Quiz 2: Studying Behaviour Scientifically

Psychology

Q 1

The three key scientific attitudes displayed by John Darley and Bibb Latané were curiosity, skepticism, and reason.

Free

True False

False

Q 2

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon.

Free

True False

True

Q 3

Hypotheses typically specify lawful relations between certain behaviours and their causes, and tend to be broader than theories.

Free

True False

False

Q 4

All other things being equal, a simpler theory is considered to be better than a more complex theory.

True False

Q 5

An operational definition defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to measure it.

True False

Q 6

The optimum operational definition for exam stress would be to focus on the psychological variable of self-reported anxiety.

True False

Q 7

Self-report measures inform us about the behaviour of an individual, by asking for information from the people around him/her.

True False

Q 8

An unobtrusive measure assesses behaviour without participants being aware that they are being observed.

True False

Q 9

Case studies enable us to make better generalizations than do naturalistic observations.

True False

Q 10

The research method in which the researcher observes behaviour occurring in a natural setting is called a case study.

True False

Q 11

Random sampling occurs when every member of a target population has an equal chance of being in a survey.

True False

Q 12

In correlational research, the experimenter measures all of the variables and statistically determines whether there is an association between them.

True False

Q 13

The problem in which we can't tell which of two variables causes the other (e.g., does A cause B or does B cause A) is called the third-variable problem.

True False

Q 14

A major disadvantage of correlational research is that the correlation coefficient tells you the direction of a correlation (i.e., whether X and Y are negatively or positively correlated) but not how strongly the two variables are related.

True False

Q 15

A correlation of.53 is considered to be stronger than a correlation of -.78.

True False

Q 16

In an experiment, the independent variable is the one that is manipulated by the researcher.

True False

Q 17

The independent variable is the variable administered to the experimental group and the dependent variable is the variable administered to the control group.

True False

Q 18

Random assignment is used to ensure that a sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn.

True False

Q 19

Researchers often manipulate more than one independent variable in experiments because it better captures the complexity of human behaviour.

True False

Q 20

In both correlational research and experimental research, the experimenter manipulates a variable

True False

Q 21

If an experiment has a confounding variable, this significantly lowers its internal validity.

True False

Q 22

When the experimenter's subtle or unintentional behaviours influence the behaviour of participants in his/her experiment, the placebo effect occurs.

True False

Q 23

One of the primary techniques for reducing both the placebo effect and experimenter expectancy effects is random selection.

True False

Q 24

External validity is concerned with how generalizable the results of a study are to other people and settings.

True False

Q 25

According to the ethical guidelines, deception is justified when there are no other alternatives and the potential benefits of a study outweigh the risks.

True False

Q 26

According to the results of the study done by John Darley and Bibb Latané, if you are robbed at gunpoint while walking home from the grocery store, your best chance of receiving help from witnesses would be when A)the robber wears a mask and thinks he is not recognized by the bystanders B)one person across the street witnesses the crime C)several people getting off of a bus across the street see what is happening D)it is broad daylight and the street is very crowded

Multiple Choice

Q 27

What three key attitudes did John Darley and Bibb Latané display in their research on "bystander apathy"? A)Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness B)Curiosity, optimism, open-mindedness C)Creativity, optimism, curiosity D)Rationality, curiosity, skepticism

Multiple Choice

Q 28

Many people doubted Sigmund Freud and his psychodynamic theory. They wanted to know what evidence Freud was basing his conclusions on and wondered if there might be a better explanation for the causes of human behaviour. These people's doubts are most similar to which key scientific attitude? A)Curiosity B)Skepticism C)Liberalism D)Creativity

Multiple Choice

Q 29

Sitting in class one day, Ben wonders aloud to his friend James, why the multiple-choice exams seem harder than essay exams. James, whose older sister is a college professor, tells him that research shows that it is easier to trick students with multiple-choice questions so they are in fact harder. "Wow!" Ben thinks, "So that explains it." Ben would have been better off seeking another opinion, or at least asking James about the research he is talking about. If he had, Ben would be demonstrating a healthy scientific attitude of A)liberalism B)skepticism C)open-mindedness D)creativity

Multiple Choice

Q 30

A researcher, who is always willing to consider criticisms of his theory and to make theoretical revisions and adjustments when the evidence supports it, is demonstrating behaviour most consistent with which key scientific attitude? A)Skepticism B)Curiosity C)Rationality D)Open-mindedness

Multiple Choice

Q 31

The first step in the scientific process is to A)create a hypothesis B)form a question about something interesting C)propose a prediction D)test a theory

Multiple Choice

Q 32

Which of the following lists the steps of the scientific process in the proper order? A)Conduct research, ask question, create hypothesis, analyze data, build theory B)Ask question, create hypothesis, conduct research, analyze data, build theory C)Ask question, conduct research, create hypothesis, build theory, analyze data D)Create hypothesis, ask question, conduct research, analyze data, build theory

Multiple Choice

Q 33

John Darley's and Bibb Latané's statement, "IF an emergency occurs, THEN the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely any one bystander will be to intervene" is best considered an example of a(n) A)specific prediction B)proven theory C)behavioural correlation D)initial research question

Multiple Choice

Q 34

As part of their research on bystander apathy, John Darley and Bibb Latané created fake "emergencies" in their experimental laboratory and observed people's responses. When making these observations, what step of the scientific process were they engaged in? A)Creating a hypothesis B)Creating a prediction C)Generating a theory D)Conducting research

Multiple Choice

Q 35

A hypothesis is best considered as A)a tentative explanation about some phenomenon B)a specific prediction, often in the form of an "if-then" statement C)a set of formal statements that explain how certain events are related to one another D)an empirical or correlational statement

Multiple Choice

Q 36

John Darley and Bibb Latané made the following assumption: "diffusion of responsibility reduces the likelihood of any single bystander feeling responsible to intervene in an emergency." This assumption is an example of a(n) A)dependent variable B)operational definition C)independent variable D)hypothesis

Multiple Choice

Q 37

A psychodynamic psychologist assumes that people with unresolved childhood issues are more susceptible to stress and anxiety. This psychologist's assumption is best viewed as an example of A)a hypothesis B)a theory C)correlational research D)a dependent variable

Multiple Choice

Q 38

A humanistic psychologist believes that people who don't have a clear sense of meaning in their lives are more vulnerable to depression and physical illness. This psychologist's beliefs are best viewed as an example of A)scientific skepticism B)a hypothesis C)a theory D)conducting research

Multiple Choice

Q 39

Bruce notices that on the days that he eats lunch at Archie's diner, people are less likely to ask him to join them for the afternoon coffee break. Bruce wonders why this is happening and thinks that his co-workers must assume that he doesn't want coffee after a hearty lunch. If Bruce were to use the scientific process, now that he has a tentative explanation, he would translate this into a(n) A)specific prediction B)trial C)theory D)experiment

Multiple Choice

Q 40

On the first day of school, Ted's fifth grade teacher asks her students to introduce themselves and tell the class what they did on their summer vacation. Ted notes that all of the smart kids had gone on great trips; so travel, he reasons, must make you smart. Ted gathers information from the students in his school and analyzes it. Ted is testing this ________. A)theory B)fact C)hypothesis D)formal explanation

Multiple Choice

Q 41

A formal set of statements that explains why and how certain events are related to one another is called a(n) ____________. A)hypothesis B)specific prediction C)theory D)operational definition

Multiple Choice

Q 42

A theory is best defined as A)a tentative explanation or prediction about some phenomenon B)a specific prediction, often in the form of an "if-then" statement C)conducting research to test a prediction D)a set of statements that explains the relationship between various events

Multiple Choice

Q 43

A distinction between theories and hypotheses is that A)theories tend to be broader than hypotheses B)hypotheses tend to be broader and more externally valid than theories C)theories tend to be externally valid while hypotheses tend to be internally valid D)theories use operational definitions while hypotheses do not

Multiple Choice

Q 44

One of the problems of after-the-fact or "hindsight" explanations is that A)there are many ways of explaining past events and there is usually no way to know which of these ways is correct B)they fail to provide a foundation on which further scientific study can occur C)they are usually too theoretically complex and sophisticated D)there are many ways of explaining past events, without overemphasizing external validity

Multiple Choice

Q 45

When presented with the findings of psychological research, it is not uncommon for people to comment that the results are trivial and obvious. This tendency illustrates one of the limitations of A)hypotheses B)hindsight understanding C)theories D)independent variables

Multiple Choice

Q 46

After a visit to her doctor, Kristen is told she has a rare disease and needs surgery immediately. When Kristen seeks a second opinion, she avoids a hindsight understanding from her second doctor. What did Kristen do to avoid the second doctor's hindsight understanding? A)She told the second doctor the first doctor's diagnosis so that she has all of the information necessary to make her own diagnosis. B)She told the second doctor the first doctor's diagnosis because it is rare and the symptoms might be easily missed. C)She did not tell the second doctor the first doctor's diagnosis, as the second opinion is costing her just as much as the first. D)She did not tell the second doctor the first doctor's diagnosis so that he/she is not influenced by the first doctor's explanation.

Multiple Choice

Q 47

If a research study found that career motivation was higher among recent immigrants to Canada than long-standing Canadian residents, most people might readily offer several reasonable explanations for this finding. However, if a study found that career motivation was higher among long-standing Canadian residents than recent immigrants to Canada, most people might generate an equally convincing set of explanations. This example demonstrates the problems associated with A)operational definitions B)hypotheses C)hindsight reasoning D)theoretical predictions

Multiple Choice

Q 48

Scientists typically test their understanding through A)prediction and control B)the use of narrative research C)examining existing variables D)the use of survey research

Multiple Choice

Q 49

Which of the following is a characteristic of a good theory? A)A good theory is complex and sophisticated. B)A good theory is difficult to test through empirical science. C)A good theory organizes information in a meaningful way. D)A good theory uses operational definitions.

Multiple Choice

Q 50

Professor Smith has developed a theory that is rather straightforward compared to the complex theory of Professor Jones. Both theories generate a number of new hypotheses from other researchers. Even though both theories predict the same phenomena well, the preferred theory is ________. A)Professor Smith's because it conforms to the law of parsimony B)Professor Smith's because it will be easiest to prove C)Professor Jones' because it is complex and will generate more hypotheses D)Professor Jones' because its complexity allows for more testability

Multiple Choice

Q 51

Which of the following was mentioned in the text as a characteristic of a good theory? A)Good theories are simple theories. B)Good theories are long and explicative theories. C)Good theories confirm pre-existing hypotheses. D)Good theories focus on independent variables.

