Quiz+ | Quiz 1: Psychology: the Science of Behaviour

Q 1

The goal of basic research is simply to learn more about something, while applied research is typically done to solve some real world problems.

Free

True False

True

Q 2

One goal of psychology is being able to predict how animals or people will behave under specific circumstances.

Free

True False

True

Q 3

Research has shown that the most important psychological perspective for understanding human behaviour is the biological perspective.

Free

True False

False

Q 4

The dualism position assumes that the mind and body are one, while the monism position asserts that the mind is in fact separate from the body.

True False

Q 5

A criticism of the sociobiology approach is that it places too much emphasis on cultural factors.

True False

Q 6

Behaviourgenetics is the study of how evolution shaped modern human behaviour.

True False

Q 7

The cognitive psychological perspective views human beings as information processors who think, plan, and solve problems.

True False

Q 8

Structuralistswere concerned with breaking human consciousness down into its essential components, whereas Gestalt psychologists were interested in how the elements of experience are organized into wholes.

True False

Q 9

One of the intellectual precursors to the cognitive revolution was the debate over how children acquire language.

True False

Q 10

Cognitive neuroscience involves the intersection of the cognitive perspective with the biological perspective by combining brain- imaging techniques while individuals engage in cognitive tasks.

True False

Q 11

Sigmund Freud first thought that his patients were creating fantasies about being sexually abused as children, but he later revised this view and stressed that he believed these reports to be real and accurate.

True False

Q 12

Psychoanalysis is the analysis of internal and primarily unconscious psychological forces.

True False

Q 13

One of the strengths of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that his concepts are relatively easy to assess and measure.

True False

Q 14

The thinking of functionalists like William James was strongly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory.

True False

Q 15

The behavioural psychological perspective is rooted in the work of structuralist Wilhelm Wundt.

True False

Q 16

The humanistic psychological perspective emphasizes free will and innate human tendencies towards growth.

True False

Q 17

Positive psychology movement was discussed in the context of the behavioural perspective.

True False

Q 18

Collectivistic cultures place a strong emphasis on personal goals and accomplishments.

True False

Q 19

If a researcher is studying norms then that individual is most likely taking a humanistic perspective to studying psychology.

True False

Q 20

A psychologist who emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and unconscious factors would likely be associated with the cognitive-behaviourism psychological perspective.

True False

Q 21

The behavioural psychological perspective typically operates at the environmental level of analysis.

True False

Q 22

An interaction is when the presence or strength of one factor can influence the effect of another factor.

True False

Q 23

Regarding research on depression, it is generally assumed that the biological level of analysis is the most useful in terms of shedding light on the disorder.

True False

Q 24

The field of psychology tends to favour the use of direct observation over reasoning as a means of gaining knowledge about behaviour.

True False

Q 25

Although psychology courses have been taught in Canada since the early 1900s, the earliest independent Psychology Department at a Canadian university was not created until 1924 at McGill University.

True False

Q 26

The training and practice of psychiatrists is, for all intents and purposes, the same as that of psychologists who perform mental-health services.

True False

Q 27

The three important guidelines for effective time management are using written schedules, prioritizing, and constantly monitoring your progress.

True False

Q 28

Psychology can be defined generally as the scientific study of the mind.

True False

Q 29

According to the text, psychology is defined as the A)study of people's subjective mental lives B)study of behaviour and the mind C)examination of unconscious factors D)study of personality

Multiple Choice

Q 30

When using the term "behaviour," psychologists mean A)overt actions that can be directly observed B)overt actions and inner mental processes such as thoughts and feelings C)overt actions and physiological reactions D)overt actions, inner mental processes, or physiological reactions

Multiple Choice

Q 31

Alex is friendly and outgoing, always having a kind word for everyone. Through observing his behaviour, we can make inferences about his ________. A)mental processes B)internal state C)future thoughts D)external responses

Multiple Choice

Q 32

Karen is interested in how the presence of other people influences an individual's performance on cognitive tasks, like written tests, compared to motor tasks, like jump rope. Karen's research would likely fall into which subfield of psychology? A)Experimental B)Personality C)Social D)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 33

Which level of analysis would someone in the subfield of personality psychology tend to take? A)Biological level B)Psychological level C)Environmental level D)Structural level

Multiple Choice

Q 34

Which of the following statements about basic and applied research is true? A)Basic research is less complex and less sophisticated than applied research. B)Basic research is done to solve practical problems while applied research is done simply to increase knowledge. C)Basic research is done simply to increase knowledge while applied research is done to solve practical problems. D)Basic research and applied research have the same goals but are completed by different researchers.

Multiple Choice

Q 35

Dr. Adams is a psychologist who works in the area of animal behaviour. She has a particular interest in crows, and her research is mostly aimed at gaining more information about the behaviours of these birds, such as their mating habits, eating rituals, and so on. Dr. Adams's research is best described as A)Applied research B)Basic research C)Insight research D)Interaction research

Multiple Choice

Q 36

Dr. Kohler is a developmental psychologist who studies children involved in sports. He looks at problems like overly critical coaches and children with low self-esteem. He conducts research where coaches are observed during games and children are interviewed about their attitudes towards their sport and their coaches. The results from these observations are then used to create an education program for the coaches. The programs are designed to change coaching behaviour and to help increase the self-esteem of the children they coach. Dr. Kohler's research is best described as A)basic research B)applied research C)insight research D)interaction research

Multiple Choice

Q 37

Researchers studying human memory have participants memorize lists of words. These researchers then record how many of the words the participants accurately remember after the passage of time and exposure to new information. When an eyewitness to a crime identifies an attacker in court, lawyers might illustrate the limits of memory by using this type of research A)applied B)basic C)elementary D)practical

Multiple Choice

Q 38

Mary was driving on a dark and stormy night. She was unable to read a hidden traffic sign and she ran off the road and crashed into a street light. Two scientists are called as experts to testify in her defence. Scientist 1, who does research on how vision works, explained the limits of a person's ability to process visual information. Scientist 2, who does research on factors that contribute to car accidents, focused on the circumstances surrounding the accident, like the driver's state of mind and the limited visibility of the sign. Both scientists are using research in defence of the driver. Scientist 1 uses _______________ research and Scientist 2 uses ____________ research. A)observable; tested B)applied; basic C)proven; circumstantial D)basic; applied

Multiple Choice

Q 39

Research on memory processes shows us that when tested on a recently learned word list, the majority of people will recall the words at the end of the list at a higher rate than the words in the middle of the list. This "recency effect" can be eliminated by involving the participants in a task that stops them from rehearsing the words. Using this principle, before Dr. Brown gives an exam, she asks that all books and notes be put away and then takes time to prevent the "recency effect" by giving the instructions for the exam, the grading procedures, and next week's lesson topic before allowing students to begin the exam. In this case, Dr. Brown is A)increasing the chance that students will cheat B)relying on students' short-term memory to help them out C)applying basic research principles in her course D)collecting applied research data in her class

Multiple Choice

Q 40

In the 1960s, psychologists conducted a study at a summer camp for 11-year old boys. The "Robbers Cave" study showed that conflict between groups could be decreased by making the groups dependent upon one another to cooperate. This experiment is considered to be an example of which type of research? A)Basic research B)Applied research C)Insight research D)Interaction research

Multiple Choice

Q 41

Systematic empiricism is a defining feature of A)science B)folk wisdom C)basic research D)applied research

Multiple Choice

Q 42

Which of the following is NOT true of science? A)Science involves systematic empiricism. B)Those using science avoid common pitfalls such as the confirmation bias. C)Science is a public affair. D)There are some questions that science cannot answer.

