Quiz 11: C Motivation and Emotion

Motivation is best described as A)the physiological triggers that tell us we may be deprived of something and cause us to seek out what is needed,such as food. B)the body's physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment. C)the stimuli we seek to reduce the drives such as social approval and companionship,food,water,and other needs. D)the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours that direct organisms toward specific goals.

The psychology of motivation can be best summarized as the study of A)cause-and-effect decision-making. B)the processes underlying goal-directed behaviour. C)the effect of psychological stress on behaviour. D)the effect of rewards and punishments on behaviour.

The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called A)stability. B)drive reduction. C)homeostasis. D)allostasis.

The chief function of homeostasis is to A)prepare for future events. B)maintain a steady state. C)regulate emotions. D)control sexual urges.

Luisa is working out at a gym and her body temperature begins to rise.To cool itself down,her body begins to sweat.After showering however,her body temperature drops below ideal,so her body begins to shiver to warm itself up.This example illustrates the concept of A)allostasis. B)homeostasis. C)satiation. D)motivation.

Hunger and thirst are examples of A)rewards. B)punishments. C)incentives. D)drives.

The goal of motivated behaviour is often to _____________ a drive. A)reduce B)maximize C)maintain D)reinforce

A(n)_________ is a biological trigger that helps us to seek out the necessities for survival. A)incentive B)impulse C)drive D)consequence

Motivation that is influenced by stress,in addition to current needs,is known as A)allostasis. B)homeostasis. C)an incentive. D)a drive.

Phyllis feels hungry even after she has eaten large meals and has been gaining weight.A doctor diagnoses her with a neurological disorder that affects a specific structure in the brain.Which brain region has likely been affected? A)thalamus B)basal ganglia C)hypothalamus D)insula

The lateral hypothalamus is likely involved with A)the feeling of satiation. B)the onset of eating. C)increasing glucose levels. D)the reward pathway.

The _______ likely serves as the "on" switch for eating behaviour,while the ______ likely serves as the "off" switch. A)ventromedial hypothalamus;lateral hypothalamus B)lateral hypothalamus;ventromedial hypothalamus C)ventromedial hypothalamus;paraventricular nucleus D)paraventricular nucleus;lateral hypothalamus

Dr.Pourhamzeh lesions an area of the brain in a rat.He notices that after the procedure the rat eats almost continuously.It is likely that Dr.Pourhamzeh has lesioned the A)basal ganglia. B)insula. C)lateral hypothalamus. D)ventromedial hypothalamus.

Glucostats are A)neurons that can detect glucose levels. B)weight-loss drugs that block the absorption of glucose. C)hormones that help cells store glucose for future use. D)a category of sugars used by the brain and body for energy.

When specialized cells detect __________ levels of ____________,they trigger an increase in hunger. A)high;insulin B)high;glucose C)low;insulin D)low;glucose

One factor in hunger seems to be the increase in __________,which causes blood sugar levels to eventually drop several hours after we eat. A)cholesterol B)lipoproteins C)insulin D)glucose

Insulin is responsible for A)converting fat stores into energy. B)stimulating stomach contractions and appetite. C)detecting blood sugar levels. D)helping cells store circulating glucose.

As insulin levels _______,glucose levels ________. A)increase;decrease B)decrease;increase C)increase;increase D)decrease;decrease

_______ is a hormone that is released in response to stress,but is also responsible for stomach contractions and appetite. A)CCK B)Glucose C)Ghrelin D)Insulin

Jake is nervous about his upcoming curling match.Despite having just eaten a large meal,his stomach starts to growl.What hormone is likely responsible for Jake's current feeling of hunger? A)insulin B)ghrelin C)glucose D)CCK

Saying "I'm full"at the end of a meal is a common way to let others know that you have reached the point of A)homeostasis. B)satiation. C)allostasis. D)unit bias.

Rested is to tired,as satiation is to A)stressed. B)hungry. C)aroused. D)full.

The hormone ______ signals feelings of fullness,while the hormone _______ signals hunger. A)CCK;ghrelin B)ghrelin;CCK C)insulin;glucose D)glucose;insulin

The orbitofrontal cortex is involved in A)signalling the feeling of satiation. B)linking food taste and texture with pleasure and reward. C)the release of ghrelin in response to stressful stimuli. D)the release of CCK in response to the filling of the stomach.

