Quiz 12: C Personality

_______________is a characteristic pattern of thinking,interacting,and reacting that is unique to each individual,and remains relatively consistent over time and situations. A)Personality B)Idiography C)Conscientiousness D)A trait

A psychologist who studies the unique personality characteristics of individuals is using a(n)__________________ approach to studying personality. A)trait B)factor analysis C)idiographic D)nomothetic

Which of the following best illustrates the idiographic approach to personality research? A)identifying personality characteristics that are shared by large groups of people B)designing tests that characterize abnormal personality types C)performing a detailed study of the world's most successful business person D)using factor analysis to identify personality traits

Dr.Mano is a personality researcher who is NOT interested in the characteristics that make individuals unique.Instead,her research involves studying large groups of people to make generalizations about the structure of personality.Dr.Mano's research is an example of A)the nomothetic approach. B)the humanistic approach. C)factor analysis. D)the idiographic approach.

"Creative","fair-minded",and "impulsive" are examples of A)states. B)the Big Five personality dimensions. C)personality traits. D)idiographs.

Traits are used to describe people because A)they help to easily identify individuals who will develop psychological disorders. B)they help to easily identify individuals who will develop physiological disorders. C)they are useful short-cuts to understanding a lot of information about an individual. D)they can tell a physician everything they need to know about a patient.

A technique called _____________ is used to group items that people respond to similarly. A)idiography B)factor analysis C)five factor D)HEXACO

Factor analysis is used to A)score the Five Factor personality test. B)process idiographic personality information. C)evaluate 'evil' personality traits. D)group similar items into clusters.

Raymond Cattell narrowed the list of key personality factors down to ____ traits. A)5 B)6 C)3 D)16

What researcher(s)is/are associated with the Five Factor Model,also known as the Big Five? A)McCrae and Costa B)Cattell C)Allport D)Erikson and Rogers

The _______________ dimension of the Five Factor Model describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy. A)agreeableness B)extraversion C)neuroticism D)openness

Walter prefers to staying home on a Friday night and reading a good book to hanging out with other people.If Walter took the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R),he would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension. A)extraversion B)conscientiousness C)neuroticism D)openness

Amir is constantly worrying about things,even though he really doesn't have anything to worry about.He is also very insecure and can become very upset when he thinks his friends are making a joke about him.If Amir took the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R),he would likely have a ____________ score on the ____________ dimension. A)high;neuroticism B)high;conscientiousness C)low;neuroticism D)low;conscientiousness

Most of Candice's relationships with other people are hostile.She frequently gets in fights with strangers and even close friends.According to the Five Factor Model of personality,Candice is likely low on the ____________ dimension. A)openness B)conscientiousness C)neuroticism D)agreeableness

The _______________ factor of the Five Factor Model of personality describes the extent to which people are imaginative and curious,or conventional and "down-to-earth." A)agreeableness B)extraversion C)conscientiousness D)openness

Marques loves to go to parties.While there,he can have a conversation with just about anyone,whether he knows them or not.Which of the following Five Factors would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information? A)neuroticism B)conscientiousness C)extraversion D)openness

Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits? A)NEO-PI-R B)TRIAD C)HEXACO D)OCEAN

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five? A)conscientiousness B)extraversion C)openness D)creativeness

The HEXACO model of personality differs from the Five Factor Model,in that A)it adds the trait of honesty-humility to the original five factors. B)it focuses on three 'evil' traits: narcissism,psychopathy,and Machiavellianism. C)it adds the trait of authoritarianism. D)it focuses on "right-wing" versus "left-wing" political beliefs.