Multiple Choice

Q 43

Dr. Smith is a psychologist who is interested in studying aggression in sports. For her research, she attends high school basketball games and records the number of aggressive acts she observes. Dr. Smith's research is best viewed as meeting psychology's basic goal of __________. A)description B)understanding C)prediction D)control

Multiple Choice

Q 44

Dr. Forman is a school psychologist who has been asked to observe a disruptive student. After her observation, she writes, "Bobby appeared to have a great deal of difficulty listening to the lessons being taught. He had particular difficulty with the math lesson, and began distracting the students who were sitting next to him by pinching and hitting them." Dr. Forman's observations are most consistent with which goal of psychology? A)Description B)Understanding C)Prediction D)Control

Multiple Choice

Q 45

Steve has been feeling depressed lately and decides to visit a psychologist, Dr. Katz, for some assistance. After learning that Steve's relationship with his girlfriend recently ended, Dr. Katz begins to think that perhaps Steve's depression has been caused by this recently ended relationship. Dr. Katz's speculations are most similar to which goal of psychology? A)Description B)Understanding C)Prediction D)Control

Multiple Choice

Q 46

Susan is attending a seminar on stress management. The psychologist leading the seminar states that, "most stress is caused by irrational thinking and the negative ways that we judge various situations." The psychologist's comment most closely resembles which goal of psychology? A)Description B)Understanding C)Prediction D)Control

Multiple Choice

Q 47

While driving home one day, Abdul is in a serious car accident. Several weeks later, he notices that he is still feeling very tense and anxious. He consults with a psychologist, who informs him that it is common for people who have been in a serious accident to have these kinds of feelings. The psychologist goes on to say that often people also have bad dreams and re-experience the trauma, and that Abdul shouldn't be surprised if this happens. The psychologist's comments are most similar to which goal of psychology? A)Description B)Understanding C)Prediction D)Control

Multiple Choice

Q 48

Dr. Harris has created an academic performance enhancement program designed to help children who are struggling in school. Results from his research reveal that the program is effective at improving children's grades. Dr. Harris's work is most consistent with which goal of psychology? A)Description B)Understanding C)Prediction D)Control

Multiple Choice

Q 49

In many eyewitness studies, researchers carefully observe the "victim's" behaviour under various conditions. The presence of a weapon appears to decrease eyewitness accuracy in identifying the perpetrator. To test whether or not this is true, researchers re-enact a robbery both with and without a gun. People viewing the robbery where a gun was used were far less accurate in their description of the robber. This knowledge has been used in courtroom cases, often discrediting eyewitness testimony. In this case, the idea that the presence of a weapon decreases eyewitness accuracy, corresponds to which of the basic goals of psychology? A)Description B)Understanding C)Prediction D)Application

Multiple Choice

Q 50

In the Jumbled-Word Challenge example in the textbook, the claim is made that the research was conducted at Cambridge but no reference information is provided. This is an illustration of which thinking critically step offered in evaluating the research? A)What's the claim? B)Who is making the claim? C)What's the evidence and how good is it? D)What is the most appropriate conclusion?

Multiple Choice

Q 51

Industrial-organizational psychology would be an example of what type of research? A)Applied B)Basic C)Experimental D)Correlational

Multiple Choice

Q 52

In the 1960s, psychologists conducted a study at a summer camp for 11-year old boys. These researchers in the "Robbers Cave" experiment thought that if they created conditions in which the two groups of boys had to cooperate, then there would be less hostility between the groups. The "Robbers Cave" study showed that conflict between groups could be decreased by making the groups dependent upon one another to cooperate. This finding is an illustration of which goal of psychology? A)Description B)Understanding C)Prediction D)Control

Multiple Choice

Q 53

In the 1960s, psychologists conducted a study at a summer camp for 11-year old boys. Researchers in the Robbers Cave experiment altered the conditions so that they were able to both increase group hostility (with competition) and decrease group hostility (with cooperation). Through altering these conditions, the psychologists were demonstrating this goal of psychology A)description B)understanding C)prediction D)control

Multiple Choice

Q 54

Charles Whitman was a mass murderer with no previous history of violence. After Charles Whitman committed several murders and suicide, an autopsy revealed that he had a malignant tumour in an area of the brain associated with aggression. Psychologists who cite this fact in an attempt to explain what happened are focused on which level of analysis? A)Psychological B)Environmental C)Biological D)Structural

Multiple Choice

Q 55

Charles Whitman was a mass murderer with no previous history of violence. In an attempt to explain his violent behaviour, a psychologist points to Whitman's recent stressful life events and to the way that violence is often reinforced and glorified in today's society. This psychologist's explanation is most compatible with which level of analysis? A)Psychological B)Environmental C)Biological D)Structural

Multiple Choice

Q 56

When considering the mind-body problem, some philosophers argue that the mind is a separate entity from the body and is not subject to the same physical laws as the body. These individuals would belong to which philosophical position? A)Monism B)Dualism C)Structuralism D)Functionalism

Multiple Choice

Q 57

A central belief of the dualism position is that it suggests A)studying the body won't tell us anything about the mind B)studying the body will enable us to learn more about the mind C)the mind and body are essentially one D)the mind should be studied by examining its individual components

Multiple Choice

Q 58

Monism is a belief that A)mental events are a product of physical events in the brain B)the mind is separate from the body C)the mind is not subject to the physical laws of the body D)research on the body cannot solve the mysteries of the mind

Multiple Choice

Q 59

When considering the mind-body problem, ancient philosophers who argued that the mind is not separate from the body belonged to which philosophical position? A)Monism B)Dualism C)Structuralism D)Functionalism

Multiple Choice

Q 60

The statement, "answers to the great questions of psychology will ultimately be found in 'physiology' All behaviour, all experience, all feeling, indeed all the subject matter of psychology, are nothing more than the outcomes of the activity of the nervous system" is most consistent with the following view A)dualism B)monism C)functionalism D)structuralism

Multiple Choice

Q 61

British empiricism could be considered as an example of A)dualism B)monism C)functionalism D)structuralism

Multiple Choice

Q 62

The method of introspection was developed by which school of thought? A)Dualism B)Psychoanalysis C)Functionalism D)Structuralism

Multiple Choice

Q 63

Early researchers in psychology who believed that the mind could be studied by breaking it down into its basic components as a chemist might break down a complex chemical compound followed which school of thought? A)Dualism B)Psychoanalysis C)Functionalism D)Structuralism

Multiple Choice

Q 64

Early studies on brain mechanisms in learning in biological psychology were conducted by Franz and Lashley. When studying animals, Franz and Lashley detected a ________________ correlation between loss of cortex and loss of function. A)positive B)negative C)no D)normal

Multiple Choice

Q 65

When Franz and Lashley removed most of a rat's cortex they found that A)the rat could no longer function B)the rat had no problem functioning C)the rat could only do certain tasks D)the rat could only eat and drink

Multiple Choice

Q 66

The following is an important technical advancement in the study of the relationship between the brain and behaviour A)the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) B)cellular recording device C)computerized dynamic posturography D)the X-ray

Multiple Choice

Q 67

The study of how behavioural tendencies are influenced by genetic factors is known as the field of A)behavioural neuroscience B)behaviour genetics C)evolutionary psychology D)sociobiology

Multiple Choice

Q 68

Evolutionary theory assumes that individuals who receive a competitive advantage from inherited traits will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and thus pass on these adaptive traits to future generations. This process is known as A)natural endurance B)natural selection C)natural extinction D)natural survival

Multiple Choice

Q 69

Which of the following is most consistent with evolutionary psychology? A)An organism's biology determines whether it will survive or not; behaviour does not determine survival. B)An organism's biology determines its behavioural capabilities, and its behaviour then determines whether it will survive or not. C)An organism's biology and behaviour are determined by the environment. D)An organism's behaviour determines its biological capabilities.

Multiple Choice

Q 70

Some individuals believe that complex social behaviours can be influenced by evolution. They also believe that natural selection favours behaviours that increase the chances that certain genes will be passed on to the next generation. These individuals are associated with A)psychoanalysis B)sociobiology C)behaviour genetics D)behaviourism

Multiple Choice

Q 71

The Canadian sociobiologists Daly and Wilson noted that females make a greater investment in the reproductive process. Which of the following statements does NOT support their statement? A)Women have less opportunity to reproduce than males have. B)Women have a greater health risk during pregnancy and delivery than males have. C)In Canada, women contribute a greater proportion of the financial earning to meeting family expenses than men do. D)In Canada, women tend to be the primary caregiver after divorce.

Multiple Choice

Q 72

What criticism has been made AGAINST the sociobiological theory of evolution? A)It overemphasizes innate biological factors at the expense of cultural and social learning factors. B)It overemphasizes cultural and social learning factors at the expense of innate biological factors. C)It places too much emphasis on early childhood and unconscious factors. D)It places too much emphasis on the role of thinking, planning, and reasoning.