What do sugar and addictive drugs have in common? A)They create states of euphoria in high doses. B)They stimulate activity in the hypothalamus. C)They inhibit self-control by inhibiting the cingulate gyrus. D)They stimulate dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens.

Nila's younger brother does not like the meatloaf their mother made for dinner.When Nila is not looking,her brother secretly scoops some of his meatloaf onto her plate so that,although Nila is eating meatloaf,the amount on her plate remains about the same.Which of the following is most likely to happen? A)Nila will eat her normal amount and then stop when she feels full. B)Nila will eat less than she normally would. C)Nila will eat more than she normally would. D)Nila will develop an aversion for meatloaf.

In experiments where bowls of soup were secretly filled through a tube so that the soup never ran out,which of the following happened? A)Participants felt full at the same time as control participants,but continued to eat anyway. B)Participants ate significantly more than control participants,but did not feel more satiated. C)Participants felt full at the same time as control participants and stopped eating. D)Participants ate significantly less than control participants,but felt equally satiated.

Which of the following is an example of the unit bias? A)Buying a second bottle of soda because the store has a "buy one,get one free"sale. B)Adding more sugar to a cup of coffee because the sweet taste is more rewarding. C)Eating less than normal because you are worried about others judging you. D)Eating more chips in one sitting from a family-sized bag than a regular-sized bag.

For years,Jenna ate one granola bar for breakfast.Then the company changed their packaging so that the granola bars were wrapped in sets of two.Ever since this change occurred,Jenna has had two bars for breakfast.This is an example of A)social facilitation. B)trigger food. C)impression management. D)the unit bias.

Clover is trying to eat healthier,but when she visits her local coffee shop that displays all their homemade foods in a big glass case,Clover finds herself ordering a chocolate-filled pastry instead of the spinach and egg-white wrap.The concept of _________ likely explains Clover's food selection. A)social facilitation B)trigger foods C)modelling D)unit bias

Freya goes to the cafeteria with her coworkers.She is not hungry,but eats because everyone else in the group is eating.This is an example of A)social facilitation. B)modelling. C)impression management. D)the unit bias.

Petra is on a date.She really likes her food,but stops herself after eating only one-third because she doesn't want her date to think she is a glutton.Petra's behaviour is an example of A)social facilitation. B)modelling. C)impression management. D)the unit bias.

Angus is visiting his grandmother for Thanksgiving.After finishing his plate,he's feeling very full but his grandmother encourages him to have seconds,so he does.This is an example of A)social facilitation. B)modelling. C)impression management. D)the unit bias.

Samantha is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder.She is dangerously thin but perceives herself as overweight.To control her weight she starves herself.Samantha likely has A)anorexia nervosa. B)minimal eating norm. C)bulimia nervosa. D)binge-eating disorder.

_______________ is an eating disorder characterized by a fear of being fat,a distorted body image,radically reduced consumption of food,and emaciation. A)Anorexia nervosa B)Binge-eating disorder C)Bulimia D)Minimal eating norm

________ is an eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating followed by forced vomiting or the use of laxatives. A)Anorexia nervosa B)Obesity C)Bulimia nervosa D)Body-dysmorphic disorder

Zulma is currently in therapy for treatment of an eating disorder.Every day she eats a box of doughnuts and an entire bag of chips and then makes herself vomit.Zulma most likely has which of the following disorders? A)binge-eating disorder B)body-dysmorphic disorder C)bulimia nervosa D)anorexia nervosa

Eating disorders and body-image distortions among boys and men often take a different form than is typically seen with women.For example,they are more likely to A)starve themselves and exercise compulsively to be more muscular. B)binge on foods high in fat and starches. C)use inactivity to try to reduce the size of their bodies. D)eat normally,but also purge.

Research has shown that ________ exposure to media is related to _______ satisfaction with one's body. A)increased;increased B)increased;decreased. C)decreased;decreased D)moderate;moderate

Another term for a person's sex drive or desire for sexual activity is his or her A)sexual preference. B)sexual response cycle. C)sexual orientation. D)libido.

The first systematic surveys of sexual behaviour were conducted by A)Masters and Johnson. B)Meston and Buss. C)Kinsey. D)Freud.

