Quiz 8: Memory
Psychology
Q 1Q 1
George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of echoic memory by briefly presenting an image of a 3 4 array of letters.
Free
True False
False
Free
True False
False
Q 3Q 3
Elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for transferring information into long-term memory.
Free
True False
True
Free
True False
Q 5Q 5
According to Alan Baddeley, the central executive is a control process that is part of long-term memory.
Free
True False
Q 6Q 6
The recency effect appears to be due to the early transfer of information into long-term memory.
Free
True False
Q 7Q 7
Semantic encoding is considered to involve "deeper" processing than phonological encoding does.
Free
True False
Q 8Q 8
Maintenance rehearsal is more effective than elaborative rehearsal for transferring information to long-term memory storage.
Free
True False
Q 9Q 9
When information to be memorized is organized into a hierarchy, this capitalizes on the fact that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts.
Free
True False
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True False
Q 11Q 11
Expert chess players possess schemas that allow them to recall more randomly placed chess pieces than novices do.
Free
True False
Q 12Q 12
"Priming" refers to the activation of one concept by another and is associated with the concept of "spreading activation".
Free
True False
Q 13Q 13
The neural network approach to memory assumes that nodes in a network are physical in nature and do not contain individual units of information.
Free
True False
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True False
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True False
Q 16Q 16
Research has revealed that flashbulb memories are not as accurate as people usually think they are.
Free
True False
Q 17Q 17
The phenomenon of state-dependent memory can be understood by applying the principle of encoding specificity to external stimuli and cues.
Free
True False
Q 18Q 18
The results of Hermann Ebbinghaus's research on forgetting revealed that forgetting tended to occur rapidly at first and then slowed down noticeably thereafter.
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True False
Q 19Q 19
Retroactive interference occurs when newly acquired information interferes with our ability to recall information that was learned at an earlier time.
Free
True False
Q 20Q 20
Anterograde amnesia is said to occur when memory is lost for events that occurred prior to the occurrence of amnesia.
Free
True False
Q 21Q 21
Sir Frederick Bartlett's research on people's memories of a Native American story called "The War of the Ghosts" demonstrated how schemas can cause people to alter key aspects of the story so that it would make sense to them.
Free
True False
Q 22Q 22
Men and women are equally accurate in their eyewitness identifications of possible perpetrators, but women are more confident in the identifications they have made.
Free
True False
Q 23Q 23
Research by Gail Goodman and her colleagues (1994) examining the effect of misleading questions on children's memories for a single painful hospital procedure revealed that the memories of both younger and older children were not influenced by these questions.
Free
True False
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True False
Q 25Q 25
Studies of learning and memory mechanisms in such animals as marine mollusks and insects have not led to better understandings of the mechanisms important for learning and memory in mammals because mammals are much more sophisticated in terms of memory and learning than are lesser evolved animals.
Free
True False
Q 26Q 26
A researcher who damages particular parts of an animal's brain and then observes the impact of this damage on memory and learning is involved in what is considered to be a non-human animal lesion experiment.
Free
True False
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True False
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True False
Q 29Q 29
The cognitive revolution and the invention of computers both contributed to the metaphor of human memory as a(n)
A)filing cabinet
B)library system
C)information-processing system
D)audio tape recorder
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 30Q 30
With regard to human memory, the assumed process whereby incoming information is translated into a neural code that your brain can understand is called
A)retrieval
B)encoding
C)storage
D)priming
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 31Q 31
If you are using a computer, the keystrokes you type are translated into an electrical code that the computer can understand. This process is most similar to which of the following human memory constructs?