Multiple Choice

Q 73

Sometimes parents will sacrifice their own lives in order to ensure the survival of their children. An individual who associates with the sociobiological view would argue that these instances A)are due to a cost benefit analysis by the parent B)occur because genetic survival is more important than individual survival C)are due to the conflict between unconscious psychological forces and psychological defences D)occur because of the reinforcement of altruistic behaviour by culture and society

Multiple Choice

Q 74

The fields of sociobiology and evolutionary psychology are example of which psychological perspective? A)Cognitive B)Sociocultural C)Biological D)Behavioural

Multiple Choice

Q 75

The scientific study of the influence of genetic factors on behavioural tendencies is called A)genetic behaviourism B)behaviour genetics C)sociogenetics D)sociobiology

Multiple Choice

Q 76

Behaviour geneticists use which of the following methods to address the role of genetic factors in behaviour? A)Autobiographical journaling B)Brain-imaging techniques C)Selective animal breeding D)Psychological interviews

Multiple Choice

Q 77

Behaviour geneticists use which of the following research methods to investigate the role of genetic factors in behaviour? A)Twin studies B)Narrative inquiry C)Ethnography D)Simulation methods

Multiple Choice

Q 78

A psychologist who assumes that humans process information, plan and solve problems in a way that is similar to computers would most likely associate with which psychological perspective? A)Psychodynamic B)Biological C)Behavioural D)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 79

Structuralism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology were all schools of thought that played important roles in the origin of which psychological perspective? A)Sociocultural B)Cognitive C)Humanistic D)Behavioural

Multiple Choice

Q 80

When Gary lost his job, he became depressed and started binge-eating. Gary started to seek help from a therapist. To his surprise, the therapist was not at all interested in Gary's relationship with his mother, his family history, or anything about Gary's past. Instead, Dr. Lee focuses on what Gary is currently thinking and how he interprets those thoughts. Dr. Lee conducts therapy from what type of perspective? A)Psychoanalytic B)Behaviourist C)Humanistic D)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 81

Who founded the first laboratory of experimental psychology in 1879? A)William James B)Edward Titchener C)Wilhelm Wundt D)Wolfgang Kohler

Multiple Choice

Q 82

A method of analyzing and studying the mind in terms of its basic elements is known as A)functionalism B)structuralism C)Gestalt psychology D)insight psychology

Multiple Choice

Q 83

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener both believed that the mind could be studied by breaking it down into its essential components. The approach that Wundt and Titchener espoused was known as A)structuralism B)insight psychology C)functionalism D)Gestalt psychology.

Multiple Choice

Q 84

Researchers who believed in the structuralism school of psychological thought studied sensations through which method? A)Insight B)Repression analysis C)Introspection D)Monitoring brain activity

Multiple Choice

Q 85

While structuralists held that psychology should study the basic elements of consciousness, functionalists argued that psychology should concentrate on A)the reasons behind consciousness B)how the elements of consciousness are organized into holistic thinking C)unconscious motivating factors D)the innate human drive to grow and actualize

Multiple Choice

Q 86

Which approach to psychology is concerned with how elements of experience are organized into wholes? A)Structuralism B)Sociobiology C)Functionalism D)Gestalt psychology

Multiple Choice

Q 87

The statement, "the whole is greater than, and often very different from, the sum of its parts," is most likely from which school of psychology? A)Gestalt psychology B)Functionalism C)Structuralism D)Evolutionary Psychology

Multiple Choice

Q 88

William James helped develop which school of thought? A)Structuralism B)Functionalism C)Gestalt psychology D)Psychodynamic perspective

Multiple Choice

Q 89

Some of the ideas from functionalism live on in what more modern approach to psychology? A)Behaviourism B)Humanist C)Evolutionary psychology D)Sociocultural approach

Multiple Choice

Q 90

Which of the following was NOT provided in the textbook as influential in starting the cognitive revolution? A)Research on eye-witness testimony and the distortion of memory B)Psychologists designing information displays during World War II for the military C)The debate about how children acquire language D)The development of the computer

Multiple Choice

Q 91

Jean Piaget and Noam Chomsky were mentioned as theorists who have had a strong impact on which psychological perspective? A)Psychodynamic B)Sociocultural C)Behavioural D)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 92

Professor Jean Piaget is best known for his research in which area? A)His work on artificial intelligence B)How irrational thought patterns contribute to emotional problems C)The cognitive development of children D)Evolutionary psychology

Multiple Choice

Q 93

When did the cognitive revolution occur? A)1920s and 1930s B)1950s C)1960s and 1970s D)1980s

Multiple Choice

Q 94

Research on perceptual illusions provides evidence that the mind perceives elements as a meaningful whole, a position advocated for by A)structuralism B)Gestalt psychology C)psychodynamic perspective D)behaviourism

Multiple Choice

Q 95

A researcher is interested in exploring the nature of attention and consciousness as well as how unconscious processes influence behaviour. This researcher takes what type of perspective in the study of psychology? A)Psychodynamic B)Functionalist C)Behaviourist D)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 96

Senara is conducting a study on how stress can influence problem-solving by manipulating the amount of time and the level of difficulty of the problems to solve. Which perspective is Senara taking to the study of psychology? A)Psychodynamic B)Behaviourist C)Cognitive D)Humanist

Multiple Choice

Q 97

Researchers who are interested in developing complex computer models of human thought, reasoning, and problem solving would most likely be taking which perspective? A)Social constructivism B)Cognitive C)Behaviourism D)Humanist

Multiple Choice

Q 98

A psychological researcher states that we will greatly enhance our understanding of how humans think if we are able to simulate or duplicate human cognitive processes using computers. This researcher is most likely working from which perspective? A)Behaviourism B)Cognitive C)Sociobiology D)Psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 99

What level of analysis does the cognitive perspective usually take? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Environmental D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 100

What level of analysis does the behaviourist perspective usually take? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Environmental D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 101

A particular research lab uses advanced electrical recording and brain-imagining tools to monitor brain functioning while people engage in various mental activities. Researchers in this lab are most likely doing investigations in which area of modern cognitive science? A)Behaviour modification B)Cognitive neuroscience C)Cognitive behaviourism D)Artificial intelligence

Multiple Choice

Q 102

The research area of cognitive neuroscience represents a combination of which two psychological perspectives? A)Biological and behavioural B)Behavioural and cognitive C)Behavioural and cognitive behaviourism D)Biological and cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 103

What level of analysis does the psychodynamic perspective usually take? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Environmental D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 104

A researcher is interested in whether or not gender or social status might influence the way an individual communicates with others. This researcher is taking which perspective to the study of psychology? A)Behaviourism B)Cognitive C)Cognitive behaviourism D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 105

Rules that specify what behaviour is acceptable and expected, such as how to dress or how to respond to someone of higher status, are known as A)gestalts B)norms C)collectivism D)standards

Multiple Choice

Q 106

Sharon is constantly talking, whether it is face-to-face, on the phone, or even to herself. Sharon is unaware of her excessive talking, which according to Freud's psychodynamic perspective means A)she is unable to stop the excessive talking behaviour B)the causes of her behaviour must be unconscious C)the causes of her behaviour must be conscious D)she has an uncontrollable urge to communicate

Multiple Choice

Q 107

Which psychological perspective stresses the role of unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts from the past? A)Behavioural B)Cognitive C)Psychodynamic D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 108

The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes all of the following causal factors EXCEPT A)unconscious processes B)early childhood experiences C)unresolved conflicts D)developmental stages

Multiple Choice

Q 109

Sigmund Freud based some of his psychoanalytic theory on his investigation of which psychological disorder? A)Panic disorder B)Phobias C)Depression D)Multiple personality disorder

Multiple Choice

Q 110

Which technique did Sigmund Freud use to treat his patients? A)Free association B)Graded exposure C)Introspection D)Behaviour modification

Multiple Choice

Q 111

What common childhood factor was consistently reported by Sigmund Freud's patients? A)They reported struggling academically in elementary school. B)They reported painful and forgotten sexual experiences. C)They reported suffering from childhood anxiety and depression. D)They reported that their mothers had also suffered from hysteria.

Multiple Choice

Q 112

Sigmund Freud believed in the importance of unconscious and childhood experience factors. He based his beliefs on all of the following observations EXCEPT A)His patients consistently reported childhood memories of a sexual nature B)His patients often improved after "reliving" previously forgotten memories of childhood sexual abuse C)He noticed that individuals use defence mechanisms to help cope with anxiety D)He noticed how people often engaged in habitual activities with little conscious awareness

Multiple Choice

Q 113

The psychological defence mechanism that protects people from anxiety by keeping anxiety-producing thoughts, feelings, memories, and impulses in the unconscious is called A)insight B)rehearsal C)hysteria D)repression

Multiple Choice

Q 114

Sigmund Freud speculated that people are afraid to acknowledge their sexual desires because these desires are A)punished during childhood B)produced by innate aggressive impulses C)uncontrollable and inherently frightening D)unconsciously associated with instincts

Multiple Choice

Q 115

Sigmund Freud assumed that humans are in a never-ending internal struggle because of the continuous conflict between A)people and their environments B)internal impulses and defences C)internal impulses and the environments D)repression and defences

Multiple Choice

Q 116

Sigmund Freud assumed that humans are in a never-ending internal struggle because of A)the conflicting reinforcement and punishment we receive from our environment B)neurological imbalances that are inherent in the human mind C)conflicts between various irrational thoughts that people think D)the continuous conflict between internal impulses and defences