Donald is known as being selfish,believes that he is better than others,and is willing to do whatever it takes to get his own way.Donald would likely score ______ on the _________ factor of the HEXACO model of personality. A)high;narcissism B)low;honesty-humility C)high;Machiavellianism D)low;right-wing authoritarian

The ___________ identifies traits believed to be the personality roots of evil. A)NEO-PI-R B)Psychopathic Tendencies Test C)Dark Triad D)OCEAN model

Kelly isn't interested in the well-being of others,but is more focused on how she might use others to get ahead;she tends to lie and is primarily focused on her own interests.This set of personality traits,exhibited by Kelly,best reflects the ________ component of the Dark Triad. A)Machiavellianism B)psychopathy C)honesty-humility D)neuroticism

Individuals who are found to have high levels of Machiavellianism,psychopathy,and narcissism are A)more likely to become politicians. B)less likely to be imprisoned for crimes they commit. C)less likely to become successful. D)more likely to commit harm to others.

Obeying orders,supporting aggression,and striving to maintain social order are all components of the ________ set of personality characteristics. A)Dark Triad B)Right-Wing Authoritarianism C)HEXACO D)Five Factor Model

In research conducted by Altemeyer,when individuals low in Right-Wing Authoritarianism were asked to play a game that simulated 40 years of time on Earth,by the end of the game A)all of the humans had been wiped out,but the Earth's ozone and natural environments were thriving. B)the world had been destroyed by nuclear war. C)food,health services,and jobs were provided for almost all humans on Earth. D)rampant starvation and pollution had occurred and only the elite had access to food,health services and employment.

While psychologists do not typically refer to infants as having "personalities,"infants do display personality-like attributes called A)states. B)moods. C)emotions. D)temperaments.

Sophia is a three month old infant.Compared to other infants her age,she is fussy and cries easily.Sophia's behaviours would most accurately be described as the result of her A)state. B)neuroticism. C)personality. D)temperament.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality? A)Temperament and personality are interchangeable terms for the same concept. B)Personality,which we are born with,is the basis upon which one's temperament is built. C)Temperament,which we are born with,is the basis upon which one's personality is built. D)Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics,while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.

Which of the following best describes the personality of individuals as they age? A)Personality does not change;it is completely stable throughout the lifespan. B)Personalities are very stable in childhood and adolescence,but become less stable in later adulthood. C)The personalities of children and adolescents tend to change somewhat,but are very stable by middle age. D)Personality remains fluid and changes throughout the lifespan.

One criticism of the trait theories of personality is that they A)place too much emphasis on states and situational factors. B)do not account for the influence of situational factors on behaviour. C)vary widely across cultures. D)do not allow for comparisons between individuals or groups of people.

Research indicates that locations,associations,activities,and subjective states are four A)categories of personality traits. B)factors that influence the development of our personality traits. C)situations that influence our behaviour. D)changes in personality that occur over our lifespan.

Which perspective on personality development focused on one's learning from past experiences and the influence on behaviour? A)behaviourist B)humanistic C)psychodynamic D)social-cognitive

Allana is generally an outgoing person.A ____________ psychologist would be most likely to suggest that Allana's personality is the result of positive reinforcement she's received for being outgoing in the past. A)behaviourist B)humanistic C)psychodynamic D)social-cognitive

The behaviourist approach to personality tends to focus on A)unconscious desires. B)learning. C)genetics. D)person-environment interactions.

The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the A)behaviourists. B)humanists. C)social-cognitive theorists. D)trait theorists.

___________ describes the relationship between behaviour,personal factors,and situational factors. A)The Dark Triad B)The reward-punishment approach C)Reciprocal determinism D)The humanistic perspective

In the context of personality research,the acronym WEIRD stands for: A)Western,European,Indian,Russian,and Danish B)Western,Educated,Industrialized,Rich,and Democratic C)Western,Engaged,Introverted,Repressed,and Democratic D)Wonderer,Eccentric,Introverted,Restrained,and Dull

A potential issue with the majority of the research on personality is that the results may only generalize to A)WEIRD people. B)individuals from Asian countries. C)Americans. D)males.

Research suggests that the Big Five personality traits are A)only found in WEIRD populations. B)only found in America. C)relatively consistent across cultures,with some concerns. D)different in every culture.