Multiple Choice

Q 52

The notion that if two theories can equally explain and predict the same phenomenon, then the simpler one is the preferred theory is the law of __________. A)least complexity B)parsimony C)consistency D)simplicity

Multiple Choice

Q 53

Imagine a research area in psychology where there are several seemingly conflicting findings and theories. You develop a new theory that resolves these conflicts and explains the findings of this area within a single broad framework. Your theory best demonstrates which characteristic of a good theory? A)Your theory conforms to the law of parsimony. B)Your theory's predictions are supported by previous research. C)Your theory conforms to the law of simplicity. D)Your theory organizes information in a meaningful way.

Multiple Choice

Q 54

A psychologist during the time of Freud creates a new and different theory designed to explain human behaviour. Using this new theory, it is relatively easy to design studies and experiments to evaluate its validity. This is in contrast to the concepts of Freud's theory, which were very difficult to measure. This new theory best illustrates which characteristic of a good theory? A)The theory is testable. B)The theory is parsimonious. C)The theory is consistent with previous research findings. D)The theory organizes information in a meaningful way.

Multiple Choice

Q 55

A(n) ________ definition defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to measure it. A)dependent B)independent C)operational D)representative

Multiple Choice

Q 56

Shireen thinks that people learn better when they enjoy the course in which they are studying. In order to test her prediction, she must operationalize her variables. Which of the following best represents valid operational definitions of the variables contained within her prediction? A)test score; student ratings of the course B)number of hours studying; student ratings of the course C)test score; number of assignments submitted D)number of hours studying; number of assignments submitted

Multiple Choice

Q 57

In research, any characteristic that can vary is called a(n) _________. A)operational definition B)hypothesis C)variable D)theory

Multiple Choice

Q 58

The essential function of an operational definition is that it translates something A)observable into something abstract and measurable B)relevant into something abstract and observable C)observable into something abstract and relevant D)abstract into something observable and measurable

Multiple Choice

Q 59

A psychologist is interested in studying stress. Since stress can mean different things to different people, she decides that she would like to assess stress by measuring people's blood pressure. This psychologist has just created a(n) A)control group B)operational definition C)independent variable D)case study

Multiple Choice

Q 60

A researcher is interested in studying what factors influence interpersonal attraction. In a study designed to explore this variable, the researcher uses a very attractive person for an assistant. Interpersonal attraction is then assessed by whether the people participating in the study call up the attractive assistant to ask the person on a date. In this example, the means used to assess interpersonal attraction would be considered a(n) A)correlational study B)hypothesis C)case study D)operational definition

Multiple Choice

Q 61

An advantage of using operational definitions is that A)they allow other researchers to agree with these definitions B)they let other researchers know exactly what is meant by the various terms C)they automatically generate the relevant dependent and independent variables D)they are consistent with the law of parsimony

Multiple Choice

Q 62

The social desirability bias exists as a limitation of which of the ways of measuring behaviour? A)Physiological measures B)Behavioural observations C)Reports by others D)Self-report measures

Multiple Choice

Q 63

The tendency to respond in a socially appropriate manner rather than according to how a person actually thinks, feels, or behaves is called the A)social acceptability bias B)social desirability bias C)social adequacy bias D)social worth bias

Multiple Choice

Q 64

A child psychologist is working with a young child named Sally. In order to get more information, the psychologist interviews Sally's parents and asks them about Sally's childhood experiences. This would best be considered an example of which of the major ways of measuring behaviour? A)Self-report measures B)Physiological measures C)Reports by others D)Behavioural observations

Multiple Choice

Q 65

A researcher is interested in studying the frequency of aggression in school-aged children. Which would be the best method to use to measure aggression? A)Self-report measures B)Behavioural observations C)Physiological measures D)Archival records

Multiple Choice

Q 66

In a study designed to investigate the causes of stress, a psychological researcher measures stress by monitoring people's heart rate and blood pressure. In this study, the researcher has utilized which method of measuring behaviour? A)Self-report measures B)Archival records C)Physiological measures D)Behavioural observations

Multiple Choice

Q 67

A limitation of physiological measures of behaviour is that A)they are subject to the social desirability bias of physiological measurement B)they are subject to random sampling of physiological measures C)they fail to use operational definitions for physiological measures D)they fail to convey what a given physiological response means

Multiple Choice

Q 68

A social psychologist is interested in studying aggression in sports fans. He goes to various sporting events and keeps track of the number of aggressive acts that occur between fans using a well-defined coding system. This psychologist is using which of the following ways of measuring behaviour? A)Self-report measures B)Physiological measures C)Behavioural observations D)Scientific measures

Multiple Choice

Q 69

One of the major limitations of behavioural observations is that A)researchers know that people may behave differently when they know they are being watched B)researchers know that people may not behave differently when they know they are being watched C)researchers do not know whether people's behaviours are internally valid D)researchers do not know what a given physiological response really means

Multiple Choice

Q 70

If a measure of behaviour is reliable, we know that it is A)valid B)operationally defined C)based on a theory D)consistent

Multiple Choice

Q 71

Two research assistants trained to code the type of interactions observed between siblings, repeatedly disagree on how to code siblings' sarcastic comments toward one another. The resulting data may then be A)useful, as there is diversity in the observation B)useful, and the consistent disagreement can be further studied C)useless, as the coding system may be faulty D)useless, as the information derived may be unreliable

Multiple Choice

Q 72

Pre-existing documents that researchers use to gather information about people's overt behaviours are called __________. A)archival measures B)physiological reports C)self-report measures D)random samples

Multiple Choice

Q 73

In order to assess the effectiveness of a new province-wide seatbelt law, researchers collect data from the department of transportation regarding the number of traffic fatalities in the last year. This type of measurement of behaviour is called a(n) A)chronological record B)archival record C)historical record D)sequential record

Multiple Choice

Q 74

People sometimes change their behaviour when they know that they are being observed. To counter this problem, psychologists monitor behaviours in a way that people are unaware that they are being observed. These measures are called _________. A)hidden measures B)unintentional measures C)unobtrusive measures D)subtle measures

Multiple Choice

Q 75

A researcher wants to know how much time students in a dorm spend watching TV, but she has noticed that students tend to leave the TV room when she comes in to see who is watching. To get around this problem, she decides to observe wear-and-tear on the TV remote control as a measure of how much time students spend watching TV. Like many psychologists, this researcher is using a(n) A)unobtrusive measure B)hypothetical measure C)double-blind measure D)placebo measure

Multiple Choice

Q 76

A case study is considered to be which type of research method? A)Descriptive research B)Correlational research C)Experimental research D)Hypothetical research

Multiple Choice

Q 77

An fMRI study confirmed that the ventral and dorsal streams of the visual cortex independently processes object perception and object ____. A)shape B)action C)size D)colour

Multiple Choice

Q 78

Brain imaging technology is generally used to explore the following A)physical disabilities B)motivation C)drug efficacy D)social skills acquisition

Multiple Choice

Q 79

Despite having excellent vision, Kris was unable to grasp or pick up objects properly. It is likely that he has damaged his A)visual cortex: ventral stream B)visual cortex: dorsal stream C)motor cortex D)cerebellum

Multiple Choice

Q 80

An in-depth study of an individual, a group, or an event is called a _________________. A)naturalistic observation B)survey C)case study D)correlational study

Multiple Choice

Q 81

Which of the following is an advantage of the case study method of research? A)Case studies are generalizable to the population at large. B)Case studies are a good method for studying rare events. C)Case studies are very useful for determining cause-effect relationships. D)Case studies are a good method for studying a large number of participants.

Multiple Choice

Q 82

At the University of Western Ontario, Mel Goodale and his colleagues' studied a patient who had suffered from carbon monoxide poisoning and had suffered damage to several parts of her brain. The research on this patient provided evidence that perception and action can be processed independently, by different parts of the human brain. The research method used was a(n) A)case study B)correlational study C)experiment D)naturalistic observation

Multiple Choice

Q 83

The case study method was used to study the program which was designed to train the mothers of "failure-to-thrive" infants in nutrition and feeding techniques at Surrey Place Centre in Toronto. The case study method helped researchers to A)study the phenomenon and determine the cause of infant weight gain due to the program B)illustrate how effective the interventions developed by the clinical psychologists are to treat special populations C)generalize the findings to other training programs D)access and use archival methods

Multiple Choice

Q 84

Imagine that someone has developed an absurd theory that asserts that every child with blond hair will be over 6 feet tall when they are adults. An adult friend of yours is blond but happens to only be 5'6". This example best demonstrates which of the following advantages of the case study method? A)Case studies are useful for studying rare events. B)A single case study can challenge the validity of a theory. C)A single case study can be a rich source for new ideas and hypotheses. D)Case studies tend to have variables with stronger operational definitions than do other methods.

Multiple Choice

Q 85

An important limitation of the case study research method is that it A)is a poor method for determining cause-effect relationships B)is a poor source for new ideas and hypotheses C)is a poor method for studying rare events D)is a poor source for studying people

Multiple Choice

Q 86

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the case study research method? A)A single case study cannot be used to refute or challenge a theory. B)Case studies often have high internal validity. C)Case studies often have questionable generalizability. D)A case study is a poor method for studying rare events or people.

Multiple Choice

Q 87

A researcher who observes behaviour as it occurs in a normal or typical setting is doing _________. A)survey research B)case study C)correlational research D)naturalistic observation

Multiple Choice

Q 88

As part of a class on animal behaviour, students are sent to a local park and are asked to watch and record the feeding behaviour of the crows there. These students are engaged in which method of research? A)A case study B)Naturalistic observation C)A survey D)An experiment

Multiple Choice

Q 89

In order to learn about the social behaviour of children, a developmental psychologist goes to an elementary school, finds a seat near one of the windows in a classroom, and watches the children playing on the playground outside during recess. This psychologist is engaged in which method of research? A)Naturalistic observation B)Correlational research C)A case study D)Experimental research

Multiple Choice

Q 90

An important advantage of the method of naturalistic observation is that A)it can provide important information on cause-effect relationships B)it can more easily be incorporated into meta-analyses C)it can provide detailed information on naturally occurring behaviour D)it can more easily be matched to correlational research

Multiple Choice

Q 91

Which of the following statements about naturalistic observations is true? A)Naturalistic observations often make use of the double-blind procedure. B)Naturalistic observations do not contribute to making causal conclusions. C)Naturalistic observations tend to have low external validity. D)Naturalistic observations tend to have more independent than dependent variables.