Multiple Choice

Q 117

A major criticism of Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis is that A)it is difficult to validate because many of its concepts are difficult to measure B)it did not distinguish between impulses and defences C)it did little to stimulate the development of new psychological theories D)it was not comprehensive enough to explain human behaviour

Multiple Choice

Q 118

Steve is angry and frustrated at work. He consults with a therapist who asks Steve many detailed questions about his early childhood and interprets Steve's problems as being due to conflicts between his unconscious aggressive urges and his defence mechanisms. Steve's therapist would most likely identify with which psychological perspective? A)Behavioural B)Cognitive C)Psychodynamic D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 119

When examining the many recent examples of violence in different cultures and around the world, a psychologist explains this is due to human beings' innate aggressive impulses. In order to reduce or eliminate this problem, this psychologist believes that we need to teach people techniques that will allow them to more effectively manage or redirect this aggressive energy. This psychologist most likely adheres to which psychological perspective? A)Humanistic B)Biological C)Sociocultural D)Psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 120

The psychological perspective that focuses on the role of the external environment in influencing and affecting our actions is called the A)humanistic perspective B)cognitive perspective C)psychodynamic perspective D)behavioural perspective

Multiple Choice

Q 121

In psychology, the behavioural perspective was influenced by which philosophical perspective? A)British empiricism B)Structuralism C)Functionalism D)Dualism

Multiple Choice

Q 122

The notion of "tabula rasa" is most consistent with which of the following statements? A)The environment determines most of our behaviour. B)Biology and genetics determine most of our behaviour. C)Unconscious forces determine most of our behaviour. D)Our innate drive to self-actualize determines most of our behaviour.

Multiple Choice

Q 123

A psychologist is being interviewed on a local news program regarding the recent problems with school violence. The psychologist suggests that we need to change the environments in which our children are being raised by reinforcing the behaviours we would like to see our children demonstrate. This psychologist is most likely associated with which psychological perspective? A)Humanistic B)Psychodynamic C)Cognitive D)Behavioural

Multiple Choice

Q 124

Pavlov's research with dogs learning to salivate to a tone that had been paired with food helped lead to the development of which perspective? A)Behaviourism B)Cognitive C)Psychodynamic D)Humanism

Multiple Choice

Q 125

A psychologist who believes that the focus of psychology is not inner mental events but observable actions is most likely associated with which psychological perspective? A)Cognitive B)Biological C)Behavioural D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 126

A researcher who is interested in discovering the common principles that influence human and animal learning is most likely associated with which psychological perspective? A)Humanistic B)Cognitive C)Psychodynamic D)Behavioural

Multiple Choice

Q 127

It has been said that no two children receive the same parenting as parents respond to and treat each child differently. Watson and Skinner would probably agree with this statement because ________________. A)siblings exhibit differences learned from their parents B)one's environment changes based on parents' responses C)one's environment changes based on one's responses to it D)siblings exhibit similarities learned from their parents

Multiple Choice

Q 128

The perspective that emphasizes the environmental control of actions through learning is known as A)behaviourism B)constructivism C)humanism D)psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 129

Behaviourism gave rise to a set of behaviour change techniques that were known as A)behaviour creation B)behaviour design C)behaviour enhancement D)behaviour modification

Multiple Choice

Q 130

A psychologist who acknowledges the importance of both the environment and internal thoughts in determining human behaviour would likely be associated with which of the following perspectives of psychology? A)Cognitive behaviourism B)Behavioural C)Sociocultural D)Evolutionary biology

Multiple Choice

Q 131

Susan is having trouble with anxiety and is working with a therapist to address this problem. As part of her treatment, the therapist teaches Susan how to change her anxiety-provoking thoughts and how to change her environment so that it reinforces the positive behaviours she wants to practice. Susan's therapist is most likely associated with which area of psychology? A)Humanistic B)Psychodynamic C)Sociocultural D)Cognitive behaviourism

Multiple Choice

Q 132

The perspective that acknowledges the importance of the environment and internal mental processes in determining behaviour is called A)sociocultural B)psychodynamic C)environmental D)cognitive behaviourism

Multiple Choice

Q 133

The psychological perspective that arose from the philosophical roots that emphasized free will, innate tendencies to work towards personal growth, and the attempt to find meaning in personal existence is called A)sociocultural B)behavioural C)humanistic D)cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 134

Humanistic theorists assume that everyone has an innate tendency towards personal growth and achieving one's individual potential. This concept is called A)self-realization B)self-actualization C)self-esteem D)self-confidence

Multiple Choice

Q 135

The humanistic and behavioural perspectives are similar in that A)both acknowledge the importance of the environment B)both acknowledge the importance of aggressive impulses C)both focus on unconscious factors D)both assume that human nature is essentially good

Multiple Choice

Q 136

Jerry and his psychologist often discuss how Jerry finds personal meaning in his life. The psychologist also focuses on the power of choice and free will. This psychologist most likely believes in which psychological perspective? A)Behavioural B)Psychodynamic C)Humanistic D)Biological

Multiple Choice

Q 137

The psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives are similar in that both acknowledge the importance of A)biology in determining growth and development B)internal personality processes C)culture shaping individual choices D)the unconscious determinants of behaviour

Multiple Choice

Q 138

In response to the psychodynamic and behavioural perspectives, the humanistic movement believes that A)personality development is controlled by the individual B)personality development is not controlled by the individual C)personality development cannot be influenced by the environment or early childhood experiences D)personality development characteristics are predetermined

Multiple Choice

Q 139

Keri has always had a strong desire to paint. Her parents insist she go to college rather than the art school she wishes to attend. Her therapist, who is aligned with the humanistic perspective believes A)Keri will learn to appreciate a more lucrative career path in college B)Keri will become frustrated with college and not be able to fulfill herself C)Keri will forget about painting and learn a new skill as she experiences new things D)Keri will be successful in college and will appreciate her parents' advice

Multiple Choice

Q 140

Positive psychology is an outgrowth from which perspective? A)Psychodynamic B)Sociocultural C)Cognitive D)Humanist

Multiple Choice

Q 141

The psychological perspective that focuses on the diversity of societies and how customs are transmitted to its members is called A)sociocultural B)biological C)evolutionary psychology D)humanistic

Multiple Choice

Q 142

The term that refers to persisting values, beliefs, behaviours, and traditions that are shared by a large group of people and are passed from one generation to the next is A)culture B)sociobiology C)introspection D)self-actualization

Multiple Choice

Q 143

Research on whether or not the presence of others will influence if an individual will stop to help a bystander would be an example of research taking which perspective? A)Cognitive B)Sociocultural C)Behaviourism D)Psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 144

According to the sociocultural perspective, the rules that specify what is and is not acceptable behaviour for members of a group (such as what men and women should wear or how to act in different social situations) are called A)cultural standards B)ideals C)norms D)principles

Multiple Choice

Q 145

Sam and Ben are brothers. Sam attends the local neighbourhood school, while his younger brother, Ben, attends an exclusive private school. Sam is very proud of his home and frequently invites friends over to his house to study or just relax. Ben, on the other hand, does not want his classmates to see how poor his family is and is embarrassed by the small house his family lives in. In this case, the opposing views of the same home can be explained from a sociocultural perspective in the following way A)Ben's negative view of the world is a result of being the youngest child B)each boy's reality is shaped by his different social settings at school C)Sam has more friends than Ben and is therefore more comfortable with his home D)Ben's friends value money; whereas Sam's do not

Multiple Choice

Q 146

Levine and colleague's research on whether individuals would marry someone they didn't love most clearly demonstrates the influence of A)culture on what is perceived as normal B)types of thinking and reasoning on what is perceived as normal C)biology and environment on what is perceived as normal D)unconscious factors on what is perceived as normal

Multiple Choice

Q 147

In the Tchambuli tribe from New Guinea, women are more assertive and are responsible for obtaining the tribe's food, while the men usually spend their days working on their art and talking about the women. According to researchers taking a cultural psychology approach, this reversal of the typical western gender roles is A)due to the unusual genetic makeup of the people in this tribe B)a product of their unique cultural expectations and learning experiences C)due to the tribe's environment D)a product of this tribe's lack of awareness of Western culture

Multiple Choice

Q 148

According to the text, one of the most important differences between any two cultures from a psychological perspective is the extent to which they are A)capitalistic or communistic B)rural or industrialized C)individualistic or collectivistic D)materially-oriented or achievement-oriented

Multiple Choice

Q 149

Most industrialized cultures such as North America and Europe emphasize a different cultural orientation than cultures such as those in Asia, Africa, and South America. In Asia, Africa, and South America, the cultural orientation emphasis is on A)collectivism B)individualism C)functionalism D)materialism

Multiple Choice

Q 150

Gabriella was raised in a family where individual achievement and accomplishment were stressed by both of her parents. She was constantly encouraged to set personal goals for herself and to strive to achieve them. The values emphasized by Sara's family are most consistent with A)collectivism B)structuralism C)individualism D)functionalism

Multiple Choice

Q 151

George was raised in a family where his sense of self was defined by the various groups of which he was a member, such as his community and his class at school. George understood that the goals of these groups were more important than any of the personal goals of people in these groups. The values emphasized by George's family are most consistent with A)collectivism B)structuralism C)individualism D)functionalism

Multiple Choice

Q 152

Based on the concepts of collectivism versus individualism, which of the following statements about American and Japanese schools would you predict is true? A)Japanese children tend to work alone on individual projects, while American children tend to work in groups. B)Japanese children tend to work in groups, while American children tend to work alone on individual projects. C)Even when students are working individually, American teachers are more likely to direct their comments to the group. D)Even when students are working in a group, Japanese teachers are more likely to direct their comments to individuals.