Kinsey believed that A)sexual orientation was an either/or situation. B)sexual orientation was on a continuum. C)sexual orientation was too sensitive to be studied. D)premarital sex was fundamentally destructive to society.

Masters and Johnson's original subjects in the study of human sexual response were A)prostitutes. B)actors in pornographic movies. C)prisoners in the local jails. D)undergraduate U.S.college students.

Masters and Johnson famously observed volunteers ________ while specialized equipment monitored their physiological responses. A)masturbating B)thinking about sexual intercourse C)watching pornographic video clips D)performing oral sex

The___________ cycle describes the phases of physiological change during sexual activity. A)resolution B)sexual orientation C)psychosexual D)sexual response

The first phase of the sexual response cycle is A)excitement. B)plateau. C)orgasm. D)resolution.

The second phase of the sexual response cycle is A)excitement. B)plateau. C)orgasm. D)resolution.

The final phase of the sexual response cycle is A)excitement. B)plateau. C)orgasm. D)resolution.

Ingrid and Arthur have just initiated sexual intercourse,which statement below best describes where each of them would likely fall in the sexual response cycle? A)Both Ingrid and Arthur are likely in the excitement phase. B)Ingrid is likely in the plateau phase while Arthur is likely in the excitement phase. C)Both Ingrid and Arthur are likely in the refractory period. D)Arthur is likely in the resolution phase while Ingrid is likely in the plateau phase.

Rashid has just had an orgasm.However,his partner is still excited and wants Rashid to continue his sexual activity.Unfortunately,Rashid has lost his erection.Rashid is probably experiencing A)the refractory period. B)the resting phase. C)erectile dysfunction. D)the plateau phase.

Masters and Johnson reported that women,unlike men, A)can only achieve 1 orgasm in a 12-hour period. B)do not have a refractory period. C)need more stimulation to achieve an orgasm with oral sex. D)have a longer refractory period than men.

Which statement is consistent with Masters and Johnson's findings? A)Women respond more slowly but cannot stay aroused as long as men. B)Some women can have multiple orgasms. C)Women experience a refractory period prior to orgasm. D)Men and women differ very little in their sexual response profiles.

Blood levels of the hormone oxytocin surge in both men and women just after which phase of the sexual response cycle? A)excitement B)plateau C)orgasm D)resolution

Which of the following is the best definition of sexual orientation? A)It is a person's sex as determined by his or her genotype. B)It is a categorization based on the gender of a person's sexual partners. C)It is a consistent preference for sexual relations with members of the same sex,opposite sex,or both. D)It is a categorization based on whether a person's behaviour matches their biological sex or not.

Research supports the theory that homosexuality A)is a personal choice and not determined by genetic factors. B)is the result of an absent father. C)is determined by genetics. D)is complex and not yet fully understood.

Research by LeVay suggested that an area of the _____________ is on average smaller in brains of gay males than heterosexual males. A)hippocampus B)thalamus C)amygdala D)hypothalamus

Twin research suggests into the basis of homosexuality suggests that A)there appears to be no genetic influence on sexual orientation for males or females. B)genetics can account for approximately half of the determination of sexual orientation. C)sexual orientation is almost entirely determined by genetics. D)genes appear to determine sexual orientation in females,but not in males.

The term _________ refers to individuals who experience a mismatch between their biological sex and the gender with which they identify;while ________ refers to a subset of individuals who wish to undergo physical alterations to align their biological sex to their gender. A)transsexual;transgender B)transgender;bisexual C)transgender;transsexual D)bisexual;transsexual

The societal expectations for the behaviour of an individual of a specific gender,are known as A)gender roles. B)sexual scripts. C)sexual expectations. D)gender identities.

Over time,there have been many changes in ________,the set of 'rules' surrounding the sexual behaviours of males and females. A)gender identities B)sexual orientation C)gendered behaviour D)sexual scripts

Research into the use of sexual imagery to sell a product has found that A)using exceedingly skinny models tends to increase sales. B)blatant use of highly attractive models tends to lower evaluations of a product. C)using sex to sell a product helps people to remember the brand being advertised. D)regardless of the context,nudity in an advertisement tends to increase sales.

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy,which needs must be met first? A)esteem B)safety C)physiological D)belongingness and love

Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A)Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family. B)Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well. C)Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society. D)Mark works hard so he can afford to move out of his crime-ridden neighborhood.