Which of the following is TRUE about cross-cultural differences in personality? A)Genetics are far more influential on personality than culture. B)Beyond North America,most cultures do not have the same Big Five personality factors. C)The only consistent personality trait found across cultures is extraversion-introversion. D)The prevalence of the Big Five factors varies across cultures.

Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the Big Five in cross-cultural personality research? A)The Big Five personality traits only exist in Western cultures. B)Translating the NEO-PI-R would negatively impact its reliability and validity. C)Other personality factors,not found in Western cultures,may be missed. D)Most of the questions in the NEO-PI-R do not apply to individuals from other cultures.

A concern with personal goals and a self-focused orientation are most characteristic of those from ________ cultures. A)collectivistic B)individualistic C)conscientious D)humanistic

Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family.Given what researchers have found about people from different cultures,he is most likely from A)Canada. B)China. C)America. D)Great Britain

Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics on personality? A)examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins B)interviewing people who were raised in similar environments C)measuring the physiological response of participants in different situations D)documenting the patterns of development and difficulties in infants

The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in different households is typically around ______ for all of the big five personality factors. A).10 B).50 C).80 D).99

Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution to personality? A)comparing identical twins who were reared apart B)comparing fraternal twins who were reared apart C)comparing fraternal twins who were reared together D)comparing identical twins who were reared together

Identical twins reared apart tend to have A)no more in common than non-twin siblings reared together. B)very different personalities compared to identical twins reared together. C)personalities that are more similar than fraternal twins reared together. D)no more in common than fraternal twins reared apart.

According to your textbook,one possible way genes might influence personality is by affecting A)the development of specific brain structures. B)the release of pheromones. C)proteins and chemicals in the brain. D)how many offspring you are likely to have.

According to research discussed in your textbook,inheriting short copies of the ______________ gene predisposes people to anxiety,shyness,and negative emotional reactions in interpersonal situations. A)acetylcholine reuptake B)NMDA inhibitor C)dopamine transporter D)serotonin transporter

Which of the following is true about personality and nonhuman animals? A)Personality has only been observed in one species of bird,the Parus major. B)Several of the Big Five personality traits have been found in different species. C)Chimpanzees are the only other animal known to display personalities. D)Animals are known to have 'temperaments' but not personalities.

On average,compared to men,women tend to report ___________ levels of extraversion,conscientiousness,agreeableness,and neuroticism. A)higher B)lower C)similar D)more variable

Research suggests that personality differences between men and women may be due to ___________ factors. A)genetic B)hormonal C)cultural D)economic

Levi lives in a relatively wealthy country,where most people have access to health care and education,whereas Tomas lives in a poorer country with fewer resources.Compared to Levi's country,the personality differences between men and women in Tomas' country are likely to be A)more pronounced. B)less pronounced. C)about the same. D)more pronounced,but only for the poorest individuals.

Which of the following is true about claims that women and men have different personalities? A)Gender differences in personality do not exist. B)Men and women have fundamentally different personalities. C)Gender differences in personality exist,but are small. D)Gender differences exist,but only in poor countries.

An Ancient Roman physician,assessing a depressed patient,would be most likely to claim that the personality characteristic was A)due to repressed psychological trauma experienced as a child. B)caused by an imbalance in the bodily fluids known as humours. C)caused by a large bump on the patient's skull. D)inherited from the patient's parents.

Out of the following options,which is the oldest theory of personality? A)phrenology B)behaviourism C)the arousal theory D)humourism

How would a phrenologist access an individual's personality? A)collecting and examining the bodily fluids B)showing an individual inkblots on a piece of paper C)examining the bumps on the skull D)scanning their brain with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)machine

According to Eysenck,who would have the highest threshold of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)? A)Grace,who likes to read B)Tucker,who likes to fish C)Lily,who likes to talk D)Ben,who likes to surf

According to Eysenck,________ is determined by people's threshold for arousal. A)extraversion B)neuroticism C)openness D)conscientiousness

According to the arousal theory of extraversion,the reason why some people seek out exciting new social and emotional experiences is that they A)require relatively high levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions. B)have low baseline adrenaline levels. C)require relatively low levels of stimulation to activate certain brain regions. D)have high baseline adrenaline levels.