Multiple Choice

Q 153

Li-Jun and colleagues examined how language and culture can affect performance on a sorting task. Their research suggests that our unique learning histories can be shaped by the culture we are raised in. This example demonstrates how the _______ and the _____ perspectives can interact to clarify our understanding. A)biological; sociocultural B)behavioural; humanist C)sociocultural; humanist D)sociocultural; behavioural

Multiple Choice

Q 154

The sociocultural and behavioural perspectives are similar in that both emphasize A)the importance of internal mental factors B)the role of the environment on the development of behaviour C)the effect of biological factors on behaviour D)the importance of innate human drives to actualize potential

Multiple Choice

Q 155

As an attempt to explain human nature, which psychological perspective views humans as reactors to their environment? A)Behavioural B)Cognitive C)Humanistic D)Psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 156

As an attempt to explain human nature, which psychological perspective views humans as free-thinking agents who seek personal meaning and self-actualization? A)Biological B)Behavioural C)Humanistic D)Psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 157

As an attempt to explain human nature, which psychological perspective views humans as interactive beings embedded in a group? A)Humanistic B)Psychodynamic C)Cognitive D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 158

Which psychological perspective views perception, memory processes, and thoughts as some of the major causes of behaviour? A)Behavioural B)Cognitive C)Psychodynamic D)Humanistic

Multiple Choice

Q 159

Which psychological perspective views unconscious motives and early childhood experiences as among some of the major causes of behaviour? A)Sociocultural B)Biological C)Cognitive D)Psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 160

Which psychological perspective views societal norms and group interactions as among some of the major causes of behaviour? A)Biological B)Humanistic C)Psychodynamic D)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 161

In Western cultures, women are considered the primary caregivers of infants and children. It also seems that, as our population ages, women are the primary caregivers of the elderly. The evolutionary perspective may argue that this is so because A)women are biologically predetermined to be caregivers B)women receive societal rewards for the ability to give care C)women learn from an early age to care for others D)women understand that survival depends on the weakest in the group

Multiple Choice

Q 162

In psychology, both the psychodynamic and cognitive perspectives are considered to be operating at A)the biological level of analysis B)the psychological level of analysis C)the environmental level of analysis D)the cognitive level of analysis

Multiple Choice

Q 163

There are six psychological perspectives (sociocultural, humanistic, behavioural, psychodynamic, cognitive, and biological) on behaviour. What three levels of analysis allow us to integrate causal factors suggested by each of the six psychological perspectives? A)Biological, cognitive, sociocultural B)Biological, psychological, environmental C)Biological, psychodynamic, environmental D)Psychological, cognitive, behavioural

Multiple Choice

Q 164

According to the text, in order to obtain a complete understanding of behaviour we need to A)move back and forth between different levels of analysis B)focus our attention on the environmental and biological levels of analysis C)focus our attention on the psychological level of analysis D)pick one of the three levels of analysis and apply it rigorously and thoroughly

Multiple Choice

Q 165

Sandra has a promising career, dates interesting men, and she is quite content to remain single and child-free. Her family strongly supports her choices and celebrates her success as a professional. Her sister, who was married briefly and then experienced an unpleasant divorce, is open about her disdain for long-term commitment. We can make an effort to understand Sandra's behaviour using different levels of analysis. In this case, the influence of Sandra's family on her decision to stay single and child-free fits with the ______ level of analysis. A)biological B)psychological C)environmental D)cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 166

Which psychological disorder is generally considered to be the "common cold" of emotional disturbances? A)Schizophrenia B)Anxiety C)Depression D)Multiple personality

Multiple Choice

Q 167

All of the following are biological factors associated with depression EXCEPT which of the following? A)Depressed people are more likely than non-depressed people to have relatives who are also depressed. B)Drugs that effectively treat depression appear to operate by restoring the balance of neurotransmitters. C)The biological rhythms associated with sleep tend to be disrupted in depressed individuals. D)Depressed people are more likely to have negative views of themselves and the world.

Multiple Choice

Q 168

If you wanted to understand some of the important causes of depression and you paid attention to the negative thinking that often accompanies depression, you would be interpreting depression from which level of analysis? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Environmental D)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 169

Research on the psychological causes of depression has found that clinically depressed people A)tend to take personal responsibility for the good things that happen to them while they tend to dismiss bad things that happen B)typically have a hopeless attitude towards the world, the future, and themselves C)can feel optimistic about managing themselves and their environments during stressful events D)tend to suffer from specific brain abnormalities

Multiple Choice

Q 170

According to the behavioural perspective, depression is the result of A)negative or pessimistic patterns of thinking B)a depressed personality C)a non-rewarding environment D)imbalances in neurotransmitters

Multiple Choice

Q 171

Research on depression in various cultures has found that the symptom patterns of depression are different in various cultures and that the relative occurrence of depression is ______________ in various cultures. A)higher for men than women B)different for men and women C)the same for men and women D)higher for women than men

Multiple Choice

Q 172

When deconstructing a disorder such as depression, the presence or strength of one factor influences the effects of other factors. This presence of one factor influencing the effect of another factor is called an A)association B)interassociation C)interaction D)interrelation

Multiple Choice

Q 173

Two people are witnesses to a violent earthquake. One person is mildly upset by this event and copes well with it. The other person, who has a biological predisposition to anxiety, becomes very stressed after the event, has difficulty coping with it, and eventually gets ill. Because the effects of the earthquake differed, depending on whether the person had the predisposition of anxiety or not, this would be an example of an A)interrelation B)interaction C)insight D)interassociation

Multiple Choice

Q 174

A person who is depressed begins eating poorly and quits exercising. These behaviours in turn result in a change in the person's physiology. This would be an example of A)the person's biology affecting his/her behaviour B)the person's behaviour affecting his/her biology C)the person's biology affecting the environment D)the person's environment affecting his/her behaviour

Multiple Choice

Q 175

Bob is mildly depressed. Because of his generally negative attitude and hopelessness, Bob's friends, who typically enjoy his company, no longer want to spend time with him. The impact of Bob's depression on his friends is an example of A)environmental factors affecting biological factors B)biological factors affecting behavioural factors C)behavioural factors affecting environmental factors D)behavioural factors affecting biological factors

Multiple Choice

Q 176

One major theme in psychology emphasizes that our biological endowment and our personal experiences interact to influence how we behave. This is an example of A)nature and nurture interacting B)heredity and culture interacting C)culture and nature interacting D)heredity and nurture interacting

Multiple Choice

Q 177

Since he was a little boy, Niko wanted to help people be healthy and he always thought he would be a doctor when he grew up. Now in university, Niko is reluctant to commit to pre-medical studies because he has seen the overuse of medication, and he believes he can help people without drugs. Which of the following career paths in psychology might Niko consider? A)Clinical psychology B)Educational psychology C)Organizational psychology D)Social psychology

Multiple Choice

Q 178

The specialty area in psychology that focuses on the study of nonhuman species in natural and laboratory environments is A)comparative psychology B)behavioural psychology C)cross-cultural psychology D)cognitive psychology

Multiple Choice

Q 179

A specialty area that focuses on the study of basic processes such as learning, perception, and motivation is called A)cognitive psychology B)comparative psychology C)experimental psychology D)developmental psychology

Multiple Choice

Q 180

The specialty area in psychology that focuses on how the presence of other people influences an individual's behaviour, thoughts, and feelings is called A)personality psychology B)cross-cultural psychology C)organizational psychology D)social psychology

