Question 1

Because dogs do not need to learn to salivate to food,salivation to food is a(n)

Accepted Answer

Salivation to food is an unconditioned response in dogs because it is a natural, unlearned reaction to the presence of food.

Question 2

An experimenter finds that a male chimpanzee always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a female chimpanzee.The experimenter starts to present a buzzer just before presenting the picture of the female chimp.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the male chimp responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation,the unconditioned response (UR)is the

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned response (UR) is the natural/automatic response that occurs without any training or conditioning. In this case, the male chimp already had an increased heartbeat in response to the picture of the female chimp, before any conditioning was done. Therefore, the increased heartbeat is the UR. The buzzer and the experimenter are not stimuli that naturally elicit a response from the chimp, so they cannot be the UR.

Question 3

__________ is a change in an organism's behaviour or knowledge brought about by experience.

Accepted Answer

Learning refers to a change in an organism's behaviour or knowledge that is the result of experience. It can be through classical conditioning, operant conditioning or observational learning. Generalization and spontaneous recovery are specific terms used in classical conditioning, and accommodation is a term used in cognitive development theory.

Question 4

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Accepted Answer

A puff of air to your eye is an unconditioned stimulus because it naturally produces a reflexive response of blinking.

Question 5

In classical conditioning,the term neutral is used to indicate that a stimulus

Accepted Answer

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is one that does not initially elicit a response from the subject. It only becomes associated with a response through its pairing with an unconditioned stimulus. Option A is incorrect because a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus and, therefore, be suitable to elicit a response. Option B is incorrect as a primary reinforcer is an inherently reinforcing stimulus, whereas a neutral stimulus is not reinforcing until associated with a conditioned stimulus. Option D is incorrect since a neutral stimulus can be detected by the subject, but it lacks any significant meaning or association until it becomes a conditioned stimulus.

Question 6

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,__________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus (US) is the natural stimulus that elicits an unlearned response, in this case it is the fish food because it naturally causes the fish to swim to the top to search for the food. The other options are not natural stimuli that would cause the fish to respond in this way.

Question 7

Salivation in response to food being placed in the mouth and an eye blink response to a puff of air are both examples of

Accepted Answer

Salivation in response to food and an eye blink response to a puff of air are natural, unlearned reactions to specific stimuli, thus they are classified as unconditioned responses.

Question 8

In the field of learning,Ivan Pavlov is known for the discovery of

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov is primarily known for his research on classical conditioning, which is the process of learning by association between a stimulus and a response. He famously trained dogs to associate the sound of a bell with the presence of food, causing them to salivate even when no food was present. This discovery has had a significant impact on the understanding of how animals and humans learn through association.

Question 9

Pavlov received a Nobel Prize for his research on

Accepted Answer

Pavlov received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for his work on digestive processes, specifically his research on the physiology of the digestive glands. His work on classical conditioning, although very influential in psychology, was not the reason for his Nobel Prize.

Question 10

Every week,Jade spends her allowance on sour lemon gummy candies,even though they always make her mouth water.One day,as she is walking down the street,Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth starts to salivate.In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the sour lemon gummy candy because it naturally elicits a salivation response from Jade. The little white bag and walking to the store may have become associated with the candy, but they are not the primary cause of the salivation response.

Question 11

The association between the___________ is,by definition,unlearned (i.e. ,doesn't require prior learning).

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus (US) triggers an unconditioned response (UR) without any prior learning or conditioning. Therefore, the association between the US and UR is unlearned.

Question 12

In classical conditioning,the unconditioned stimulus is

Accepted Answer

The unconditioned stimulus is the stimulus that triggers a response without prior learning. It is typically a biologically relevant stimulus, such as food or a painful stimulus, that naturally produces a response without any training or conditioning.

Question 13

When a neutral stimulus elicits the same response that was originally elicited by another stimulus,it is known as

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as classical conditioning, which occurs when a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus that produces an unconditioned response. Eventually, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the same response that was originally elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 14

Which of the following is true of learning?

Accepted Answer

Learning is defined as a change in behavior or knowledge as a result of experience. This can involve acquiring new information or modifying existing knowledge. Option A is describing the process of evolution, not learning. Option B is not entirely accurate as learning can also involve modifying or adapting existing knowledge. Option D is incorrect as many species have been observed exhibiting learning behavior.

Question 15

Typically,studying for a test would be an example of ______________ learning.

Accepted Answer

Studying for a test involves cognitive learning, which refers to the process of acquiring knowledge, understanding, skills, and attitudes through mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving. This type of learning involves actively processing and organizing information in order to store it in long-term memory and retrieve it when needed, which is essential for academic success.

Question 16

__________ was the first scientist to describe learning as acquired through classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning involved training dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell, indicating that a neutral stimulus (the bell) could come to elicit a response (salivation) through repeated association with a natural stimulus (food). This theory was later applied to human learning and psychology.

Question 17

When Asha kissed Laura,her heart rate increased.Asha always wore vanilla-scented perfume.Whenever Laura smelled vanilla,her heart raced.Asha's kiss,in this example,was the

Accepted Answer

Asha's kiss is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally causes Laura's heart rate to increase without any prior conditioning.

Question 18

Each time Amelia feeds her pet parrot Pete,she walks into the room and says,"Good morning,Pete!" She now notices that as soon as Pete hears her say "Good morning!" he starts fluttering around his cage in excitement.In this example,the food is the

Accepted Answer

The food is the unconditioned stimulus because it naturally and automatically triggers the response of excitement or fluttering in Pete without any prior learning.

Question 19

Which of the following is considered to be a stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Pain is a physical sensation that triggers a response in the nervous system and is considered a stimulus. Blinking, salivation, and fear are all responses to stimuli.

Question 20

For Kyle,the smell of freshly baked cookies will always be connected to the memory of his grandmother.This is an example of which type of learning?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of associative learning, where the smell of freshly baked cookies (conditioned stimulus) is associated with the memory of Kyle's grandmother (unconditioned stimulus) and creates a learned response (connection between the two).

Quiz 6: C: Learning