The ___________ is responsive to rewards and associated with positive emotional responses. A)behavioural inhibition system (BIS) B)behavioural activation system (BAS) C)ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) D)ascending reticular inhibition system (ARIS)

After completing a questionnaire,Ange is aware that she tends to score high on neuroticism.Based on this information,it is likely the Ange would have ______ activation of the _________. A)greater;behavioural activation system (BAS) B)lower;behavioural inhibition system (BIS) C)lower;behavioural activation system (BAS) D)greater;behavioural inhibition system (BIS)

As part of a research study,Imani discovers that she has larger brain volume in the left,medial frontal gyrus in the prefrontal cortex.Which of the Big Five personality factors does this brain difference correlated with? A)neuroticism B)extraversion C)conscientiousness D)agreeableness

Neil participated in an experiment in which researchers measured various parts of his brain.He was informed that his dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were both smaller than average.If Neil were to complete the NEO-PI-R,which factor is he likely to score high on? A)agreeableness B)extraversion C)neuroticism D)openness

__________ is the personality theorist whose work is now reflected in the psychodynamic schools of thought. A)Bandura B)Freud C)Maslow D)Skinner

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations? A)Socio-Cognitive B)Humanistic C)Psychodynamic D)Arousal

Which aspect of the mind held the greatest fascination for Freud? A)the psychosexual mind B)the conscious mind C)the suppressed mind D)the unconscious mind

Which of the following is NOT a key assumption shared by psychodynamic theories? A)Mental representations of the self and others shape how the individual acts. B)When basic needs for love are met,human beings seek to achieve their fullest potential. C)Unconscious thoughts,memories,and emotions operate simultaneously and are major influences on our behaviour. D)Personality takes shape in early childhood,and children learn to regulate their emotions during this period of development.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of the Freudian personality structure? A)ego B)id C)collective unconscious D)superego

The id is motivated by the desire for A)free will. B)instant gratification. C)self-actualization. D)moral standards.

Jamal has a very bad temper.He is notorious for lashing out at his friends when he doesn't get his way.According to Freud,what is likely dominating Jamal's actions? A)ego B)id C)superego D)repressed memories

The textbook depicts Freud's personality structure as an iceberg,illustrating that the __________ is completely submerged in our unconscious. A)id B)ego C)superego D)Oedipus

According to Freud,the ego is the __________ of personality. A)moral component B)realistic component C)primitive instinct D)libido

Rena passes a parked car that she likes.According to Freud's view of the psyche,which part of Rena's personality convinces her to save her money for a few months so she can buy the car? A)unconscious B)superego C)id D)ego

What structure serves as the moral component of one's personality? A)the actual self B)ego C)id D)superego

As you are preparing for your biology exam,you notice two of your classmates in the library.After going to talk with them,you discover they are planning to cheat during tomorrow's exam.What part of your personality would cause you to feel ashamed or guilty if you also cheated on the exam? A)the actual self B)the ego C)the id D)the superego

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense? A)fixations B)coping techniques C)self-actualizations D)defence mechanisms

According to Freud,defence mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of A)denial. B)anxiety. C)logic. D)depression.

Mahmoud was just told that his father has cancer.Mahmoud's first response is that there must be a mistake and he demands that the doctor repeat his tests.Which defence mechanism is at work here? A)reaction formation B)denial C)repression D)displacement

When anxiety-provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness,such as not remembering lying to a parent,it is called A)denial. B)isolation. C)repression. D)reaction-formation.

In class,Temi is scolded for talking while the professor was lecturing.When she gets back to her dorm room,she yells at her roommate about the mess in the room.According to Freud,Temi is exhibiting A)sublimation. B)displacement. C)repression. D)reaction formation.

Daniel is often angry and feels the need to act out aggressively (punching or kicking).To cope with these urges,Daniel becomes a mixed-martial arts fighter.According to Freud,this would be an example of A)displacement. B)rationalization. C)sublimation. D)projection.