A)Retrieving
B)Storing
C)Schema-building
D)Encoding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 32Q 32
The memory process in which information is retained over time is referred to as
A)storage
B)retrieval
C)encoding
D)priming
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 33Q 33
You want to work on an essay that you have saved on the hard drive of your computer. You search through the hierarchically organized folders on your computer until you find and open the document you want. It appears on the screen of your monitor. Relative to the information-processing system metaphor of human memory, this example is most similar to
A)storage
B)sensory memory
C)retrieval
D)encodin
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 34Q 34
Incoming visual or auditory information that is stored just long enough to be recognized is stored in:
A)procedural memory
B)short-term memory
C)declarative memory
D)sensory memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 35Q 35
The component of memory that retains incoming information just long enough for it to be recognized is known as
A)working memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)episodic memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 36Q 36
The iconic store and echoic store are subsystems that are important parts of
A)the retrieval process
B)sensory memory
C)the storage process
D)long-term memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 37Q 37
George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by
A)briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall
B)asking people to recall different sets of numbers that were simultaneously presented to both ears
C)investigating the accuracy of flashbulb memories
D)measuring how long it took people to add three two-digit numbers in their head and provide the correct sum
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 38Q 38
George Sperling briefly presented people with arrays of 12 letters (3 rows of 4 letters each) and asked them to immediately recall what they had seen. Under these conditions, people typically recalled
A)8 to 10 letters
B)1 to 2 letters
C)3 to 5 letters
D)11 to 12 letters
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 39Q 39
Research on the duration of iconic memory suggests that it is
A)about 2 seconds long
B)5 to 9 seconds long
C)indefinite in length
D)a fraction of a second long
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 40Q 40
According to the three-stage model of memory, when playing a memory game in which a child is shown a tray of toys for a second and is then asked to recall as many of the toys as he can remember, the child is relying on his ___________.
A)sensory memory
B)remote access memory
C)declarative memory
D)long-term memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 41Q 41
Another name for short-term memory is
A)procedural memory
B)working memory
C)declarative memory
D)iconic memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 42Q 42
Approximately, 5 to 9 meaningful pieces of information is the capacity of _____________ memory.
A)short-term
B)episodic
C)procedural
D)sensory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 43Q 43
Individual items to be recalled are grouped into larger units of meaning in a memory process called
A)grouping
B)chunking
C)elaborating
D)encoding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 44Q 44
As you are reading this question, you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and words look. Instead, you are probably using phonological encoding by saying the words to yourself silently and then you think about their meaning and utilize ____________ encoding.
A)visual
B)motor
C)semantic
D)episodic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 45Q 45
Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map. List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1, which suggests that an important role in short-term memory is played by ____________ encoding.
A)semantic
B)visual
C)episodic
D)phonological
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 46Q 46
Prior to transferring information to long-term memory, both elaborative and maintenance rehearsal keep information active in __________ memory.
A)short-term
B)sensory
C)long-term
D)visual
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 47Q 47
Modern cognitive scientists refer to short-term memory as "working" memory because they believe that it functions similar to a(n)
A)keyboard on a personal computer
B)office of a busy librarian
C)tiny loading platform
D)holding station for information
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 48Q 48
Many modern cognitive memory researchers believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions, such as problem solving. Based on this belief, these cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as
A)procedural memory
B)echoic memory
C)working memory
D)semantic memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 49Q 49
If you were to perform a mental computation such as adding the numbers 26 and 41 in your head, it is assumed that you would be doing this in your
A)episodic memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)short-term memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 50Q 50
The original three-stage model of memory assumed that short-term memory was similar to a loading platform, but modern theorists have argued that the human memory system is analogous to a __________.
A)holding station
B)busy library office
C)computer keyboard
D)computer hard drive
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 51Q 51
According to psychologist Alan Baddeley, working memory is divided into which of the following four components?
A)Sensory, short-term, levels of processing, and long-term memory
B)Episodic, procedural, implicit, and semantic memory
C)Auditory, visual-spatial, episodic buffer, and central executive working memory
D)Encoding, storage, organization, and retrieval
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 52Q 52
Auditory memory, visual-spatial memory, and a control process called the central executive are all components of
A)sensory memory
B)working memory
C)semantic memory
D)long-term memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 53Q 53
Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map. List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty accurately remembering List 1. Baddeley would argue that the reason List 2 is easier is because the list information would be stored in which component of working memory?
A)Auditory working memory
B)Echoic memory
C)Central executive
D)Visual spatial sketchpad
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 54Q 54
This component of working memory allows us to temporarily store and manipulate images. This component is the _____________.
A)iconic
B)executive
C)"phonological loop"
D)visual-spatial
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 55Q 55
Assume you have been asked to imagine a skier skiing quickly down a mountain. Your visual-spatial working memory would be responsible for storing and temporarily manipulating this image, while allocating the proper amount of attention to this task and allowing you to retrieve an image of a skier from your long-term memory and incorporate it into your current visualization would be a(n) _________________ process.