Koa has felt isolated and like an "outsider"since coming to university in his first year.As a result,he decided to join a student society on campus.According to Maslow,Koa is likely attempting to meet the _________ need. A)aesthetic B)belonging C)cognitive D)physiological

A key element to satisfying the need to belong is A)a sense of permanence to our relationships. B)having a positive relationship with many people. C)making new friends on a regular basis. D)a sense that we are the most well liked person in a group.

According to your textbook,______________ is a risk factor for illnesses such as heart disease and cancer,and elevates a person's risk for having hypertension,a weaker immune system,and high levels of stress hormones. A)divorce B)loneliness C)low self-esteem D)only having 1-2 close friends

Angus and Petra have recently started a new relationship.When Angus isn't around,Petra finds herself longing for Angus.According to Berscheid and Walter,what type of love is Petra likely experiencing? A)companionate love B)desirable love C)passionate love D)biological love

Saskia and Mika have been in a relationship for 15 years.They share many of the same friends and have grown and changed together over time.According to Berscheid and Walter,Saskia and Mika likely share which type of love? A)companionate love B)desirable love C)passionate love D)committed love

When viewing images of a significant other,researchers found participants had increased activation in the ________ compared to viewing images of other familiar faces. A)prefrontal cortex B)amygdala C)hippocampus D)caudate nucleus

The ___________ theory suggests that humans' desire to belong is driven by their fear of death. A)fleeting mortality B)terror management C)fear of the unknown D)finite lifespan

_______________motivation is the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals. A)Reward B)Performance C)Achievement D)Approach

_______________ goals are positive experiences that you seek directly. A)Approach B)Performance C)Self-efficacy D)Self-determination

Maxime is trying out for Team Canada in hockey.He thinks that if he doesn't make the team his family and friends will be disappointed and he'll be embarrassed that he 'wasn't good enough.' In this instance,Maxime wanting to make the team is an example of a(n)_______ goal. A)approach B)avoidance C)mastery D)self-determination

_________ refers to an individual's confidence that they have the ability to solve a problem or face a challenge. A)Autonomy B)Confidence-calibration C)Self-awareness D)Self-efficacy

Lamar knows he is a good basketball player and is confident that if given the chance,he will be able to carry his team to victory in the finals.Lamar likely has a high level of A)autonomy. B)mastery motivation. C)self-efficacy. D)conceit .

The __________ theory suggests that an individual's well-being is directly tied to the control they have over their own behaviours. A)mastery motivation B)performance motivation C)self-efficacy D)self-determination

____________motives are geared toward gaining rewards or public recognition. A)Mastery B)Performance C)Egocentric D)Approach

_______________ goals involve the effort to avoid unpleasant experiences. A)Avoidance B)Performance C)Mastery D)Approach

Matt is learning to play the guitar because he thinks girls will be more likely to go out with him if he plays in a band.This is an example of _______________ motivation and an __________________ goal. A)performance;avoidance. B)performance;approach C)mastery;approach D)mastery;avoidance

Lixing has always enjoyed playing piano.In fact,Lixing practices for many hours every day and wants to master his skills.In this example,Lixing's behaviours are being driven by ___________ motivation. A)masochistic B)extrinsic C)intrinsic D)performance

The three major components that psychologists focus on when defining "emotion"are A)facial muscles,postural changes,and hormone fluctuations. B)thoughts,physical arousal,and expressions. C)genetics,expressions,and cognition. D)display rules,social rules,and relationship rules.

Certain emotions are associated with certain patterns of _____________,which explains why our heart races and our palms sweat when we are nervous or fearful. A)autonomic nervous system activity B)visual and auditory stimulation C)activity in the occipital lobes D)hippocampal activity

In the brain,the ____________ is responsible for quickly assessing danger or threat. A)prefrontal cortex B)amygdala C)right hemisphere D)sympathetic nervous system

Addy jumps with fear as she feels a hand on her shoulder while walking on a deserted path across campus.What brain structure played a key role in Addy's swift reaction? A)basal ganglia B)hippocampus C)cerebral cortex D)amygdala

Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion? A)stimulus,emotion,physiological changes B)stimulus,physiological changes,emotion C)physiological changes,stimulus,emotion D)stimulus,simultaneous emotion and physiological changes

Which statement best reflects the James-Lange theory of emotion? A)Our hearts race,we see a monster,we feel fear. B)We see a monster,we feel fear,our hearts race. C)We see a monster,our hearts race,we feel fear. D)We feel fear,our hearts race,we see the monster.

