tooth while the bear waited placidly for its familiar reward.This is an example of
A)modelling.
B)shaping.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)secondary learning.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 69Q 69
Which of the following statements is true?
A)Punishment does not always work.
B)The effectiveness of punishment depends solely on its force.
C)Punishment should be applied intermittently.
D)Punishment usually enhances the learning process.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 70Q 70
The presentation of an aversive stimulus following a particular operant response is called
A)negative reinforcement.
B)discrimination training.
C)aversion conditioning.
D)punishment.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 71Q 71
Billy throws rocks.Each time he throws a rock,he is immediately spanked.Spanking is a
A)positive reinforcer.
B)negative reinforcer.
C)negative punishment.
D)positive punishment.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 72Q 72
Which of the following statements about punishment is NOT true?
A)Punishment does not always work.
B)Rewards should always immediately follow punishments.
C)Effective punishment is consistent punishment.
D)In itself,punishment serves to inhibit responses.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 73Q 73
To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop,the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal,then for leaping from that pedestal to another.Next,the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward.Finally,the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward.This is an example of
A)modelling.
B)shaping.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)secondary learning.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 74Q 74
A young girl is just learning to dress herself.At first,the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned.Then they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them-even if the buttons are not in the right holes.Then,they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them correctly.They have been using
A)discrimination.
B)generalization.
C)higher-order conditioning.
D)successive approximation.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 75Q 75
Peggy wanted to teach her dog how to roll over.She tried giving him instructions,but it didn't work.She tried waiting for him to roll over so she could reinforce the behaviour,but she had to go to bed before the dog rolled.Finally,she began reinforcing the dog when it made behaviours that more closely resembled rolling over.At last,using _______,she was able to teach the dog to do the trick.
A)shaping
B)positive reinforcement
C)positive reinforcers
D)secondary reinforcers
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 76Q 76
Elizabeth was given a $1000 raise after her last performance evaluation.Her raise is a
A)primary reinforcer.
B)punisher.
C)negative reinforcer.
D)secondary reinforcer.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 77Q 77
Which learning principle is characterized by a less-pronounced response to stimuli that differ from the original stimulus?
A)habituation
B)stimulus generalization
C)extinction
D)stimulus discrimination
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 78Q 78
On a variable-interval schedule,reinforcement is given for the
A)first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed.
B)first correct response after varying amounts of time have passed.
C)next correct response after a fixed number of responses have occurred.
D)next correct response after a varying number of responses have occurred.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 79Q 79
What do we call learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated?
A)insight learning
B)serial enumeration
C)latent learning
D)shaping
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 80Q 80
According to observational theory,a child who pretends she is smoking because she saw her favourite TV star smoking would be learning through
A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)imitation.
D)practice.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 81Q 81
Johnny watches as his older brother,Billy,jumps up and down on their parents' bed,squealing with delight.Johnny wants to join in but stops himself when he sees Billy fall off the bed and hurt his arm.From this experience,Johnny never ever wants to jump up and down on their parents' bed.Which term best explains Johnny's behaviour?
A)reciprocal determinism
B)reciprocal imitation
C)social learning theory
D)observational learning
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Multiple Choice
Q 82Q 82
Dan and Joel,both four years old,have been watching reruns of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Superman</i> on television.Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof,ready to try flying.What best accounts for the boys' behaviour?
A)shaping
B)delayed reinforcement
C)observational learning
D)immediate reinforcement
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 83Q 83
A key to observational learning is
A)insight learning.
B)cognitive mapping.
C)latent learning.
D)imitation.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 84Q 84
In Bandura's classic study (1965)of children exposed to a film of an adult hitting a Bobo doll,
A)children who saw the model punished learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model rewarded.
B)children who saw the model rewarded learned to be more aggressive than children who saw the model punished.
C)children who saw the model punished performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model rewarded.
D)children who saw the model rewarded performed more aggressively in a free play situation than children who saw the model punished.
Free
Multiple Choice