Multiple Choice

Q 92

Some psychologists studied the bullying behaviour by elementary school-aged children as it occurred during school recess. They found that A)the observations made during the research permitted causal conclusions about bullying behaviour B)the research methods did not influence the children's behaviours C)the schoolmates were frequently present during bullying episodes but rarely intervened D)naturalistic observation was not an effective research method for studying children's bullying behaviour

Multiple Choice

Q 93

Which of the following was discussed as a potential limitation of naturalistic observation? A)The observer's presence may disruptor influence the behaviour of the person or animal he/she is watching. B)The settings in which naturalistic observations typically occur tend to have low external validity. C)Naturalistic observation often makes improper use of random assignment. D)Naturalistic observation relies too heavily on the use of archival data about the person or animal being observed.

Multiple Choice

Q 94

What type of research gathers information about a topic by administering questionnaires or interviews to people of an area of interest? A)Case studies B)Naturalistic observations C)Survey research D)Experimental research

Multiple Choice

Q 95

In order to estimate the results in a local election, a pollster contacts a select group of people and asks them how they voted. The pollster is using which of the following research methods? A)Correlational research B)Survey research C)A case study D)Naturalistic observation

Multiple Choice

Q 96

In survey research, a population is defined as A)the people selected to be in a survey B)the people who actually complete the survey C)the individuals who responded in the survey with a particular response (e.g., 53 percent "yes", 47 percent "no") D)all the individuals about whom we are interested in drawing conclusions

Multiple Choice

Q 97

In survey research, a sample is defined as A)a subset of individuals drawn from the entire group in which we are interested B)all the individuals about whom we are interested in drawing conclusions C)a specific percentage of the individuals we are interested in drawing conclusions about D)a pilot survey designed to determine whether there are any problems with the instrument

Multiple Choice

Q 98

Dr. Jones is interested in conducting a survey of all the college students at her university. She is careful when conducting her research to make sure that each student on campus has an equal opportunity to participate in her survey. To create her survey sample Dr. Jones will use A)random sampling B)random assignment C)random preference D)random appointment

Multiple Choice

Q 99

Sally wants to know what percentage of Canadian university students are receiving financial aid their first year in university. Sally attends a small university with a large percentage of students who commute to campus every day. Sally stands outside of the residence dining hall one weekday evening and hands out surveys to every third person entering the hall for dinner. Sally's data will be invalid because ________. A)she did not use a representative sample B)she did not define her population C)she did not use random sampling D)she did not do a pilot test of her survey

Multiple Choice

Q 100

A sample in a survey should accurately reflect the important characteristics of the population from which it is drawn. For example, if a certain population has 53% women and the sample has 53% women, then the sample is said to be a A)random sample B)representative sample C)random assignment D)characteristic sample

Multiple Choice

Q 101

An advantage of survey research is that it A)allows us to make inferences regarding cause-effect relations B)is an efficient way to gather information about people's opinions and lifestyles C)is usually conducted without people knowing what they are being asked D)is very effective at reducing the placebo effect

Multiple Choice

Q 102

Which of the following statements regarding survey research is true? A)It is better to have a smaller sample than a larger sample B)It is better to have a larger unrepresentative sample than a smaller representative sample C)It is better to have a smaller representative sample than a larger unrepresentative sample D)It does not matter whether the sample size is small or large

Multiple Choice

Q 103

While conducting a research interview, a participant becomes slightly embarrassed and decides to answer the questions in such a way as to make himself look more friendly and acceptable to the interviewer. This example most clearly demonstrates which limitation of interview methods in research? A)Experimenter effects. B)Placebo effect. C)Social desirability bias. D)Random sampling.

Multiple Choice

Q 104

While conducting a phone survey, the interviewer asks questions in such a way that it influences and affects the answers of the people she is interviewing. This example most clearly demonstrates which limitation of survey research? A)Social desirability bias B)Random assignment C)Interviewer bias D)Placebo effect

Multiple Choice

Q 105

A researcher is examining the relation between two variables: variable X and variable Y. If she is conducting a correlational study, the researcher measures variable X and _______________ variable Y. A)manipulates B)discounts C)maintains D)measures

Multiple Choice

Q 106

The main goal of correlational research is to A)Determine cause-effect relationships. B)Gather detailed information about a single variable. C)Examine associations among several variables. D)Observe behaviour in natural settings.

Multiple Choice

Q 107

Dr. Little has heard that people tend to become more politically conservative as they get older. She decides to conduct a study to see if this is true. She conducts a telephone survey where she asks participants their age and political affiliation. She then uses statistics to see whether there is a relationship between these two variables. Which of the following research designs best describes Dr. Little's research? A)Experimental research B)Correlational research C)Naturalistic observation D)Representational research

Multiple Choice

Q 108

It is difficult to draw causal inferences in correlational research because A)in correlational research variables are manipulated B)of the placebo effect C)of the social desirability bias D)it is difficult to tell which variable causes the other

Multiple Choice

Q 109

A researcher conducted a study relating the time parents spent with their children to their children's happiness. From a correlational analysis of the data, the researcher concluded that happier children are a result of parents spending more time with them. The possibility that the parents spent more time with their children in response to the fact that their children were happier is an example of A)the generalizability problem in correlational research B)the bidirectionality problem in correlational research C)the spurious relationship problem in correlational research D)the third-variable problem in correlational research

Multiple Choice

Q 110

A psychologist notes that there is a correlation between physical health and the number of vacations that a person takes. According to him, people who take more vacations tend to have better physical health. After thinking about this result, you realize that this association may be due to a third factor: income. People with more income can afford more vacations and can afford better health care. Your explanation for this is most consistent with which limitation of correlational research? A)The bidirectional causality problem B)The third variable problem C)The placebo effect D)Experimenter expectancy effects

Multiple Choice

Q 111

Dr. Gonzalez has just completed a correlational study where he found a strong association between parental expectations and children's academic achievement. In other words, children who perform well in school tend to have parents who have high expectations of them. However, Dr. Gonzalez can't tell which variable causes the other. It may be that high expectations cause children to perform better, or that children's better performance cause their parents to have higher expectations. This particular problem is known as A)the bidirectional causality problem B)the third variable problem C)poor external validity D)the experimenter expectancy effect

Multiple Choice

Q 112

In a positive correlation, high scores on one variable are associated with ____________ scores on the second variable. A)below average B)low C)average D)high

Multiple Choice

Q 113

In a negative correlation, high scores on one variable are associated with ____________ scores on the second variable. A)above average B)low C)average D)high

Multiple Choice

Q 114

Dr. Lahore is a psychologist who is investigating the relation between stress and illness. In her research, she has observed that as stress increases, the occurrence of physical illness also tends to increase. The association between these two variables is an example of a A)positive correlation B)negative correlation C)causal correlation D)random correlation

Multiple Choice

Q 115

A clinical psychologist has observed that there appears to be an association between parental anger and childhood self-esteem. In particular, parents who score higher on ratings of anger and hostility tend to have children who have lower self-esteem. If this psychologist's impressions are correct, the relation between parental anger and childhood self-esteem would be an example of a A)positive correlation B)causal correlation C)negative correlation D)random correlation

Multiple Choice

Q 116

A statistic that indicates the strength and direction of a relation between two variables is called the _____________. A)relation coefficient B)association coefficient C)correlation coefficient D)causality coefficient

Multiple Choice

Q 117

The plus or minus sign (+/-) on the correlation coefficient reflects A)the strength of the association B)the direction of the association C)the magnitude of the association D)the validity of the association

Multiple Choice

Q 118

The size or absolute value of the correlation coefficient tells us A)the strength of the association B)the validity of the association C)the direction of the association D)the randomness of the association

Multiple Choice

Q 119

Which of the following statements regarding correlation coefficients is false? A)A correlation of + 0.75 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of + 0.50. B)A correlation of - 0.75 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of + 0.50. C)A correlation of - 0.75 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of - 0.50. D)A correlation of + 0.50 indicates a stronger association than a correlation of - 0.75.

Multiple Choice

Q 120

When Dr. Pressley examines the study habits of his students he finds that as the number of hours they spend studying increases, so do their grades. He finds an even stronger correlation between partying and grades in that as their grades improve the number of hours they spend partying decreases. When he runs the statistics on these data he finds which of the following correlation coefficients for hours studying with grades and hours partying with grades respectively A)+0.34; -0.63 B)-0.34; +0.63 C)+0.63; -0.34 D)-0.63; +0.34

Multiple Choice

Q 121

A graph used to represent a correlation between two variables is called a _____________. A)scattergram B)scatterplot C)correlation map D)association chart

Multiple Choice

Q 122

One of the significant advantages of correlational research is that A)it can be used to infer causal relations B)it is not susceptible to the social desirability bias C)it can be used to make predictions D)it tends to have higher internal validity than do other research methods

Multiple Choice

Q 123

Assume that there is a strong negative correlation between two variables: variable 1 and variable 2. If you know that a person's score on variable 1 is low, what would be your best prediction for the person's score on variable 2? A)The person's score on variable 2 should also be low. B)The person's score on variable 2 should be high. C)The person's score on variable 2 should be average. D)The person's score on variable 2 should be above average.

Multiple Choice

Q 124

Danny owns an ice cream stand near the beach. He knows that he sells more ice cream on sunny days than on days when it is cloudy. Danny has some researchers collect data for him so that he can be more efficient when he orders his ice cream. This example illustrates which of the primary functions of correlational research? A)Efficiency B)Prediction C)Causality D)Directionality

Multiple Choice

Q 125

We can best predict the value of one variable from the value of another variable if the two variables have a correlation coefficient of: A)+0.00 B)-0.50 C)-0.75 D)+0.60

Multiple Choice

Q 126

In experimental research, the researcher manipulates the independent variable and ______________ the dependent variable. A)manipulates B)measures C)maintains D)discounts

Multiple Choice

Q 127

Experimental research contains three essential steps: manipulate one variable, measure whether this manipulation affects another variable, and A)calculate the correlation between the two variables B)attempt to manipulate other factors C)attempt to control or hold constant other factors D)use random sampling

Multiple Choice

Q 128

What are the three essential characteristics of experimentation? A)Measure one variable, measure another variable, and examine the correlation between the two variables B)Manipulate one variable, measure another variable, and attempt to control other factors C)Manipulate one variable, manipulate another variable, and examine the correlation between the two D)Manipulate one variable, manipulate another variable, and attempt to control all other factors

Multiple Choice

Q 129

In experimental research, one variable is manipulated by the experimenter. This is called the __________ variable. A)independent B)dependent C)operational D)random

Multiple Choice

Q 130

Which of following most accurately describes the distinction between independent and dependent variables? A)The dependent variable is correlated with the independent variable. B)The independent variable is correlated with the dependent variable. C)The dependent variable "depends upon" the independent variable. D)The independent variable "depends upon" the dependent variable.