A)auditory working memory
B)long-term memory
C)central executive
D)phonological loop
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 56Q 56
When you mentally repeat the number of houses you are looking as you drive around a neighbourhood, you are using the __________ component of Baddeley's working memory model.
A)episodic buffer
B)central executive control
C)visual-spatial working memory
D)auditory working memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 57Q 57
The tendency of people to remember words at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle of the list is called the _____________________.
A)primacy effect
B)serial position effect
C)state-dependent memory
D)recency effect
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 58Q 58
The serial position effect refers to how
A)people tend to remember words presented at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle
B)elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for storing information in long-term memory
C)information tends to be remembered better if it is processed more deeply
D)people tend to retrieve an image from long-term memory and incorporate it into a current visualization position
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 59Q 59
With regard to the serial position effect, the primacy effect refers to the superior recall of words presented at/in the ___________ of the list.
A)beginning and end
B)end
C)middle
D)beginning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 60Q 60
The superior recall of words presented at the end of a list is referred to as the ____________ effect.
A)primacy
B)rehearsal
C)recency
D)serial position
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 61Q 61
Assume you are presented with a list of 15 random words. Immediately after the list has been presented, you are asked to recall as many of the words as you can. Research has shown that you will tend to
A)remember words presented in the middle best
B)remember words presented at the beginning and end better than words presented in the middle
C)remember words presented at the end much better than words presented in the middle or at the beginning
D)remember words presented in the beginning much better than words presented in the middle or at the end
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 62Q 62
According to the three-stage model of memory, we remember the words presented at the beginning of a list better because
A)we can quickly rehearse them and transfer them to long-term memory
B)we use procedural memory to encode them instead of elaborative rehearsal
C)these words tend to be visually encoded instead of phonetically encoded
D)these words are not "bumped out" of short-term memory by new information
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 63Q 63
According to the three-stage model of memory, the primacy effect is due to the transfer of words into long-term memory, and the ______________ is due to short-term memory.
A)rehearsal effect
B)recency effect
C)serial position effect
D)misinformation effect
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 64Q 64
Research has found that the primacy effect disappears if
A)recall is delayed for 5 to 10 seconds
B)recall is delayed for 15 to 30 seconds and participants are given a more demanding task
C)the words are presented more quickly, thus preventing participants from rehearsing the early words
D)the participants are specifically told to use maintenance rehearsal while the list is being read
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 65Q 65
Words at the end of a list are typically remembered better than words presented in the middle. This is known as the recency effect and it presumably happens because the last few words on the list remain in __________ memory.
A)sensory memory
B)long-term
C)episodic
D)short-term
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 66Q 66
With respect to memory recall, the recency effect occurs because the words at the end of the list
A)are rehearsed more and are more likely to be stored in long-term memory
B)are not bumped out of working memory by additional information
C)receive more maintenance rehearsal than words in the middle and beginning of the list
D)are more deeply processed than words in the middle and beginning of the list
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 67Q 67
If we desired to eliminate the recency effect, we could
A)present the words on the list more quickly and then delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds
B)delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds
C)delay the recall test by 15 to 30 seconds and prevent rehearsal with a distracter task
D)present the words on the list more slowly
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 68Q 68
While the primacy effect is thought to be due to the early transfer of information to long-term memory, this effect appears to be due to information remaining in short-term memory. This is called the __________ effect.
A)rehearsal
B)serial position
C)final position
D)recency
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 69Q 69
Yesterday Jen's dad sent her to the grocery store for a few last minute items for dinner. Jen repeated the list to herself as she walked to the store. Although she did not remember a few of the items yesterday, she did remember the first several and last several on her dad's list. Today she can't remember the last few items on the list but she continues to recall the first several items. Most likely these items that were the first items her father listed
A)are the most important items on the list
B)remain in her short term memory due to rehearsal
C)will be forgotten by the end of the day
D)are stored now in Jen's long-term memory due to rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 70Q 70
Intentional processing that requires conscious attention is best defined as
A)sensory processing
B)effortful processing
C)implicit memory
D)automatic processing
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 71Q 71
Making a grocery list and taking notes for a class involve encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention. These are both examples of ____________.