Which theory of emotion states that your body reacts before you experience an emotion? A)James-Lange B)Cannon-Bard C)two-factor D)Schachter-Singer

Which statement is most consistent with the James-Lange theory of emotion? A)"I run because I'm afraid." B)"I'm happy because I laugh." C)"I'm crying because I'm sad." D)"I'm anxious because I perspire."

What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory? A)stimulus,emotion,physiological changes B)stimulus,physiological changes,emotion C)physiological changes,stimulus,emotion D)stimulus,simultaneous emotion and physiological changes

You are walking in the forest and see a bear.According to the Cannon-Bard theory,what happens next? A)You experience physiological changes followed by fear. B)You feel fear,followed by physiological changes. C)You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously. D)You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.

The ______ theory of emotion states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes. A)Cannon-Bard theory B)James-Lange C)Schachter-Singer D)two-factor

Which statement reflects the core concept behind the facial feedback hypothesis? A)Facial expressions on those around us,change our own emotional experiences. B)Facial features are intentional forms of communication and not tied to the experience of emotion. C)Information from facial muscles intensifies emotional experiences. D)Facial expressions are entirely dictated by internal states rather than any conscious processes.

Which is an example of facial feedback hypothesis? A)smiling in order to draw a smile from a friend B)avoiding eye contact in order to avoid talking to someone C)making yourself smile,then finding that your mood is more positive D)trying to make eye contact in order to flirt with someone

According to the facial feedback hypothesis,when Noah complies with instructions to "smile and look happy",it is most likely that A)he will begin to feel annoyed. B)he will begin to feel angry. C)his positive feelings will increase. D)his reaction will depend on his age.

The ___________ theory proposes that physical arousal and the interpretation of that arousal combine to form our emotional experience. A)facial feedback B)James-Lange C)Cannon-Bard D)two-factor

Sabina saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race.According to the two-factor theory,is she happy to see him or frightened of him? A)She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race. B)She is happy to see him because when they were together,they shared passionate love. C)Her emotional reaction will depend on how she interprets her increased heart rate. D)She must be frightened because her heart began to race before she reacted emotionally.

According to the two-factor theory of emotion,appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical arousal and _______ the experience of emotion. A)before;after B)after;before C)before;before D)after;after

The polygraph (lie detector)is based on the assumption that a person who is lying will have increased activity A)of the parasympathetic nervous system. B)of the Cannon-Bard pathway. C)of the autonomic nervous system. D)in the hippocampus.

Which of the following is true regarding lie detectors? A)Polygraphs are accepted as valid evidence in most Canadian courts. B)Research suggests that traditional polygraphs are about 78% accurate in detecting deceit. C)Polygraphs are able to detect arousal,but are not valid indicators of lying. D)Researchers have been unable to identify any techniques to measure deceit.

Ekman's research into emotional expressions suggests that: A)cross-culturally,humans express basic emotions in very similar ways. B)humans only express three emotions: disgust,happiness,and anger. C)facial expressions vary widely between cultures,with very little similarities. D)language dictates the interpretation of facial expressions.

_______________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings. A)Emotional boundaries B)Facial grids C)Display rules D)Expressional norms

Display rules involve A)displaying an emotion that is not actually felt,often because of a role requirement. B)social guidelines that regulate when,how,and where a person may express emotion. C)emotions that are displayed,as a rule,only by certain cultures. D)universal,biologically-based emotional displays evoked by particular emotional situations.

Devin is an American businessman working with a Japanese company.He accidently offended one of his Japanese co-workers when he affectionately slapped him on the back.This misunderstanding was likely caused by Devin not understanding Japanese A)biases. B)cognitive appraisals. C)emotions. D)display rules.

Research has found that when interpreting emotional expressions on a single individual in a crowd of people,Western participants tend to look at __________,while Asian participants tend to look at ________. A)the entire picture;the central figure B)the central figure;the entire picture C)the eyes;the mouth D)the mouth;the eyes