Question 1

Animals and humans who do not have access to sensory feedback from their internal organs still experience emotions that are as intense as other people, a finding that provides support for the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion posits that emotions and bodily reactions occur simultaneously and independently of sensory feedback from internal organs. This theory suggests that the brain is responsible for the perception of emotion, and thus, even without sensory feedback from internal organs, individuals can still experience intense emotions.

Question 2

Research indicates that people in different cultures show a high level of agreement concerning the emotions being expressed in facial photographs.

Accepted Answer

Research in psychology, particularly the work of Paul Ekman and colleagues, has shown that people across different cultures can reliably identify basic emotions (such as happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust) from facial expressions, indicating a high level of agreement on the emotions being expressed.

Question 3

According to modern evolutionary theory, humans are social creatures because social behaviour

Accepted Answer

Social behavior in humans is thought to produce survival advantages, such as increased protection, resource sharing, and cooperative hunting, which contribute to the evolutionary success of individuals who engage in social behavior.

Question 4

Joseph LeDoux demonstrated that the thalamus sends separate sensory signals to the hippocampus and that this neural wiring makes it possible for the body to respond emotionally to particular stimuli before the cortex has had time to fully interpret them.

Accepted Answer

Joseph LeDoux's work primarily demonstrated that the thalamus sends separate sensory signals to the amygdala, not the hippocampus, allowing for emotional responses before the cortex fully interprets these stimuli.

Question 5

Experts are usually able to correctly identify people who are known to be innocent using the results from lie detector tests, but they are less accurate when it comes to correctly identifying people known to be guilty.

Accepted Answer

Lie detector tests, or polygraph tests, measure physiological responses that are believed to be indicators of stress or deception. However, these tests are not reliably accurate for either proving innocence or guilt. Experts cannot consistently identify innocent or guilty individuals solely based on lie detector results due to the high potential for false positives and false negatives.

Question 6

According to the text, some cognitive appraisals can be very automatic and primitive such that we have little awareness that they have even occurred.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive appraisals, especially those related to basic emotions or survival instincts, can occur so rapidly and automatically that individuals may not be consciously aware of the appraisal process itself, only of its outcomes in terms of emotional reactions or decisions.

Question 7

In general, tasks that are more complex have a higher optimal level of arousal than tasks that are easier.

Accepted Answer

In general, tasks that are more complex have a lower optimal level of arousal for best performance, as higher levels of arousal can interfere with the concentration and cognitive processes needed for complex tasks. Easier tasks can benefit from higher arousal levels, enhancing performance.

Question 8

An important clue about the definition of the term "motivation" is revealed if we look at its derivation. The root of the word "motivation" in Latin is

Accepted Answer

The root of the word "motivation" in Latin is "to move," which is reflected in its meaning related to driving action or behavior.

Question 9

The neurotransmitter dopamine is thought to play an important role in the emotion of anger.

Accepted Answer

Dopamine is primarily associated with the brain's reward system, motivation, and pleasure, rather than directly with the emotion of anger.

Question 10

According to the expectancy x value theory of motivation, the worth that an individual places on a goal is often called the

Accepted Answer

The expectancy x value theory of motivation posits that the worth an individual places on a goal is referred to as the "incentive value." This reflects the attractiveness or desirability of the goal to the individual.

Question 11

An approach to motivation that proposes that motivated behaviour stems from a person's beliefs that particular behaviours will lead to a goal and from the worth that a person places on that goal is called ________________ theory.

Accepted Answer

Expectancy-value theory suggests that motivation is based on the expectation that certain behaviors will lead to desired goals and the value the individual places on those goals.

Question 12

The general processes that affect the direction, persistence, and strength of goal-directed behaviour are referred to as ________________.

Accepted Answer

Motivation refers to the processes that affect the direction, persistence, and strength of goal-directed behavior. It encompasses the various factors that initiate, guide, and maintain actions towards achieving a goal.

Question 13

Hull's drive theory assumes that there is a significant causal relation between which of the following constructs?

Accepted Answer

Hull's drive theory assumes that there is a significant causal relation between drives and needs.

Question 14

The body's tendency to maintain an internal state of physiological balance is referred to as the concept of ___________.

Accepted Answer

Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

Question 15

Emotions are always responses to our perceptions of the eliciting stimulus.

Accepted Answer

Emotions are indeed responses to how we perceive and interpret stimuli in our environment, meaning they are triggered by our perceptions, which can vary widely among individuals based on their experiences, beliefs, and cognitive appraisals.

Question 16

An inherited characteristic that produces a particular response when an organism is exposed to a particular stimulus and is common to all members of a species is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

Instinct refers to an inherited behavior that is automatic and consistent among all members of a species when they are exposed to a specific stimulus. This contrasts with motives, drives, and incentives, which can vary significantly among individuals and are influenced by learning and experience.

Question 17

When discussing the origins of altruistic behaviour evident in many individuals across many circumstances, Dr. Kim asserts that even though it doesn't necessarily benefit the individual, there must have been some kind of adaptive significance produced by this kind of behaviour or it would not be present today. Based on this information, Dr. Kim would most likely identify with which of the following approaches to motivation?

Accepted Answer

Dr. Kim's assertion that altruistic behavior must have had adaptive significance for it to be present today aligns with evolutionary psychology, which emphasizes the role of evolution in shaping human behaviors and traits that enhance survival and reproduction.

Question 18

Modern evolutionary theorists explain and understand motivation with reference to the concept of ____________.

Accepted Answer

Modern evolutionary theorists often explain and understand motivation through the lens of adaptive significance, which refers to how certain behaviors or traits increase an organism's chances of survival and reproduction in its environment. This perspective emphasizes the evolutionary benefits of specific motivations and behaviors.

Question 19

The fight-or-flight response of the body in response to physical threats is produced by the sympathetic nervous system.

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, which prepares the body to either confront or flee from physical threats by increasing heart rate, redirecting blood flow to muscles, and releasing stored energy.

Question 20

According to Hull's drive theory of motivation, various drives are produced

Accepted Answer

Hull's drive theory of motivation posits that drives are produced when there is a physiological disruption of homeostasis, leading to a state that motivates behavior to restore balance.

Quiz 11: Motivation and Emotion