A)effortful processing
B)automatic processing
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)state-dependent memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 72Q 72
You pass some one on the street and he looks familiar to you. You don't remember the person's name, but you can recall that you met him at a New Year's Eve party last year at a friend's house and you can even recall what he was wearing. These types of memories are best described as examples of
A)effortful processing
B)procedural memory
C)automatic processing
D)maintenance rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 73Q 73
Automatic processing refers to incidental information that gets stored in memory, while the encoding of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention is called ___________.
A)elaborative rehearsal
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)deep processing
D)effortful processing
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 74Q 74
Sheryl is able to rehearse her lines in the school play while riding her bicycle to school in the morning. Both of these tasks require processing, but in the case of learning her lines, the processing is
A)state-dependent
B)serial
C)automatic
D)effortful
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 75Q 75
Craik and Lockhart proposed the notion that the more deeply we process information, the better it will be remembered. This is the __________ concept.
A)automatic processing
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)levels of processing
D)prospective memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 76Q 76
If I present you with the word "BOOK" and ask you if this word contains all lowercase letters, answering this question involves the use of ___________ encoding.
A)structural
B)phonological
C)episodic
D)semantic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 77Q 77
If I were to ask you whether the word "FORCE" rhymed with the word "COURSE," to make this distinction you would have to use a method of processing that is considered to be less deep than semantic encoding called __________ encoding.
A)structural
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)phonological
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 78Q 78
According to Craik and colleagues at the University of Toronto, semantic encoding is a deeper level of processing than phonemic encoding, which itself is a deeper level of processing than is _______________ encoding.
A)procedural
B)episodic
C)structural
D)deep processing
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 79Q 79
Which of the following statements regarding the concept of depth of processing is true?
A)Structural encoding involves deeper processing than semantic processing.
B)Phonological encoding involves deeper processing than structural encoding.
C)Phonological encoding involves deeper processing than semantic processing.
D)Structural processing involves deeper processing than phonological processing.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 80Q 80
According to the depth of processing model, semantic encoding involves the deepest processing because it requires us to attend to the __________ the information being encoded.
A)phonological sound of
B)physical form of
C)the many details associated with
D)meaning of
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 81Q 81
A new restaurant was opening and Alice and Anne were hired to proofread the menu before it went to press. Alice reviewed each page, looking for mistakes in capitalization while Anne read the menu for comprehension. Both spent exactly one hour on the process before declaring the menu ready for print. Later that evening, their mother asked them what kinds of items were on the menu and Anne was able to remember more than her sister because she engaged in ________ processing.
A)structural
B)semantic
C)automatic
D)phonological
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 82Q 82
While studying for a test, imagine that you focused a great deal of attention on the meaning of the information and attempted to relate it to examples and concepts that you are already familiar with. Your studying would best be considered an example of
A)maintenance rehearsal
B)chunking
C)elaborative rehearsal
D)automatic processing
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 83Q 83
A friend asks you to make a phone call for them and tells you the phone number to call. As you walk to the telephone booth, you silently repeat the number to yourself to remember it. This example best demonstrates the process of
A)maintenance rehearsal
B)sensory memory
C)automatic processing
D)elaborative rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 84Q 84
Because it requires people to attend to the meaning of the information being presented, elaborative rehearsal is more effective in terms of facilitating the process where information is effectively stored in long-term memory than _____________________.
A)repetitive rehearsal
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)mere exposure
D)chunking
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 85Q 85
Though both are effective for keeping information active in short-term memory, elaborative rehearsal is more effective than maintenance rehearsal for facilitating the transfer of information into ___________ memory.
A)working
B)procedural
C)sensory
D)long-term
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 86Q 86
Leslie was getting ready to landscape the yard of her new house. After researching and then shopping for specific trees, she decided on a beautiful magnolia for the showpiece of her garden. One of the things Leslie liked the most was the unusual elegance of the tree and the fact she had never seen one before. After purchasing the tree she was dismayed to see that only three houses down the street, right in front of the bus stop she used every day, was a beautiful magnolia. The fact she had been exposed to this tree and not remembered it is an example of ________ processing.
A)shallow
B)semantic
C)automatic
D)structural
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 87Q 87
The principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts and improves our understanding of how diverse elements are related explains that material is organized ____________.
A)episodically
B)procedurally
C)hierarchically
D)phonetically
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 88Q 88
Chunking refers to the process whereby
A)individual units are combined into a single larger unit of meaning
B)information is organized hierarchically
C)incidental information is encoded
D)a larger unit is broken down into smaller individual units of meaning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 89Q 89
Chunking is thought to be an effective memory enhancing technique because it increases the raw or total amount of information that we can keep active in _________.