Multiple Choice

Q 181

What are the four classes of academic performance enhancement strategies? A)Time management, study skills, constant feedback, test-taking skills B)Time management, prioritizing, test-preparation strategies, test-taking skills C)Time management, study skills, test-preparation strategies, test-taking skills D)Time management, study skills, test-preparation strategies, written schedules

Multiple Choice

Q 182

The three important principles of effective time management are A)creating written schedules, prioritizing, studying in the same place B)studying in the same place, prioritizing, monitoring progress C)getting feedback, prioritizing, monitoring progress D)creating written schedules, prioritizing, monitoring progress

Multiple Choice

Q 183

When you are studying and attempting to retain material, the directed questions study method is _________________. A)as effective as simply reading textual material B)almost as effective as simply reading textual material C)more effective than simply reading textual material D)not at all effective when compared to simply reading textual material

Multiple Choice

Q 184

Research looking at the effectiveness of different study techniques found that in general, study techniques A)made no difference in students' memory capacity B)increased students' memory capacity by about 10 percent C)increased students' memory capacity by about 20 percent D)decreased students' memory capacity by about 20 percent

Multiple Choice

Q 185

Which of the following was mentioned as a strategy that is often used by test-wise students? A)On multiple-choice tests, rule out the obviously incorrect answers immediately. B)Multiple-choice alternatives containing the words "always," "never," "universally," and "totally" are usually correct. C)Multiple-choice alternatives containing qualitative terms such as "tend," "often," and "generally" are usually incorrect. D)On multiple-choice tests, don't change your first answer because it is usually correct.

Multiple Choice

Q 186

Julie wants to earn good grades in college and planned to devote enough time studying to succeed. However, Julie's apartment is a mess, and although it is the quietest place to study, she cannot focus on studying when she is surrounded by the mess. Julie decides to clean up her apartment and then she is too tired to study. Julie has a problem with A)using an active approach to learning B)prioritizing her tasks C)finding a suitable study place D)setting appropriate goals for herself

Multiple Choice

Q 187

Dr. Jones and Dr. Adams are both psychologists who work in the area of bullying. Dr. Jones is interested in how often bullying happens and the factors involved in bullying. Dr. Adams on the other hand, is interested in developing an intervention in helping victims of school bullying, feel better about themselves. Which one of the following statement is true? A)Dr.Jones' work is best described as insight research; Dr.Adams' work is best described as basic research B)Dr.Jones' work is best described as applied research; Dr.Adams' work is best described as basic research C)Dr.Jones' work is best described as basic research; Dr.Adams' work is best described as applied research D)Dr.Jones' work is best described as applied research; Dr.Adams' work is best described as interaction research E)Dr.Jones' work is best described as interaction research; Dr.Adams' work is best described as insight research

Multiple Choice

Q 188

Dr. Smith is a psychologist who is interested in studying aggression in sports. For her research, she attends high school basketball games and records the number of aggressive acts she observes. Dr. Smith's research is best viewed as meeting psychology's basic goal of ______________. A)description B)understanding C)prediction D)control E)treatment

Multiple Choice

Q 189

Which of the following statement is TRUE from the perspective of monism? A)Studying the body won't tell us anything about the mind. B)The mind is separated from the body. C)Mental events are not a product of physical events. D)Studying the body will enable us to learn more about the mind. E)None of the answers are true from the perspective of monism.

Multiple Choice

Q 190

Charles Whitman was a mass murderer with no previous history of violence. After Whitman committed several murders and suicide, an autopsy revealed that he had a malignant tumour in an area of the brain associated with aggression. Psychologists who cite this fact in an attempt to explain his aggressive acts are focused on which level of analysis? A)Psychological B)Environmental C)Biological D)Structural E)Sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 191

Evolutionary theory assumes that individuals who receive a competitive advantage from inherited traits will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and thus pass on these adaptive traits to future generations. This process is known as A)natural endurance B)natural segregation C)natural selection D)natural survival E)natural extinction

Multiple Choice

Q 192

Which one of the following is NOT associated with sociobiology? A)Understanding why women have a greater investment than men in the reproductive process B)Examining human information processes and problem-solving strategies C)Understanding why males tend to be more aggressive than females D)Understanding why parents will sacrifice their own lives in order to ensure the survival of their children based on the notion that genetic survival is more important than individual survival E)All of these statements are not associated with sociobiology.

Multiple Choice

Q 193

After being exposed to certain sounds during an experiment, participants are asked to describe their inner experiences. This study is an example of studying A)insight B)introspection C)perception D)natural selection E)interaction

Multiple Choice

Q 194

Behaviourism gave rise to a set of behaviour change techniques that are known as A)behaviour creation B)cognitive behavior therapy C)behaviour enhancement D)behaviour modification E)behaviour remodelling

Multiple Choice

Q 195

During his sessions, Dr. Brown discusses with his patients their conscious motives, choices, and discovering their full potential. Dr. Brown conducts therapy from what type of perspective? A)Psychoanalytic B)Behavioural C)Cognitive D)Biological E)Humanistic

Multiple Choice

Q 196

According to the sociocultural perspective, the rules that specify what is and is not acceptable behaviour for members of a group (such as what men and women should wear or how to act in different social situations) are called A)standards B)styles C)practices D)norms E)models

Multiple Choice

Q 197

Culture A places an emphasis on self-expression and pursuing personal interests. Culture B values group goals and maintaining harmony within the group. Which of the following statements are TRUE? A)An example of culture A is China; an example of culture B is Canada. B)Culture A is considered to be more individualistic; culture B is considered more collectivistic. C)Culture A is considered to be more collectivistic; culture B is considered to be more individualistic. D)Culture B would follow the principles of sociobiology while culture A would not. E)There should be little difference between the two cultures.

Multiple Choice

Q 198

The sociocultural and behavioural perspectives are similar in that both emphasize A)the importance of internal mental factors B)the role of the environment on the development of behaviour C)the effect of biological factors on behaviour D)the importance of innate human drives to actualize potential E)the importance of unconscious motivation

Multiple Choice

Q 199

According to the text, in order to obtain a complete understanding of behavior we need to A)focus our attention on the environmental and biological levels of analysis B)focus our attention on the psychological and biological level of analysis C)move back and forth between different levels of analysis D)focus our attention on the psychological level of analysis E)select one of the three levels of analysis and apply it rigorously

Multiple Choice

Q 200

A psychologist emphasizes individual values and choice and how people can fulfill their own potential. Most likely, she follows the A)behavioural perspective B)psychodynamic perspective C)cognitive perspective D)humanistic perspective E)Gestalt tradition

Multiple Choice

Q 201

Wilhelm Wundt is credited with which of the following? A)He opened the first psychology laboratory in 1879. B)He founded Gestalt perspective. C)He developed the functional approach. D)He studied the cognitive process of young children. E)He developed the first intelligence test.

Multiple Choice

Q 202

According to Freud's psychodynamic perspective, the main motivations for behaviour are A)biological processes B)environmental consequences of behaviour C)unconscious conflicts D)conscious cognitive processes E)sociocultural factors

Multiple Choice

Q 203

Which of the following major perspectives in psychology is most similar to empiricism? A)Behavioural perspective B)Psychodynamic perspective C)Gestalt perspective D)Cognitive perspective E)Biological perspective

Multiple Choice

Q 204

The philosophical school of thought that proposed that all human behaviour can be accounted for by, and reduced to, biological processes was referred to as A)functionalism B)rationalism C)mind-body dualism D)monism E)Gestaltism

Multiple Choice

Q 205

Professor Jonas studies aggression. She sets up an experiment and makes her best guess as to how the results will come out. This best illustrates psychology's central goal of A)explanation B)prediction C)description D)criticism

Multiple Choice

Q 206

Professor Lewin studies aggression. She wants to know how various programs can decrease bullying at school. Her research is best described as A)applied research B)basic research C)a broad spectrum approach D)psychodynamic research E)dualism

Multiple Choice

Q 207

Let's say that you believe that it is possible to control all aspects of society and harness the power of the environment to your liking. Your position is closest to that of a A)psychodynamic psychologist B)cognitive behaviourist C)Gestalt psychologist D)radical behaviourist E)humanistic psychologist

Multiple Choice

Q 208

Which of the following approaches to psychology LEAST reflects the cognitive perspective? A)Structuralism B)Functionalism C)Gestalt psychology D)The study of the mind E)Sociobiology

Multiple Choice

Q 209

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans are controlled by inner forces and conflicts while Professor B states that humans are "free-agents" and seek self-actualization. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)psychodynamic; humanistic B)behavioural; sociocultural C)biological; cognitive D)sociocultural; behavioural E)cognitive; psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 210

Which of the following is NOT true about psychology? A)Psychology is empirical. B)Behaviour is determined by multiple causal factors. C)Behaviour can mostly be attributed to biological factors. D)Human experience of the world is subjective. E)Psychological capacities have evolved during each species' history.