Multiple Choice

Q 131

An educational psychologist wants to study the effectiveness of using the Internet as an instructional method for academic courses. She designs a study in which one group of students is assigned to take a course in a standard classroom with a live instructor. Another group of students is assigned to take the same course over the Internet. The psychologist then compares the course grades for students in each of the two groups. In this case, the instruction method (regular class vs. Internet class) would be considered the A)dependent variable B)correlational variable C)confounding variable D)independent variable

Multiple Choice

Q 132

Dr. White wants to look at the impact of failure on self-esteem. He designs an experiment where half of the participants are led to believe that they have failed on an ambiguous task, while the other half of the participants are told that they have succeeded. Dr. White then has the people in his study complete a questionnaire measuring self-esteem and he looks to see if there are any differences in self-esteem between the success and failure groups. In this example, self-esteem would be considered the A)dependent variable B)independent variable C)placebo variable D)confounding variable

Multiple Choice

Q 133

A stress researcher wants to look at the effect of meditation on anxiety. To do this, she creates two groups of subjects: one group receives instruction in meditation, while the other receives no training at all. One month later, she has subjects complete a questionnaire designed to measure anxiety and she looks to see whether there are any differences in anxiety between the two groups. In this experiment, the meditation condition (meditation vs. no meditation) is the independent variable and anxiety is the _____________ variable. A)independent B)dependent C)correlational D)confounding

Multiple Choice

Q 134

Amy conducts an experiment in which she discovers that brunettes have more fun. She has three brunette females and three blond females go to the same party and record how many times they were asked to dance. In her experiment, Amy has defined the dependent variable as the number of times they were asked to dance, and the ___________ as hair colour. A)correlational variable B)extraneous variable C)confounding variable D)independent variable

Multiple Choice

Q 135

In an experiment, a group that is not exposed to the treatment or that receives a zero-level of the independent variable is called the ____. A)comparison group B)experimental group C)independent group D)control group

Multiple Choice

Q 136

Control groups are important in experiments because A)they make calculations of the correlation coefficient possible B)they provide a standard of comparison for the experimental group C)they provide a needed comparison of the confounding variables D)they decrease internal validity and external validity

Multiple Choice

Q 137

An animal researcher is studying the effect of a new drug on the memory of mice. One group of mice receives the drug while a second group does not. The memory of the mice is then tested by how quickly they can negotiate a previously learned maze. In this example, the group of mice that does not receive the drug would be considered the A)experimental group B)correlational group C)control group D)independent group

Multiple Choice

Q 138

A clinical psychologist has developed a new form of psychotherapy to treat a particular personality disorder. In order to test its effectiveness, a group of people with the personality disorder is selected to receive the therapy for 8 weeks. A second group of people with the disorder is also created, but this group receives no therapy at all. At the end of the 8 weeks, the mental health of people in both groups is assessed to evaluate the new psychotherapy. In this study, the people who did not receive any therapy would be in the A)experimental group B)control group C)random group D)sample group

Multiple Choice

Q 139

The experimental group is to the control group as A)the treatment of the independent variable is to the zero-level of the dependent variable B)the treatment of the independent variable is to the active level of the independent variable C)the active level of the independent variable is to the zero-level of the independent variable D)the active level of the independent variable is to the treatment of the dependent variable

Multiple Choice

Q 140

If you are a participant in an experimental study, the procedure that insures that you have an equal chance of being in any group or condition within the experiment is called A)random sampling B)random choice C)random assortment D)random assignment

Multiple Choice

Q 141

In survey research, random sampling is typically used to insure that a sample is representative; while in experiments, a different method is used to balance differences between subjects across various experimental groups. The method used in experiments is called A)random assignment B)random choice C)random appointment D)random assortment

Multiple Choice

Q 142

Dr. Jun is conducting an experiment that has two experimental groups. In order to control for differences among her subjects, she flips a coin and uses chance to determine which subjects belong in which group. The procedure that Dr. Jun is using to place participants in the various groups is called A)random sampling B)random assignment C)random grouping D)random choice

Multiple Choice

Q 143

Random assignment is important in experiments because A)it eliminates experimenter expectancy effects B)it insures that the samples are representative of the population C)it holds differences among participants constant D)it balances differences among participants across conditions of the experiment

Multiple Choice

Q 144

In experiments, researchers often use random assignment to place participants in various groups or conditions in their experiments. An alternative to random assignment is to design the study in such a way that each participant A)is exposed to all conditions in the experiment B)is equally likely to end up in any one of the experimental conditions C)may be randomly sampled D)may receive both the independent and dependent variables

Multiple Choice

Q 145

Dr. Williams is conducting an experiment and decides to use a design in which each participant will be exposed to all of the conditions in her study. In designing her study, Dr. Williams is A)making use of random assignment B)making use of an alternative to random assignment C)using the double-blind procedure D)controlling the placebo effect

Multiple Choice

Q 146

As an alternative to random assignment, researchers will sometimes design experiments where each participant is exposed to all conditions or groups in an experiment. This second procedure controls for differences between individual participants by A)balancing these differences between the conditions or groups B)holding these differences constant C)making use of the double-blind procedure D)increasing external validity

Multiple Choice

Q 147

Random assignment controls for important differences among individual participants by balancing them. This is in contrast to designs in which each participant is exposed to each condition or group in an experiment. This latter design controls the individual differences by ____________. A)randomly sampling them B)controlling the placebo effect C)holding them constant D)balancing these differences between the conditions or groups

Multiple Choice

Q 148

In a memory experiment, participants are asked to learn a list of words and then are tested on the list and the number of words they recall is recorded. In total, participants will be learning three word lists. Each of the word lists is of equivalent difficulty, the first list contains proper nouns, the second list contains breeds of dogs, and the third is a list of kitchen appliances. After working with 20 participants, the researchers notice that these participants are better at recalling the proper nouns, the first list of the three that they learn. How can the researchers be certain that proper nouns are actually easier to recall and that they are not recalled better because they are the first words the participants learn? A)Vary the dependent variable between conditions. B)Take a random sample of the participants' answers. C)Add a control group that only learns proper nouns. D)Counterbalance the order of the word lists.

Multiple Choice

Q 149

Strayer and colleagues wanted to establish if there was a causal relationship between cell phone use while driving and increased risk of vehicular collision. The independent and dependent variables in that experiment were, respectively A)whether or not the person was talking on a cell phone, and the braking reaction time B)the undergraduate students with a range of driving experience and visual acuity, and whether or not the person was talking on a cell phone C)the braking reaction time and whether or not the person was talking on a cell phone D)whether or not the person was talking on a cell phone, and the undergraduate students with a range of driving experience and visual acuity

Multiple Choice

Q 150

Strayer and colleagues wanted to establish if there was a causal relationship between cell phone use while driving, traffic density, and increased risk of vehicular collision. They found evidence of an interaction because A)cell phone use led to an increase in braking reaction time in both the low and high traffic conditions B)cell phone use led to an increase in braking reaction time in the low traffic density condition C)cell phone use led to an increase in braking reaction time only in the high traffic density condition D)cell phone use did not affect reaction time in regardless of traffic density

Multiple Choice

Q 151

Often, psychological researchers will manipulate more than one variable in an experiment. The main reason for this is that A)it reduces demand characteristics B)it better captures the complexity of human behaviour C)it allows the variables to be both independent and dependent variables at the same time D)it reduces experimenter expectancy effects

Multiple Choice

Q 152

A researcher conducted an experiment assessing the effect of both alcohol and expectation on sexual arousal. How many independent variables are there in this experiment? A)0 B)1 C)2 D)3

Multiple Choice

Q 153

The text discussed research to establish if there was a causal relationship between cell phone use while driving, traffic density and increased risk of vehicular collision. Which of the following accurately describes the independent and dependent variables in this research? A)Traffic density is the independent variable, and cell phone use and risk of vehicular collision are the dependent variables. B)Cell phone use and risk of vehicular collision are the independent variables, and traffic density is the dependent variable. C)Cell phone use and traffic density are the independent variables, and risk of vehicular collision is the dependent variable. D)Risk of vehicular collision is the independent variable, and cell phone use and traffic density are the dependent variables.

Multiple Choice

Q 154

One of the differences between experimental research and correlational research is that A)in experimental research all variables are measured, while in correlational research at least one variable is manipulated B)in correlational research all variables are measured, while in experimental research at least one variable is manipulated C)experimental research tends to use random sampling, while correlational research tends to use random assignment D)experimental research tends to have higher external validity than correlational research

Multiple Choice

Q 155

The research method that allows for examining cause and effect relations is A)a case study B)a survey C)a correlational study D)an experiment

Multiple Choice

Q 156

Which of the following statements regarding the differences between experimental and correlational research is true? A)Correlational research tends to take place in the laboratory, while experimental research usually studies behaviours in more natural contexts. B)Correlational research is better suited for examining cause-effect relations than is experimental research. C)Experimental research is better suited for examining cause-effect relations than is correlational research. D)Experimental research only measures variables, while correlational research manipulates at least one variable.