If the frustration,conflict,and anxiety associated with a particular psychosexual stage are not properly resolved,Freud believed children may A)jump forward to the genital stage. B)become fixated,or stuck,at that stage. C)regress back to the oral stage. D)fail to develop a superego.

You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her psychology final.According to Freud,which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved? A)genital B)phallic C)oral D)anal

According to Freud,a newborn baby would be in which stage of psychosexual development? A)anal stage B)latency stage C)oral stage D)phallic stage

According to Freud,habits such as fingernail biting or gum chewing may be the result of a fixation in the __________ stage. A)oral B)anal C)genital D)phallic

Beginning at birth,which order is correct for Freud's psychosexual stages of development? A)oral,phallic,genital,latent,anal B)anal,oral,genital,latent,phallic C)genital,anal,oral,phallic,latent D)oral,anal,phallic,latent,genital

According to Freud,the main conflict of the anal stage comes from A)the Oedipus complex. B)toilet training. C)sexual repression. D)weaning off the breast or bottle.

The Oedipus complex describes Freud's theory that A)girls become sexually attracted to their father and resent their mother. B)boys become sexually attracted to their father and want to become them. C)boys become sexually attracted to their mother and resent their father. D)girls become sexually attracted to their mother and want to become them.

According to Freud,the libido is deemphasized during the __________ stage. A)oral B)latent C)phallic D)anal

According to Freud,appropriate sexual and romantic relationships are only possible when an individual has reached the ________ stage of psychosexual development. A)anal B)genital C)oral D)phallic

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect A)their plans for the future. B)the thoughts of the conscious mind. C)maladaptive patterns of behaviour. D)unconscious thoughts and feelings.

When Eisa looks at some modern artwork at the museum,he often thinks he sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them.When he tells the stories to his friend,his friend says that the stories reflect Eisa's unconscious thoughts.In psychological terms,what Eisa does is most similar to _____________. A)phrenology B)a projective test C)a personality inventory D)a defence mechanism

Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see.What type of test would psychologists call this? A)valid B)projective C)objective D)predictive

Which of the following is an example of a projective test? A)MRI B)HEXACO C)NEO-PI-R D)Rorschach Inkblot Test

Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on? A)Rorschach test B)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) C)NEO-PI-R D)Dark Triad Test

What is one criticism of projective tests? A)They are inappropriate for use with children. B)They are too complex in their scoring. C)They have low validity and reliability. D)They only apply to Western cultures.

Which of the following psychologists did not subscribe to the psychodynamic perspective of personality? A)Carl Rogers B)Alfred Adler C)Sigmund Freud D)Carl Jung

Freud placed much more emphasis on __________ than either Adler or Horney. A)the unconscious B)sexuality C)anxiety D)childhood

Adler introduced the idea of the _________,which stems from experiences of helplessness and powerlessness during childhood. A)inferiority complex B)Oedipus complex C)archetype D)self-actualization

Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind,the _______ and the __________. A)personal;collective B)id;superego C)heroic;mother D)individual;social

Jung's theory suggests that the __________ is a collection of archetypes that represent concepts or figures common to all cultures. A)superego B)collective unconscious C)personal unconscious D)inferiority complex

What theorist suggested that men suffer from 'womb envy'? A)Adler B)Horney C)Jung D)Rorschach

One of the most well-known humanistic theorists was A)Karen Horney. B)Carl Rogers. C)Carl Jung. D)Alfred Adler.

According to the ________________ perspective,people are basically good,and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally. A)person-centred B)psychodynamic C)analytical D)positive

Ahmed believes that people are generally good at heart and that they usually do the right thing if you give them a chance.Which psychological perspective is most likely to appeal to him? A)psychodynamic B)behavioural C)humanistic D)social-cognitive

Rogers proposed that all humans have a desire for _________,which is the drive to grow and fulfill one's potential. A)humourism B)creativity and discovery C)arousal D)self-actualization