Multiple Choice

Q 211

Your friend Tomas wants to continue in psychology and his goal is to help people with issues of personal adjustment and career planning. Which specialty area of psychology would you recommend to Tomas for continued study? A)Clinical B)Social C)Personality D)Counselling E)Cultural

Multiple Choice

Q 212

Which of the following is NOT a good test-taking strategy as recommended in the text? A)For essays, organize your answer before writing. B)As you read a multiple-choice question, try to answer it at first without looking at the alternatives. C)Never change an answer on a multiple-choice test. D)Use your time wisely and track your progress. E)Eliminate those alternatives that you can rule out immediately and choose from the rest.

Multiple Choice

Q 213

Professor Springer studies the influence of perfume on an individual's mood. At what level of analysis is this research? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Environmental D)Applied E)Basic

Multiple Choice

Q 214

Which of the following concepts is NOT linked to psychoanalysis? A)The unconscious B)Free association C)Inborn sexual and aggressive drives D)Introspection E)Repression

Multiple Choice

Q 215

If we wanted to understand depression from a biological level, we might look at _____, but at the psychological level we would focus more on ________. A)neurotransmitters; thinking style B)evolutionary trends; cross-cultural differences C)introspection; the unconsciousness D)reward structure; drugs E)nurture; nature

Multiple Choice

Q 216

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans are controlled by inner forces and conflicts while Professor B states you cannot talk about things you cannot see. Instead, just look at the factors that affect behaviour. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective, while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)psychoanalytic; behavioural B)humanistic; psychoanalytic C)physiological; sociocultural D)functionalist; behavioural E)psychoanalytic; cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 217

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans will always engage in behavior that helps allow them to pass on their own genes while Professor B states that humans are "free-agents" and seek self-actualization. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective, while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)psychoanalytic; behavioural B)sociobiological; humanistic C)sociocultural; cognitive D)humanistic; functionalist E)behavioural; cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 218

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans are controlled by inner forces and conflicts while Professor B states that humans are "free-agents" and seek self-actualization. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective, while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)psychodynamic; humanistic B)sociobiological; behavioural C)sociocultural; cognitive D)humanistic; functionalist E)behavioural; cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 219

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans are controlled by inner forces and conflicts while Professor B states that humans are basically the same as animals. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective, while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)psychodynamic; humanistic B)sociocultural; cognitive C)psychodynamic; cognitive D)functionalist; behavioural E)psychodynamic; biological

Multiple Choice

Q 220

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans are a product of their environment an norms while Professor B states that humans are thinkers and information processors. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective, while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)psychdynamic; humanistic B)sociocultural; cognitive C)functionalist; behavioural D)psychodynamic; biological E)psychodynamic; cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 221

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans react to the reward structure in their environment while Professor B states that humans are thinkers and information processors. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective, while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)psychodynamic; humanistic B)sociocultural; cognitive C)behavioural; cognitive D)psychodynamic; biological E)biological; humanistic

Multiple Choice

Q 222

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans will always engage in behavior that helps allow them to pass on their own genes while Professor B states that humans are controlled by inner forces and conflicts. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective, while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)psychdynamic; humanistic B)biological; psychodynamic C)behavioural; cognitive D)biological; humanistic E)psychodynamic; biological

Multiple Choice

Q 223

You overhear two psychologists talking about human behaviour. Professor A believes that humans will always engage in behavior that helps allow them to pass on their own genes while Professor B states that humans are controlled by inner forces and conflicts. Most likely, Professor A follows the ________ perspective, while Professor B follows the ______ perspective. A)functionalist; psychodynamic B)behavioural; cognitive C)psychodynamic; biological D)biological; humanistic E)structuralist; functionalist

Multiple Choice

Q 224

Psychology sometimes takes a positive view of human nature and sometimes a negative view. The positive view would be represented by the _____ perspective, while a negative view is presented by the _____ perspective. A)biological; cognitive B)cognitive; sociocultural C)behavioral; functionalist D)humanistic; psychodynamic E)sociocultural; structuralist

Multiple Choice

Q 225

Professor Royce studies the influence of an individual's mood on their memory for facts. At what level of analysis is this research? A)Biological B)Basic C)Cultural D)Environmental E)Psychological

Multiple Choice

Q 226

Professor Royce studies how people think about other people and how they form impressions. His research covers two areas of psychology, the A)cognitive and the sociocultural B)social and the cognitive C)social and the biological D)developmental and the personality E)biological and the psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 227

Professor Royce studies how people form impressions of others by using fMRI scans. His research covers two areas of psychology, the A)cognitive and the sociocultural B)social and the cognitive C)social and the biological D)developmental and the personality E)biological and the psychodynamic

Multiple Choice

Q 228

Professor Royce studies how structures in the brain change over time by using fMRI scans. His research covers two areas of psychology, the A)cognitive and the sociocultural B)social and the cognitive C)biological and the psychodynamic D)developmental and the biological E)humanistic and the biological

Multiple Choice

Q 229

Professor Royce studies how people in different areas of the world think and process information. His research covers two areas of psychology, the A)cognitive and the sociocultural B)social and the cognitive C)biological and the psychodynamic D)developmental and the biological E)humanistic and the biological

Multiple Choice

Q 230

Professor Janis considers humans as free agents seeking to understand self. Which of the major perspectives does Professor Janis follow? A)Behavioural B)Humanistic C)Biological D)Psychodynamic E)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 231

Professor Janis considers humans as controlled by inner forces. Which of the major perspectives Professor Janis follow? A)Behavioural B)Humanistic C)Biological D)Psychodynamic E)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 232

Professor Janis considers humans as reactors to the environment. Which of the major perspectives Professor Janis follow? A)Behavioural B)Humanistic C)Biological D)Psychodynamic E)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 233

Professor Janis considers humans as animals-a collection of chemicals and structures. Which of the major perspectives does Professor Janis follow? A)Behavioural B)Humanistic C)Biological D)Psychodynamic E)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 234

Professor Janis is interested in humans as thinkers and wants to study their perceptions. Which of the major perspectives does Professor Janis follow? A)Behavioural B)Humanistic C)Biological D)Psychodynamic E)Cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 235

Professor Jonas is interested in the prevention of depression in children. She examines some of the factors that can lead to depression as a result of poverty. So far she has investigated poverty in 10 different cities. This research would best be describes as A)research looking at mental shortcuts B)basic research C)applied research D)a nonsystematic research approach E)research influenced by confirmation bias

Multiple Choice

Q 236

You are looking to buy a new smart phone and have come to the conclusion that an iPhone is probably the best. So when you see an ad in a magazine for a Samsung, you just turn the page an ignore it. This probably reflects the operation of A)gathering empirical evidence B)mental shortcuts C)critical thinking D)confirmation bias E)a self-correcting bias

Multiple Choice

Q 237

In one of your psychology labs, the instructor wants you to demonstrate the method of introspection. Most likely, this demonstration was to illustrate the approach known as A)functionalism B)structuralism C)the psychodynamic perspective D)monism E)dualism

Multiple Choice

Q 238

Which of the following is most similar to the Gestalt perspective? A)The psychoanalytic perspective B)The behavioural perspective C)The humanistic perspective D)The cognitive perspective E)The sociobiological perspective

Multiple Choice

Q 239

The cognitive perspective is really an extension of A)the psychoanalytic perspective B)the behavioural perspective C)the humanistic perspective D)the Gestalt perspective E)the sociobiological perspective

Multiple Choice

Q 240

You are examining an individual suffering from clinical depression. Your analysis is that the problem results from an undersupply of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Your conclusion is at which of the following levels of analysis? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Environmental D)Cultural E)Empirical

Multiple Choice

Q 241

You are examining an individual suffering from clinical depression. Your analysis is that the problem is due to the fact that your client is from North America. Your conclusion is at which of the following levels of analysis? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Sociocultural environment D)Physical environment E)Family environment

Multiple Choice

Q 242

You are examining an individual suffering from clinical depression. Your analysis is that the problem results from a pattern of pessimistic thinking. Your conclusion is at which of the following levels of analysis? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Environmental D)Cognitive E)Applied

Multiple Choice

Q 243

You are examining an individual suffering from clinical depression. Your analysis is that the problem results from the crowded city in which he lives. Your conclusion is at which of the following levels of analysis? A)Biological B)Psychological C)Environmental D)Cognitive E)Applied