Multiple Choice

Q 157

Jake and Jack are both interested in the effect of the loud music from the dorm room next door on their grades. Jake records the days and hours the music is loud and compares that information to the grades he received on exams taken the days following the loud music. Jack plays his own music loud before his first psychology exam and quietly before his second exam. He then compares his exam scores. The primary difference in the way Jake and Jack conducted their research is A)Jack only looked at psychology exams and Jake used several courses B)Jack had fewer types of data than did Jake C)Jake took more accurate measurements than Jack D)Jake used correlational data and Jack manipulated a variable

Multiple Choice

Q 158

Internal validity represents the degree to which A)the results from an experiment are generalizable to other situations B)an experiment supports clear causal conclusions C)a sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn D)it effectively utilizes random sampling

Multiple Choice

Q 159

If an experiment allows for clear causal conclusions to be drawn, it is said to have strong A)operational definitions B)external validity C)internal validity D)hypotheses

Multiple Choice

Q 160

All of the following decrease internal validity EXCEPT A)random assignment B)confounding variables C)experimenter expectancy effects D)the placebo effect

Multiple Choice

Q 161

A psychologist is interested looking at the effectiveness of a new computer program in helping students learn math. She decides to test this new program with a group of middle school students. At this particular school, the boys and girls tend to be disruptive when they are in the same classroom, so she decides to run them in separate groups in the experiment. She creates a group of boys, each of them using the computer program four times per week. She creates a group of girls to serve as a comparison group and they do not get the computer program. This experimental design is flawed because gender is a confounding variable and as a result the following has been lowered A)internal validity B)external validity C)internal reliability D)external reliability

Multiple Choice

Q 162

Canadian researchers Thompson, Schellenberg, and Husa in conducted an experiment in which they assigned university students to either a group that listened to a Mozart Sonata (happy music) or a group that listened to an Albinoni Adagio (sad music). Thompson et al. concluded that what previous researchers had called the "Mozart effect" was really an artifact of the participants' arousal and positive mood. Thompson et al. were claiming that A)listening to the Mozart Sonata created demand characteristics for the participants B)the Mozart Sonata acted as a placebo in their experiment C)the "Mozart effect" resulted from an experimenter expectancy effect D)arousal and positive mood were confounds of the "Mozart effect"

Multiple Choice

Q 163

Which of the following methods can be used to study rare phenomena in-depth? A)Case studies B)Naturalistic observations C)Correlational studies D)Experiments

Multiple Choice

Q 164

A researcher is interested in studying the Canadian women's beliefs about the pros and cons of sending a child to daycare. She recruits ten women from a major city in each province and territory and asks them to fill in a survey and mail it back to her. The population for this study would be A)all women in Canada B)all of the women in the major cities were recruitment occurred C)the ten women from each major city that were recruited D)the women who actually returned the survey

Multiple Choice

Q 165

One of the problems with collecting data over the internet is A)cost B)random assignment C)experimenter expectancy effects D)sampling bias

Multiple Choice

Q 166

The placebo effect refers to A)how participants can change their behaviour based on what they think the hypotheses of an experiment are B)how participant's behaviour can change because of their expectations rather than the treatments they receive C)the problems associated with drawing causal conclusions in correlational research D)how researcher scan accidentally or unintentionally manipulate other dependent variables

Multiple Choice

Q 167

A researcher conducting a study on the effectiveness of a new prescription medication gives the actual medication to a group of people. A second group of participants are told they are receiving the medication but instead are given an inert sugar pill. Though the drug is found to be effective for the people who actually took it, a sizeable percentage of the people given the sugar pill also improve. The improvement of this second group is most likely due to A)experimenter expectancy effects B)the placebo effect C)social desirability bias D)sampling bias

Multiple Choice

Q 168

Sally has been suffering from depression and finally decides to seek help from a clinical psychologist. After a couple of months of therapy, Sally starts to recover from depression. However, her improvement really isn't due to the therapy she has received from her therapist, but instead is a product of Sally's expectation that psychotherapy is supposed to be effective and therefore she should be getting better. This example is best considered as an example of A)an experimenter expectancy effect B)the double-blind effect C)the placebo effect D)social desirability

Multiple Choice

Q 169

Placebo effects make it difficult to draw causal conclusions because we can't tell whether A)it is the treatment or participants' expectations that are responsible for the results B)it is the treatment or the experimenters' behaviours that are responsible for the results C)random sampling or random assignment is the appropriate procedure D)it is the independent variable or the dependent variable that is responsible for the results

Multiple Choice

Q 170

Experimenter expectancy effects are A)the subtle and unintentional cues that participants pick up about the hypotheses of an experiment B)the subtle and unintentional ways that experimenters can influence their participants to respond in ways consistent with their hypotheses C)instances when participants improve because of their expectations rather than the actual treatments they receive D)instances when experimenters mistakenly use random selection instead of random assignment

Multiple Choice

Q 171

The internal validity of an experiment is lowered by experimenter expectancy effects because A)the behaviour of the experimenter may have caused the participants to respond the way they did B)there is a confounding effect and you can't tell whether the independent variable or the dependent variable caused the results C)the results of the experiment may have been due to participants' expectations about the treatment they thought they were receiving D)the experimenter made a mistake in using a correlational design instead of an experimental design

Multiple Choice

Q 172

Dr. Treadwell is designing a study to test the effectiveness of a new memory enhancement technique. He has two research assistants who will be carrying out the research for him and because he is curious, he tells one of the research assistants to expect the technique to significantly improve memory while he tells the other assistant to expect only a moderate improvement. Neither research assistant mentions their expectations to the participants. After the study has been completed, Dr. Treadwell notices that each research assistant obtained results consistent with what they had been led to expect. Participants who were studied by the first research assistant actually showed a significant improvement in memory while participants who were studied by the second research assistant only showed a moderate improvement. This result is most likely an example of A)the placebo effect B)social desirability bias C)experimenter expectancy effects D)the double-blind procedure

Multiple Choice

Q 173

In a famous experiment by Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson (1966), teachers at an elementary school were told at the beginning of the year that certain students were "late bloomers" and most likely these particular students were going to become strong students during the school year ahead. Sure enough, by the end of the year, the identified students were doing much better in school. Interestingly, the researchers had selected these children randomly at the beginning of the year and they had no real evidence on which they could base their predictions. The findings in this study are most similar or analogous to the problem of A)social desirability bias B)experimenter expectancy effects C)the placebo effect D)the double-blind procedure

Multiple Choice

Q 174

The problem of participant placebo effects and experimenter expectancy effects are both minimized by A)operational definitions B)random assignment C)random sampling D)the double-blind procedure

Multiple Choice

Q 175

A researcher is concerned that his expectations about the effectiveness of a new drug are influencing the reports of participants in his studies. Specifically, he believes that this new drug is effective and has shared this information with participants in his research. In order to better control the effect of his own expectations on participants, this researcher should A)operationally define his independent variable B)use the double-blind procedure C)operationally define his dependent variable D)use random sampling

Multiple Choice

Q 176

Dr. Mentor is conducting an experiment examining the effects of cell phone conversations on reaction times while driving a car. Each participant, either conversing on a cell phone or not, maneuvers a driving course on a simulator. This simulated drive is videotaped. The research assistant hired to do the coding of the video tapes does not believe cell phone use should be banned while driving a motor vehicle and tends to err in the coding of the reaction times in a way that favours this belief. This experimenter expectancy effect could be controlled by A)the double-blind procedure B)counterbalancing C)the placebo effect D)improved external validity

Multiple Choice

Q 177

Dr. Kiel is designing a study to test the effectiveness of a new anxiety medication. The study includes a placebo control group and neither the participants nor the research assistants who give out the medications know whether a participant is receiving the actual drug or a placebo. This study is a good example of A)the placebo procedure B)operational definitions C)random sampling D)the double-blind procedure

Multiple Choice

Q 178

The double-blind procedure strengthens the internal validity of a study because A)it minimizes the effect of experimenter or participant expectations on the outcome of an experiment B)it creates more confounding variables in the experiment so the experimenter can be assured of validity C)it eliminates the problem of the participants' social desirability bias D)it insures that a given sample is representative of the population from which it is drawn

Multiple Choice

Q 179

The process of repeating an experiment to determine whether the same results can be obtained is called A)replication B)repetition C)duplication D)reiteration

Multiple Choice

Q 180

Dr. Davis is planning a study on the effect of rewards on the academic achievement of young children. For his study, Dr. Davis decides to use white, male children from an upper-class neighbourhood. Having taken an introductory psychology course, you can see that Dr. Davis is going to have some problems because he won't necessarily be able to apply his results to girls or to students of other demographics. This particular problem substantially weakens the ___________ of Dr. Davis' study A)external validity B)control validity C)internal validity D)survey validity

Multiple Choice

Q 181

The main difference between internal validity and external validity is that A)external validity concerns the degree to which the experiment supports clear causal conclusions, while internal validity concerns the generalizability of the results B)internal validity concerns the degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions, while external validity concerns the generalizability of the results C)internal validity is based on independent variables, while external validity is based on dependent variables D)internal validity is based on dependent variables, while external validity is based on independent variables

Multiple Choice

Q 182

Dr. Sussman conducts a study on the effect of various motivational factors on job performance. In her study, she does an excellent job of controlling extraneous factors and as a result, there is high confidence in the causal conclusions she draws. However, the participants in her study were from a select group of the population and, therefore, Dr. Sussman will be rather limited in terms of her ability to apply her results to other people and situations. Taken as a whole, this study would be said to have poor _____________________. A)internal validity B)internal reliability C)external validity D)external reliability

Multiple Choice

Q 183

The Canadian Psychological Association's "Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists" does NOT require psychologists to A)assure participants that they can withdraw from the study without penalty B)insure that all aspects of the research procedure are understood by participants C)ensure that research participants are compensated for their time and effort D)insure privacy and confidentiality

Multiple Choice

Q 184

An ethical guideline that refers to how participants should be given full descriptions about the procedures involved in a study and told that they are free to withdraw from the study at any time is called __________________. A)informed consent B)a right to privacy C)debriefing D)social risk

Multiple Choice

Q 185

The ethical guideline of informed consent specifically asserts that A)participants can be deceived when it is ethically justified and no other alternatives are feasible B)participants should be told of the key procedures in a study and told that they withdraw from the study without consequence C)deception is always ethically justified and is a part of most experiments D)experimenters need to be informed about significant research that has already been done in their research areas

Multiple Choice

Q 186

Considerations about the manner in which information gained in an experiment will be recorded and distributed are most relevant to which ethical consideration? A)informed consent B)social risk C)the right to privacy D)deception

Multiple Choice

Q 187

If an experimental procedure involves deception then what are the ethical obligations of the experimenter toward the participants? A)That participants be debriefed following the procedure as to the actual purpose and rationale of the study. B)That participants are compensated for their participation as they did not actually give informed consent. C)Deception is never permissible in a study and therefore such an experiment could not actually take place D)Participants need to both be debriefed and compensated for not being informed ahead of time of the true nature of the study.