A)long-term memory
B)short-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)procedural memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 90Q 90
It is believed that chunking enhances memory by
A)enhancing the associations between concepts
B)widening the information-processing bottleneck due to the limited capacity of short-term memory
C)reducing the amount of raw information that must be encoded into memory
D)providing a cue to help trigger our memory for the information it represents
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 91Q 91
A person uses the word "HOMES" to remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior). This memory enhancing technique is best viewed as an example of
A)maintenance rehearsal
B)a hierarchical structure
C)chunking
D)an acronym
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 92Q 92
Paivio proposed that the two forms in which long-term memory information is stored are
A)hierarchies and chunks
B)verbal codes and visual codes
C)visual images and acronyms
D)mnemonics and semantic codes
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 93Q 93
If information is encoded using both verbal and visual encoding, it is more likely that at least one of the codes will be available later to facilitate recall. This is referred to as the ______________ theory.
A)bimodal
B)encoding specificity
C)dual coding
D)repeated encoding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 94Q 94
The method of loci is a memory enhancing technique based on imagery and it is consistent with the predictions of ___________ theory.
A)dual coding
B)levels of processing
C)encoding specificity
D)decay
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 95Q 95
When learning her spelling words for the vocabulary test, Yvonne forms a visual image of each word as she reads it out loud. According to a certain theory, using this method her memory for the words will be greater than if she had simply read them out loud. This is referred to as the __________________ theory.
A)encoding specificity
B)chunking
C)maintenance
D)dual coding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 96Q 96
An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as people, events, situations, or objects is called a ___________.
A)memory trace
B)schema
C)retrieval cue
D)procedural memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 97Q 97
When you enter a restaurant, you typically expect that you will be seated by someone that he/she will give you a menu before you order, and that he/she will bring you a bill at the conclusion of the meal. These thoughts together are best considered to be an example of
A)a retrieval cue
B)priming
C)overlearning
D)a schema
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 98Q 98
If you go to a movie, you know that the movie isn't going to start as long as the lights are on. Once the movie starts, you also know that it is considered impolite to talk during the movie and that if you need to leave, it is best to try not to disturb others. This collection of thoughts is best considered to be an example of
A)overlearning
B)a schema
C)semantic memory
D)implicit memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 99Q 99
Memory is enhanced by creating a perceptual set or a readiness to perceive, organize, and interpret information in a particular way. This is attributable to ____________.
A)episodes
B)proactive interference
C)schemas
D)dual encoding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 100Q 100
It is usually thought that schemas influence the encoding process by
A)reducing retroactive interference
B)creating a perceptual set
C)grouping individual units of information into one larger single unit
D)increasing the amount of maintenance rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 101Q 101
Expert knowledge is most closely related to the idea of
A)levels of processing
B)schemas
C)exposure
D)elaborative rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 102Q 102
Research with expert and novice chess players by Chase and Simon revealed that experts were able to accurately recall the placement of more chess pieces than novices after a 5-second glance when
A)the pieces were arranged meaningfully
B)the experts were allowed to use maintenance rehearsal
C)the experts were allowed to use elaborative rehearsal
D)the pieces were arranged randomly
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 103Q 103
A study conducted by Chase and Simon demonstrated that experts had superior recall than novices for the placement of chess pieces when the pieces were placed meaningfully on the board. However, this difference disappeared when the pieces were placed randomly. The researchers used the concepts of ____________ to explain these results.
A)proactive and retroactive interference
B)maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
C)visual-spatial and auditory working memory
D)schemas and chunking
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 104Q 104
When attempting to memorize the position of chess pieces on a board, research on expert chess players suggests that they group pieces together that serve the same function using ________________.
A)acronyms
B)schemas
C)the method of loci
D)hierarchical organization
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 105Q 105
Some memory theorists propose that memory can be represented as being similar to a massive system of linked ideas and concepts such as a(n) _____________.