Multiple Choice

Q 244

Your best friend is having trouble dating. You suspect that the problem stems from a fear of rejection and this fear is probably not in conscious awareness. Which of the following perspectives reflect your suspicion? A)Cognitive B)Biological C)Behavioural D)Psychoanalytic E)Cultural

Multiple Choice

Q 245

Your best friend is having trouble dating. You suspect that the problem stems from his past experiences with dating in which he has been constantly turned down when asking someone out on a date. This makes him feel very bad. Which of the following perspectives reflect your suspicion? A)Cognitive B)Biological C)Behavioural D)Psychoanalytic E)Cultural

Multiple Choice

Q 246

Your best friend is having trouble dating. You suspect that the problem stems from a fear of being rejected, since this has happened on many previous occasions. Which of the following perspectives reflect your suspicion? A)Cognitive B)Biological C)Behavioural D)Psychoanalytic E)Cultural

Multiple Choice

Q 247

Your best friend is having trouble dating. You suspect that the problem stems from his lack of a positive self image. Which of the following perspectives reflect your suspicion? A)Cognitive B)Biological C)Behavioural D)Psychoanalytic E)Humanistic

Multiple Choice

Q 248

Professor B is interested in studying bullying. She studies this in the lab by looking at dominance rankings in mouse colonies. This type of research would be best described as A)applied B)basic C)clinical D)developmental E)experimental

Multiple Choice

Q 249

Professor B is interested in studying bullying. She studies this in local schools who have her asked to give advice on the problem. This type of research would be best described as A)applied B)basic C)clinical D)developmental E)counseling

Multiple Choice

Q 250

You have decided to do a research project on media violence. The local school board has asked for you to look at the relation between watching TV violence and aggression on the school yard. They would like you to give them some recommendations. Your research would be best described as A)basic B)applied C)clinical D)developmental E)counseling

Multiple Choice

Q 251

You have decided to do a research projects on media violence. So you bring participants into the lab and some watch violent TV while others watch nonviolent TV. You measure how aggressive they are in a subsequent task. Your research would be best described as A)basic B)clinical C)developmental D)applied E)counseling

Multiple Choice

Q 252

Professor Johnson does research on memory and problem solving. Most likely, we would describe her as a(n) ___________ psychologist. A)cognitive B)social C)experimental D)clinical E)developmental

Multiple Choice

Q 253

Professor Johnson does research on interpersonal attraction in dating couples. Most likely, we would describe her as a(n) ___________ psychologist. A)clinical B)social C)developmental D)personality E)counseling

Multiple Choice

Q 254

Professor Johnson does research on changes in cognitive ability over time. Most likely, we would describe her as a(n) ___________ psychologist. A)clinical B)social C)developmental D)cultural E)quantitative

Multiple Choice

Q 255

Professor Johnson does research on mathematical models of behaviour. Most likely, we would describe her as a(n) ___________ psychologist. A)clinical B)social C)developmental D)cultural E)quantitative

Multiple Choice

Q 256

Professor Johnson does research on perception and the visual system. Most likely, we would describe her as a(n) ___________ psychologist. A)cognitive B)social C)experimental D)clinical E)developmental

Multiple Choice

Q 257

Jorge and Andreas are identical twins. At age 33, Jorge has acquired the mental disorder, schizophrenia. Andreas did not. How can this be since the twins are identical? A)Biological factors interact with the environment. B)Identical twins do not share all of their genes. C)Cultural factors influence psychological factors. D)This reflects the operation of dualism. E)Andreas will become schizophrenic, but much later.

Multiple Choice

Q 258

If you were a structuralist, which of the following would best reflect a report on your study of colour vision? A)I notice that the cells in the eye are connected to cells in the brain. B)It is difficult to describe a colour because all colours are influenced by the items around it. C)If we see red, it is because that colour has survival value. D)I see a flood of red, but it starts to fade in intensity, then slowly becomes dark or even green. E)Colour perception reflects the unconscious conflicts that we have not resolved.

Multiple Choice

Q 259

Susan wants to be able to treat patients with psychological disorders. Most likely, she should pursue a degree in which of the following areas of psychology? A)Cognitive B)Developmental C)Personality D)Counselling E)Clinical

Multiple Choice

Q 260

Dr. Matthews uses sophisticated imaging techniques to study the processes behind learning and memory. Most likely, we would describe Dr. Matthews as a A)Radical behaviourist B)Cognitive neuroscientist C)Biological Gestaltist D)Behaviour geneticist E)Sociobiologist

Multiple Choice

Q 261

A Freudian psychoanalyst is having a debate with a radical behaviourist. The debate is rather heated. Which of the following topics would they have the most disagreement on? A)Natural selection B)Self-actualization C)Structure of neurotransmitters D)The mind E)The brain

Multiple Choice

Q 262

A local psychologist is interested in the meaning and purpose that people assign to their lives. Most likely, she follows the ______ perspective. A)sociocultural B)biological C)humanistic D)psychodynamic E)cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 263

A local psychologist is interested in the unconscious drives that motivate people's behaviour. Most likely, she follows the ______ perspective. A)sociocultural B)biological C)humanistic D)psychodynamic E)cognitive

Multiple Choice

Q 264

A local psychologist is interested in using precise observation of stimuli and responses. Most likely, he follows the ______ perspective. A)behavioural B)biological C)psychodynamic D)cognitive E)sociocultural

Multiple Choice

Q 265

You are a behaviourist. However, you believe that our behaviour is modified and guided by our thoughts. Your position is known as A)modified behaviourism B)positive psychology C)radical behaviourism D)cognitive behaviourism E)Gestalt actualization

Multiple Choice

Q 266

You are a behaviourist. However, you believe that anything you cannot measure should not be discussed or researched. Your position is known as A)modified behaviourism B)positive psychology C)radical behaviourism D)cognitive behaviourism E)Gestalt actualization

Multiple Choice

Q 267

Imagine that you are a functionalist involved in the study of intelligence. Which of the following questions are you most likely to ask? A)Does intelligence promote self-esteem? B)Can intelligence be rewarded? C)What is the nature of unconscious influence on intelligence? D)What parts of the brain are involved in intelligent behaviour? E)How does intelligence help us to adapt to the environment?

Multiple Choice

Q 268

Imagine that you are a structuralist involved in the study of consciousness. Which of the following questions are you most likely to ask? A)Does consciousness promote self-esteem? B)Can conscious behaviour be rewarded? C)What parts of the brain are involved in consciousness D)Can you tell me exactly what is happening as you wake up from sleep? E)How does consciousness help us to adapt to the environment?

Multiple Choice

Q 269

Imagine that you are a structuralist involved in the study of consciousness. Which of the following methods are you likely to use? A)Experimental design B)Introspection C)Brain scans D)Monism E)Dualism

Multiple Choice

Q 270

A radical behaviourist is having a debate with a cognitive behaviourist. On which of the following topics are they likely to disagree the most? A)Responses are more likely to continue if they are rewarded. B)Behaviours are automatically stamped in or stamped out. C)Responses are less likely to continue if they are punished. D)The laws of learning apply to all organisms. E)

Multiple Choice

Q 271

A radical behaviourist is having a debate with a cognitive behaviourist. They are likely to agree on most of the topics EXCEPT A)responses are more likely to continue if they are rewarded B)responses are less likely to continue if they are punished C)the laws of learning apply to all organisms D)behaviours are automatically stamped in or stamped out E)learning can be used to treat disorders

Multiple Choice

Q 272

People are influenced by group norms. But the amount of influence tends to be higher in a country like China than in a country like Canada. Why? A)Canada is not individualistic. B)China is more individualistic. C)China is more collectivistic. D)China has a much larger population. E)Canada is more collectivistic.

Multiple Choice

Q 273

We have often heard of the myth that we only use 10% of our brain. Why might we be convinced that this is true? A)Brain scans reveal that only 10% of the brain is active at any given time. B)There are no neurotransmitters in much of the brain. C)We have only mapped about 10% of the brain. D)A great deal of cortex can be removed with only a small loss of function. E)We share 10% of our cortex with lower animals.

Multiple Choice

Q 274

Psychologists try to establish principles that apply to all people. But this is not always the case. The principles vary. Why? A)Psychologists forget to account for biological factors. B)Basic research cannot provide stable principles. C)Applied research is never adequately controlled. D)Cognitive psychology does not address the issue of thoughts. E)Our experience of the world is subjective.

Multiple Choice

Q 275

Jesse has a genetic disorder that can result in schizophrenia. However, it is unlikely that he will have a breakdown unless his life becomes very stressful. This illustrates the concept of A)unconscious conflict B)self-actualization C)interaction D)normative influence E)empirical methodology

Multiple Choice

Q 276

Define psychology and indicate what kinds of behaviours it studies.

Not Answered