Multiple Choice

Q 188

A statistical procedure for combining the results of different studies examining the same topic to calculate the overall significance of the findings is known as ________. A)replication analysis B)meta-analysis C)additive analysis D)factor analysis

Multiple Choice

Q 189

If a finding is generalized in a cross-cultural replication, it is strong evidence for the _______ of the phenomenon. A)applicability B)low internal validity C)confounding D)external validity

Multiple Choice

Q 190

One of the problems with experiments that have found evidence for paranormal phenomena is that they have A)low external validity B)not used meta-analysis C)not been replicated D)not published their findings

Multiple Choice

Q 191

Dr. Ross is conducting an experiment in which the information being collected from the participants is highly sensitive. If anyone outside the study gained access to the information, it could be damaging for the participants in that they would be treated differently by other people. This particular aspect of the study is most relevant to which ethical consideration? A)Informed consent B)Avoid doing harm to participants C)Protecting and promoting the welfare of participants D)Right to privacy

Multiple Choice

Q 192

When participants are misled about the nature of an experiment, researchers refer to this as A)fabrication B)falsification C)concealment D)deception

Multiple Choice

Q 193

The primary reason for using deception in psychological research is that sometimes it is the only way to obtain A)a representative sample of participants B)a random sample of participants C)natural responses from participants D)a random assignment of participants

Multiple Choice

Q 194

Susan is interested in whether or not college students are prejudiced against elderly people. She has students come into the lab, view the faces of elderly people, and make judgments about the emotion displayed by each face. Susan tells participants that they are working on an emotion recognition experiment; however she is actually measuring the number of negative emotions assigned to the elderly faces. Susan's proposed research involves which of the following violations of the ethical standards in human research? A)Use of deception B)Discrimination against the elderly C)Lack of privacy D)Use of psychological risk

Multiple Choice

Q 195

Which of the following statements about deception is true? A)The use of deception in research has increased in recent years. B)A vast majority of psychological experiments utilize deception. C)A vast majority of psychological experiments do not utilize deception. D)Psychological researchers generally agree about the value of deception.

Multiple Choice

Q 196

Which ethical principle does deception violate? A)Informed consent B)The right to privacy C)Debriefing D)Psychological risk

Multiple Choice

Q 197

Deception is justified in psychological research A)as long as the researcher debriefs with the participants B)only when there are no other alternatives available C)when other alternatives may be available, but the study has benefits that clearly outweigh the costs of using deception D)when there are no other alternatives available and the study has benefits that clearly outweigh the costs of using deception

Multiple Choice

Q 198

A researcher is designing a study and is debating the potential use of deception. After discussing the issue with her colleagues, it is decided that there really is no alternative methodology that she could use to test her idea. Having said this, all of her colleagues agree that the cost of using deception in her study would strongly outweigh any positive benefits that would be gained from the study. Given this information, which of the following statements is true? A)The use of deception in this study is not ethically justified. B)The use of deception in this study is ethically justified. C)The use of deception in this study is ethically justified, only if she does not tell her participants about the deception after the study is over. D)The use of deception in this study is ethically justified, only if she uses the double-blind procedure

Multiple Choice

Q 199

Which of the following statements regarding animal research is true? A)Animal research has significantly increased in recent years. B)Animal research has declined slightly in recent years. C)According to American Psychological Association standards, all animal research is unethical. D)Most psychologists and college psychology researchers oppose animal research.

Multiple Choice

Q 200

Which of the following is a Canadian Psychological Association guideline on animal research? A)The majority of psychologists feel that animal research is unethical and unnecessary. B)The risks to which animals are exposed must be justified by the potential importance of the research. C)Animals cannot be used in a procedure that subjects them to pain, stress, or privation. D)The majority of research done with animals has no benefit for humans.

Multiple Choice

Q 201

All of the following were mentioned as questions to ask yourself in order to become a better critical thinker except A)What claim is being made? B)What evidence is being presented to support this claim? C)What is the reputation of the person presenting the evidence? D)What is the quality of the evidence?

Multiple Choice

Q 202

Kyle could feel himself coming down with a nasty cold. His roommate, Dave, had been bragging about a new cold remedy he had discovered, guaranteeing that the remedy cured the common cold. Kyle went to Dave's room and asked him some questions about this new cure. Kyle was demonstrating critical thinking skills by asking A)what advertising the manufacturers had done to support their claim of a cure B)to try a sample of the remedy C)whether there was another plausible explanation for the remedy curing the common cold D)how much of the remedy needs to be taken and how often it needs to be taken

Multiple Choice

Q 203

An advantage of the case study method is that it ________, whereas a disadvantage of the case study method is that it _________. A)eliminates researcher bias; has high participant bias B)allows an in-depth study of rare phenomenon; has poor generalizability C)has high internal validity; is costly to run D)can be used to determine cause-and-effect relationships; has low internal validity E)None of these choices are correct

Multiple Choice

Q 204

One of the main differences between theories and hypotheses, is that A)theories tend to be broader than hypotheses B)hypotheses tend to be broader than theories C)theories tend to be internally valid, whereas hypotheses tend to be externally valid D)theories use operational definitions, whereas hypotheses do not E)theories involve testable "If-Then" statements, whereas hypotheses do not

Multiple Choice

Q 205

Dr. Archer, who wants to study the effects of poverty on crime, selects a group of individuals, and collects information about each individual's annual income and criminal record (or lack thereof). Dr. Archer finds that income is negatively correlated with crime. On the basis of these findings we can conclude that A)as income decreases, crime increases B)as crime decreases, income increases C)low income causes crime D)income and crime increase together E)as income decreases, crime increases AND as crime decreases, income increases

Multiple Choice

Q 206

If a researcher is conducting an experiment, the researcher will _________. A)measure two or more variables without altering any of the variables B)observe behaviour in the setting where it naturally occurs C)alter the dependent variable and assess its effect on the independent variable D)alter the independent variable and assess its effect on the dependent variable E)measure two or more variables without altering any of the variables AND observe behaviour in the setting where it naturally occurs

Multiple Choice

Q 207

Dr. Sandeep wants to study the spending habits in London residents. To study this, he hands out questionnaires about spending habits to all of the students in his introductory psychology class. Dr. Sandeep's data will be __________ because ________. A)valid; he included all of his students in his sample B)invalid; there is no control group C)invalid; he did not use a representative sample D)invalid; all of his students were residents of London E)valid; he used random sampling

Multiple Choice

Q 208

Random assignment is important in research because A)it eliminates experimenter expectancy effects B)it balances differences between participants across experimental groups C)it ensures that samples are representative of the population being studied D)it eliminates the placebo effect E)it ensures that the study can be replicated

Multiple Choice

Q 209

To say that a study has high external validity means that A)the results of the study are reliable over time B)the hypothesis is clearly supported by the findings of the study C)the dependent variable caused the effects of the independent variable in the study D)the results of the study are generalizable E)the study is not confounded

Multiple Choice

Q 210

The tendency to respond in what is believed to be a socially appropriate manner rather than according to how a person actually thinks, feels, or behaves is called the __________, and it is most problematic with ___________. A)social desirability bias; self-report measures B)social desirability bias; physiological measures C)social expectancy bias; behavioral observations D)social acceptability bias; self-report measures E)social acceptability bias; reports by others

Multiple Choice

Q 211

The "Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists" lists basic principles that should be followed when psychologists are involved in A)teaching B)direct service C)research D)administration E)any of these activities

Multiple Choice

Q 212

If a measure of behavior is reliable, then it is considered to be A)valid B)based on theory C)consistent D)operationally defined E)random

Multiple Choice

Q 213

A placebo effect makes it difficult to draw cause and effect conclusions because we cannot tell whether A)it is the treatment or the researcher's behaviors that are responsible for the results B)it is the treatment or the participant's expectations that are responsible for the results C)random sampling or random assignment is appropriate for the study D)it is the independent variable or the dependent variable that are responsible for the results E)the variables were operationally defined

Multiple Choice

Q 214

Dr. Samways is interested in the relationship between education level and annual income. He randomly selects 5000 Canadians and collects information about their highest completed education and last year's income. He then calculates a correlation coefficient, and finds that the correlation between education and income is + .78. On the basis of this correlation we can conclude that A)there is no relationship between education and income B)as education increases income also increases C)as education increases income decreases D)higher education causes higher income E)as education increase income also increases AND higher education causes higher income

Multiple Choice

Q 215

A researcher who is interested in studying the effects of the amount of study time on exam anxiety selects a group of students to take part in her study. One group of students is allowed 10 hours of study time and a second group is allowed 20 hours of study time. Immediately before the exam, the researcher assesses each student's level of anxiety by measuring their blood pressure and heart rate. In this study, the independent variable is the ________, and the dependent variable is the ____________. A)amount of study time; level of exam anxiety B)level of exam anxiety; amount of study time C)level of exam anxiety; the student's grade on the exam D)the length of time the student spent writing the exam; number of correct answers on the exam E)Amount of study time; the number of groups

Multiple Choice

Q 216

A researcher is interested in the effects of a vegetarian diet on memory. One group eats a strict vegetarian diet for three months, a second group eats a strict vegan diet for three months, while a third group eats anything they want for three months. After three months, all participants are given a memory test. Results indicated that memory was is better for both the vegetarian and vegan groups. In this study, the independent variable is A)the three month time frame B)scores on the memory test C)the type of diet D)the vegetarian diet but not the vegan diet E)impossible to tell in this situation

Multiple Choice

Q 217

Dr. Jonas is interested in how parents interact with their children. So she goes to a local daycare centre and watches how parents greet their children when they come to pick them up at the end of the day. This study could best be described as A)a case study B)a correlational study C)a naturalistic observation D)an experiment E)a survey

Multiple Choice

Q 218

Which if the following is NOT a measure of variability? A)Median B)Range C)Standard deviation D)Variance E)All are measures of variability.

Multiple Choice

Q 219

After writing his Biology exam, Sam's professor announces that the grades from the exam were normally distributed with a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 10. Sam's grade on the exam was 70. Approximately what percentage of the class had a grade on the exam that was higher than Sam's? A)2% B)10% C)16% D)34% E)84%

Multiple Choice

Q 220

Considering the following data set: (3, 4, 4, 0, 4, 1, 5), which of the following statements is/are FALSE? A)The mean is greater than the range. B)The mode is equal to the median. C)The mode is greater than the mean. D)The mean is equal to 3. E)The range is greater than the mode.

Multiple Choice

Q 221

Which of the following is/are TRUE of the normal distribution (bell-shaped curve)? A)The mean is equal to the mode. B)The mean is equal to the median. C)50% of the scores fall below the mean. D)Approximately 68% of the scores fall between -1 standard deviation and +1 standard deviation. E)All of these choices are correct.

Multiple Choice

Q 222

After writing the licensing exam to practice Psychology, Dr. Evans is sent the following information: Her grade on the exam was 550. The scores on the exam were normally distributed with a mean of 450 and a standard deviation of 100. How well did Dr. Evans do on the licensing exam? A)Her grade was better than approximately 16% of the other examinees. B)Her grade was better than approximately 50% of the other examinees. C)Her grade was better than approximately 84% of the other examinees. D)Her grade was better than approximately 97% of the other examinees. E)Dr.Evans received the highest grade on the exam.

Multiple Choice

Q 223

You are trying to find out your friend's IQ. She won't tell you. But she did say that her Z-score on a standard Wechsler test (M = 100; SD = 15) was + 2.0. What's her IQ? A)100 B)200 C)115 D)130 E)85

Multiple Choice

Q 224

A major difference between experiments and correlational studies is A)manipulation of independent variables B)control C)sampling methods D)external validity E)control and manipulation of independent variables

Multiple Choice

Q 225

Which of the following is NOT a part of the scientific process? A)Identify a question of interest B)Gather information and form hypothesis C)Conduct an experiment D)Analyze data E)Build a body of knowledge

Multiple Choice

Q 226

Let's say that you conduct a study on the effects of vitamin B12 on maze learning in rats. Your statistical analysis reveals that 60% of the variance can be accounted for by the manipulation of vitamin B12. The remaining variance (40%) is referred to as A)independent variance B)variable fluctuation C)factor analysis D)error variance E)normal variance

Multiple Choice

Q 227

Typically, when psychologists conduct an experiment, they are willing to a ___ percent chance that the results are random and are due to chance. A)five B)ten C)one D)twenty E)zero

Multiple Choice

Q 228

Professor Bono believes that there is a correlation between number of hours spent on social media and grades in first-year classes. Which of the following correlation coefficients would provide the STRONGEST support for her prediction? A)+.70 B)-.85 C)+.25 D)-.70 E)0.0

Multiple Choice

Q 229

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good theory? A)It is intuitive. B)It incorporates existing facts and observations. C)It is testable. D)It is parsimonious. E)Predictions are supported by new research.

Multiple Choice

Q 230

Elyse is interested in studying aggression. To do so, she decides to look at horn-honking behaviour at stop signs and records the number of times someone honks their car horn before the car in front moves on. In this example, horn-honking is the _____ and the number of honks recorded is the _____. A)independent variable; dependent variable B)dependent variable; independent variable C)operational definition of aggression; dependent variable D)controlled variable; measured variable E)dependent variable; error variance

Multiple Choice

Q 231

An experimental design in which all participants are exposed to all of the conditions of an independent variable is called A)a between groups design B)a repeated measures design C)a made an error design D)a counterbalanced design E)an interaction design

Multiple Choice

Q 232

Which of the following research methods is MOST susceptible to threats to internal validity? A)Experiments B)Correlational studies C)Naturalistic observation D)Case studies E)Surveys

Multiple Choice

Q 233

A company manager believes that there should be a relationship between total sales for a month (in dollars) and the number of sales people on the floor. Which of the following correlation coefficients shows the strongest support for her belief? A)0.92 B)-0.67 C)0.0 D)0.33 E)-0.90

Multiple Choice

Q 234

Considering the following data set: (3, 4, 4, 0, 4, 1, 5), which of the following statements is true? A)The range is 4. B)The median is 0. C)The mean is greater than the mode. D)The mode is 4. E)The range is 2.

Multiple Choice

Q 235

Considering the following data set: (3, 4, 4, 0, 4, 1, 5), which of the following statements is false? A)The range is 5 B)The median is 4 C)The median is less than the mean D)The mode is 4 E)The mean is 3

Multiple Choice

Q 236

Let's say that the grades on this exam are normally distributed with a mean of 70 and a standard deviation of 10. Approximately what percentage of students will have a grade between 50 and 90 on this exam? A)50 percent B)95 percent C)99 percent D)80 percent E)Can't tell from this information

Multiple Choice

Q 237

If you wanted to ensure that any differences among participants in an experiment were as balanced as possible, you would use A)representative sampling B)random assignment C)placebos D)blind controls E)only two groups

Multiple Choice

Q 238

A researcher is interested in the effects of a vegetarian diet on memory. One group eats a strict vegetarian diet for three months, a second group eats a strict vegan diet for three months, while a third group eats anything they want for three months. After three months, all participants are given a memory test. Results indicated that memory was better for both the vegetarian and vegan groups. In this study, the dependent variable is A)the vegan diet B)the vegetarian diet C)the type of diet D)scores on the memory test E)not enough information to tell

Multiple Choice

Q 239

Professor Jones was just asked to stop conducting one of his experiments. The experiment involved deception and the department chair said that he had failed to live up to his ethical responsibility. Most likely, Professor Jones failed to include which of the following in his study? A)Post-test assessment B)Random assignment C)Double-blind procedure D)Repeated measures E)Informed consent

Multiple Choice

Q 240

A researcher is interested in the effects of a vegetarian diet on memory. One group eats a strict vegetarian diet for three months, a second group eats a strict vegan diet for three months, while a third group eats anything they want for three months. After three months, all participants are given a memory test. The first 20 people who participated were assigned to the vegetarian group, the next 20 to the vegan group, and the final 20 to the eat anything group. What's wrong with this experiment? A)It is confounded because of a possible experimenter bias effect. B)The experimenter introduced some demand characteristics. C)It is confounded because there was no random assignment. D)It is confounded because the study cannot be replicated. E)There is nothing wrong with this experiment.

Multiple Choice

Q 241

Professor Hoffman was interested in the effects of vitamin B12 deprivation on learning. One group is given vitamin B12 in a box labelled "Vitamin X." The comparison group is given a sugar pill in a plain white box. He finds that the vitamin group learns lists of words faster and concludes that B12 affects learning. What's wrong with this experiment? A)It is confounded because of a possible experimenter bias effect. B)There were demand characteristics present in the study. C)It is confounded because there was no random assignment. D)It is confounded because the study cannot be replicated. E)There is nothing wrong with this experiment.

Multiple Choice

Q 242

You have recently submitted a study for publication and one of the reviewers mentions that your study suffers from a third-variable problem. What do we know for sure about your study? A)You used a within subjects design. B)You used a between subjects design. C)You used a repeated measures design. D)There were three independent variables in your study. E)Your study is correlational.

Multiple Choice

Q 243

A local advertising company wanted to find out what radio station people listened to most often. So they asked various car washing companies to record what was listed as the first preset station on the radios of the cars they were servicing. This observation would be considered A)an unobtrusive measure B)an independent variable C)a source of bias D)a case study E)a measure of reaction time

Multiple Choice

Q 244

Dr. Monitz has been able to replicate a research finding in three different countries and with both men and women. This finding is likely to be considered to be A)high in internal validity B)high in external validity C)immune from expectancy effects D)an example of meta-analysis E)confounded

Multiple Choice

Q 245

Professor Hoffman was interested in the effects of vitamin B12 deprivation on maze learning in rats. One group is given a vitamin B12 injection. The comparison group is given a placebo injection. He finds that the vitamin group learns the maze faster. In this study, the independent variable is _______ and the dependent variable is _______. A)speed of learning; type of injection B)type of injection; speed of learning C)vitamin B12; placebo D)type of injection; number of errors E)speed of learning; concentration of sugar

Multiple Choice

Q 246

Whether you conduct a correlational study or an experiment the variables you use all require A)sampling B)unobtrusive measures C)an operational definition D)counterbalancing E)placebos

Multiple Choice

Q 247

You are interested in the effects of both alcohol and cannabis on driving ability. So you run a between groups experiment. There are four groups: one group drinks alcohol only, one group smokes cannabis only, one group drinks alcohol and smokes cannabis, and the final group consumes no drugs at all. All participants then operate a driving simulator and you record driving speed, accidents and lane violations. You find that there are more driving problems in the group that consumes both alcohol and cannabis. In this study the independent variable is A)alcohol B)cannabis C)alcohol and cannabis D)driving speed E)number of accidents

Multiple Choice

Q 248

You are interested in the effects of both alcohol and cannabis on driving ability. So you run a between groups experiment. There are four groups: one group drinks alcohol only, one group smokes cannabis only, one group drinks alcohol and smokes cannabis, and the final group consumes no drugs at all. All participants then operate a driving simulator and you record driving speed, accidents and lane violations. You find that there are more driving problems in the group that consumes both alcohol and cannabis. In this study the dependent variable is A)alcohol and cannabis B)driving speed C)number of accidents D)number of lane violations E)driving speed, accidents and lane violations

Multiple Choice

Q 249

Dr. Jung argues that increases in temperature cause increases in aggression. To support his claim, he recorded the temperature each day and noted the number of reported assaults. More assaults were recorded on hotter days. His claim is inaccurate because A)the data are based on self-report B)the variables are controlled C)this is a case study D)the data are correlational E)assaults are negatively related to aggression

Multiple Choice

Q 250

Dr. Jung argues that increases in temperature are related to increases in aggression. To support his claim, he recorded the temperature each day and noted the number of reported assaults. More assaults were recorded on hotter days. In this study, temperature and aggression are A)positively correlated B)negatively correlated C)causal variables D)completely uncorrelated E)both considered to be third variables

Multiple Choice

Q 251

Dr. Jung argues that increases in temperature are related to increases in aggression. To support his claim, he recorded the temperature each day and noted the number of reported assaults. More assaults were recorded on days when the temperature was cooler. In this study, temperature and aggression are A)positively correlated B)negatively correlated C)completely uncorrelated D)both considered to be third variables E)confounded

Multiple Choice

Q 252

Dr. Dawson was interested in the effects of travel on cognitive development. So she asked 100 children (10-yr olds) where they had travelled and measured their cognitive development. She found that the more the children travelled, the higher their level of cognitive development. This study is best described as A)an experiment B)correlational C)a survey D)a case study E)observational

Multiple Choice

Q 253

Which of the following correlations reflects the strongest relationship between 2 variables? A)0.0 B)+0.75 C)-0.50 D)+0.89 E)-0.95

Multiple Choice

Q 254

Of the following correlation coefficients, which one is not possible? A)0.0 B)+0.25 C)-0.75 D)-1.5 E)+1.0

Multiple Choice

Q 255

Which of the following problems might you have to deal with in a correlational study? A)Too much random assignment B)Overuse of the double blind technique C)A potential placebo effect D)The third-variable problem E)Too many repeated measures

Multiple Choice

Q 256

Dr. Mitchell has just had a paper rejected from the Canadian Journal of Psychology. The editor suggested that there was likely a third-variable problem with the study. Most likely, what kind of study did Dr. Mitchell conduct? A)An experiment B)A survey C)A case study D)An observational study E)A correlational study

Multiple Choice

Q 257

Dr. Mitchell has just had a paper rejected from the Canadian Journal of Psychology. The editor suggested that demand characteristics might account for the results. Most likely, what kind of study did Dr. Mitchell conduct? A)An experiment B)A survey C)A case study D)An observational study E)A correlational study

Multiple Choice

Q 258

Dr. Mitchell has just had a paper rejected from the Canadian Journal of Psychology. The editor suggested that experimenter expectancy effects might account for the results. Most likely, what kind of study did Dr. Mitchell conduct? A)A survey B)An experiment C)A case study D)An observational study E)A correlational study

Multiple Choice

Q 259

Internal validity is to external validity as A)sampling is to correlation B)independent is to dependent C)control is to generalization D)between subjects is to within subjects E)demand characteristics is to experimenter expectancy

Multiple Choice

Q 260

To test reliability we would A)look at how consistent our measures were B)look at how our results applied outside the lab C)make sure that there were no confounding variables D)removean informed consent E)use a repeated measures design

Multiple Choice

Q 261

Farhad wants to run an experiment for his senior psychology project and his supervisor has insisted that he minimize any threats to internal validity. What should he do? A)Use a repeated measures design B)Attempt cross-cultural replication C)Remove any informed consent D)Use a double-blind procedure E)Use a representative sample

Multiple Choice

Q 262

Which of the following research methods is likely to have the WORST external validity? A)An experiment B)A correlational study C)A survey D)A case study E)An observational study

Multiple Choice

Q 263

Dr. Daily has come up with a new measure of aggression. It is a self-report scale and she has demonstrated that it is reliable. What do we know about this measure? A)It is a case study and shows validity. B)It is an independent variable and has more than one level. C)It is a dependent variable and is hard to replicate. D)It is a behavioural observation and lacks bias. E)It is a type of survey and shows consistency.

Multiple Choice

Q 264

Which of the following would you use to determine a cause and effect relationship? A)Experiment B)Case study C)Survey D)Correlational study E)Naturalistic observation

Multiple Choice

Q 265

You conduct a study that involves establishing a baseline, performing a treatment, and then conduct a follow-up. Most likely, what kind of study are you doing? A)Experiment B)Case study C)Survey D)Correlational study E)Naturalistic observation

Multiple Choice

Q 266

Dr. West wanted to know about the media preferences of all students at Western University. The student body is 60 percent female and 40 percent male. So he conducted a survey in which 60 percent of the participants were women and 40 percent were men. In this study, students at Western would be considered A)a sample B)a case study C)a representative D)a population E)a random sample

Multiple Choice

Q 267

You have been asked to conduct a study for the Canadian government on attitudes toward assisted suicide. The government wants the study to reflect all the important characteristics of the population, i.e., Canadian citizens. Which of he following procedures should you use? A)Double-blind B)Random assignment C)A repeated measures design D)A case study E)Stratified random sampling

Multiple Choice

Q 268

Deeba is conducting a study and is concerned about a possible social desirability bias. What kind of study is she conducting? A)A survey B)An experiment C)An observational study D)A case study E)A between groups design

Multiple Choice

Q 269

Dr. West wanted to know about the media preferences of all students at Western University. The student body is 60 percent female and 40 percent male. So he conducted a survey in which 60 percent of the participants were women and 40 percent were men. In this study, Dr. West has used A)a population measure B)archival data C)stratified random sampling D)an unrepresentative sample E)Internet sampling

Multiple Choice

Q 270

Dr. West wanted to know the average entry grades for students at Western University. So he looked at student applications for the last 50 years and determined that the grade average to be accepted was 83.5. Dr. West has used A)an unobtrusive measure B)a population survey C)a case study D)archival data E)internet sampling

Multiple Choice

Q 271

Consider the following distribution: (3, 4, 5, 2, 256). What would be the most representative measure of central tendency for you to report? A)The mean B)The mode C)The range D)The standard deviation E)The median

Multiple Choice

Q 272

Consider the following distribution: (3, 4, 5, 2, 256). Which measure of central tendancy is likely to be LEAST representative of the distribution? A)The mean B)The mode C)The median D)The standard deviation E)The range

Multiple Choice

Q 273

Consider the following distribution: (3, 2, 2, 4, 5). The median is ______ and the range is _______. A)2; 3 B)3; 3 C)2; 2 D)3; 1 E)2; 5

Multiple Choice

Q 274

After we have collected the data in an experiment we typically would analyze the results using inferential statistics. In this procedure we begin by testing A)the normal distribution B)the standard deviation C)the null hypothesis D)the correlations for factors E)the participants one more time

Multiple Choice

Q 275

Which of the following is the best and most popular measure of variability? A)The mean B)The standard deviation C)The range D)The variance E)The median

Multiple Choice

Q 276

Dr. Paulo was interested in art appreciation between men and women. So, he showed a number of paintings to a group of men and to a separate group of women. The paintings were illuminated in either low light or higher, intense light. He found that there was no difference between men and women in the low light, but under higher intense light, the women liked the paintings better than the men. This result illustrates the concept of A)interaction B)main effects C)positive correlation D)experimenter bias E)hindsight

Multiple Choice

Q 277

Dr. Jones was testing the effectiveness of a new vitamin supplement. Half of the participants received the vitamin and half received a sugar pill. He found that the sugar pill worked as well and sometimes better than the vitamin. This could reflect A)an experimenter bias B)a placebo effect C)demand characteristics D)a replication bias E)an order effect

Multiple Choice

Q 278

Sometimes, psychotherapy works because the patient believes that something useful is being done and they have put in a lot of effort. It may not matter what the therapist does at all. If so, then the outcome of psychotherapy may be the result of A)experimenter expectancy B)demand characteristics C)a placebo effect D)an incomplete double blind E)hindsight

Multiple Choice

Q 279

Dr. L. has reported that in a Canadian sample, people often take credit for all the good things that happen to them. She wonders if this will be case or people from China, so she decides to run a study there. Most likely Dr. L. is trying to increase A)external validity B)internal validity C)operational definitions D)expectancy effects E)sample size

Multiple Choice

Q 280

In a study of aggression, Dr. Berkowitz had participants watch either violent or non-violent media after they had been frustrated by a colleague. They were then able to deliver electric shocks to the colleague as feedback for mistakes made on a memory test. Berkowitz recorded the intensity of shocks delivered. Results indicated that more intense shocks were given when participants watched the violent media. In this study, the shocks delivered are A)the independent variable B)the confounding variable C)the operational definition of aggression D)an interaction effect E)a measurement error

Multiple Choice

Q 281

In a study of aggression, Dr. Berkowitz had participants watch either violent or non-violent media after they had been frustrated by a colleague. They were then able to deliver electric shocks to the colleague as feedback for mistakes made on a memory test. Berkowitz recorded the intensity of shocks delivered. Results indicated that more intense shocks were given when participants watched the violent media. In this study, the independent variable is _____ and the dependent variable is ______. A)number of shocks; type of media B)type of media; number of mistakes on the memory test C)number of shocks; number of mistakes on the memory test D)type of media; number of shocks E)intensity of shocks; type of media

Multiple Choice

Q 282

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be associated with an experiment? A)Independent variable B)Dependant variable C)Operational definition D)Social desirability E)Random assignment

Multiple Choice

Q 283

Dr. Pavio wants to examine the effects of antioxidants on memory. She decides to run a repeated measures design to minimize the number of participants required. What does Dr. Pavio need to do when designing this study? A)She must include a placebo control. B)She needs to counterbalance. C)She should use a meta-analysis. D)She should use representative sampling. E)She must avoid informed consent.

Multiple Choice

Q 284

Dr. Pavio wants to examine the effects of antioxidants on memory. She includes a counterbalancing control group in the design. What type of study is this likely to be? A)A survey B)A correlational study C)A between groups design D)A repeated measures design E)A meta-analysis

Multiple Choice

Q 285

Dr. Watson is interested in the possible effects of positive media messages on helping behavior. He uses random assignment to examine this idea. Most likely, Dr. Watson is conducting A)a correlational study B)an experiment C)a case study D)an observational study E)a survey

Multiple Choice

Q 286

In a study of aggression, Dr. Berkowitz had participants watch either violent or non-violent media after they had been frustrated by a colleague. They were then able to deliver electric shocks to the colleague as feedback for mistakes made on a memory test (this never really happened, they just thought they were giving shocks). Berkowitz recorded the intensity of shocks delivered. Results indicated that more intense shocks were given when participants watched the violent media. In this study, it is critical that we A)deceive the participants as much as possible B)debrief the participants at the end of the study C)do not tell the participants what really happened D)make sure that the shock intensity is high E)control for replication

Multiple Choice

Q 287

In a study of aggression, Dr. Berkowitz had participants watch either violent or non-violent media after they had been frustrated by a colleague. They were then able to deliver electric shocks to the colleague as feedback for mistakes made on a memory test (this never really happened, they just thought they were giving shocks). Berkowitz recorded the intensity of shocks delivered. Results indicated that more intense shocks were given when participants watched the violent media. This is an example of a study involving A)informed consent B)deception C)debriefing D)representative sampling E)a placebo effect

Multiple Choice

Q 288

If you ran a study with incomplete disclosure, it would be necessary for you to also include A)informed consent B)a placebo control C)debriefing D)a replication study E)a third-varibale protection factor

Multiple Choice

Q 289

What key scientific attitudes did Darley and Latané display?

Not Answered