A)neural network
B)movie
C)associative network
D)flashbulb memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 106Q 106
The activation of one concept in an associative network can trigger the activation of another related concept. This is referred to as
A)priming
B)elaborative rehearsal
C)overlearning
D)proactive interference
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 107Q 107
If you think for a moment about the concept "school," it is likely that other concepts such as "textbooks," "teachers," and "exams" may also come to mind. The fact that these other words can be triggered by the word "school" is best considered to be an example of
A)elaborative rehearsa
B)proactive interference
C)dual encoding
D)priming
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 108Q 108
A proponent of the neural network theory of memory would most likely argue that each __________ in your brain is a node in a network.
A)concept
B)memory trace
C)neuron
D)word
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 109Q 109
According to the neural network theory of memory, each concept is represented
A)as having its own computer hard drive
B)by a particular pattern of nodes that become simultaneously activated
C)by a combination of prospective and retrospective memories
D)by an idea or word that occupies a particular node
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 110Q 110
A memory researcher claims that a concept such as "dog" is triggered by the simultaneous firing of nodes #8, #47, and #123 in a network, but if node #8 is simultaneously triggered with nodes #9 and #301, an entirely different concept appears in the mind. The views of this researcher are most consistent with the ____________ theory of memory.
A)dual coding
B)associative network
C)state-dependent
D)neural network
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 111Q 111
The associative network model asserts that a node in a memory network consists of an idea, a word, or a concept, while the model that argues that a node is physical in nature and does not contain individual units of information is the ________________ model.
A)levels of processing
B)working memory
C)neural network
D)dual coding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 112Q 112
The idea that a concept in memory is represented by a particular set of nodes and is retrieved when the nodes in that set are activated in parallel belongs to the proposition of memory known as
A)a semantic network
B)an associative network
C)a spreading activation network
D)a neural network
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 113Q 113
Betsy went to a restaurant last night with some other first year students from her dorm. Although Betsy had never been to this particular restaurant, she knew exactly how to be seated, order, eat, and pay the bill. In her long-term memory, Betsy had a(n) __________ for restaurants.
A)schema
B)hierarchy
C)innate knowledge
D)mnemonic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 114Q 114
According to the neural network model of memory, if a small portion of your brain is removed for medical reasons, your memory might
A)suffer as you will lose all memories stored in that area
B)suffer as some of the connections and nodes would be disrupted
C)lose the ability to retrieve memories from long-term memory
D)lose the ability to transfer memories from short-term memory to long-term memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 115Q 115
The two subcategories of declarative memory are
A)implicit and explicit memory
B)episodic and semantic memory
C)procedural and episodic memory
D)proactive and retroactive memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 116Q 116
Your memory for what happened to you on a childhood trip to Disneyland would best be considered an example of
A)procedural memory
B)implicit memory
C)semantic memory
D)episodic memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 117Q 117
Semantic memory is best defined as
A)general factual knowledge about the world and language
B)memories of personal experiences that have happened to us
C)memories that can influence us without our conscious awareness
D)nondeclarative memory that is reflected in skills and actions
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 118Q 118
In the case of the amnesia patient H.M. presented in the text, it was found that
A)his declarative memory and procedural memory were severely impaired
B)his procedural memory functioned normally but his declarative memory was severely impaired
C)his episodic memory functioned normally but his semantic memory and procedural memory were severely impaired
D)his semantic memory functioned normally but his episodic memory and procedural memory were severely impaired
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 119Q 119
Classically conditioned responses are to procedural memory as general factual knowledge of the world is to ________________.
A)episodic memory
B)short-term memory
C)declarative memory
D)semantic memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 120Q 120
The amnesia patient H.M. was able to correctly perform a mirror-tracing task, but he had no recollection of ever having learned it. This means that we would classify his memory for this task as
A)explicit
B)declarative
C)implicit
D)semantic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 121Q 121
Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. The steps that Troy executes to tie his shoes is part of his __________________.
A)declarative memory
B)priming memory
C)explicit memory
D)procedural memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 122Q 122
Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. Troy remembers the first time he learned to tie his shoes by himself. For Troy, the memory of that first time is a(n) _____________.
A)episodic memory
B)semantic memory
C)procedural memory
D)nondeclarative memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 123Q 123
Eric is taking his psychology exam which contains multiple-choice questions. In order to answer the questions, Eric's strategy is to actively search his memory for the answers and, as such, he relies on his ____________ memory.
A)implicit
B)explicit
C)procedural
D)sensory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 124Q 124
After taking the college entrance exam, Sidney was very upset as she drove home. She felt she had done poorly on the exam. The fact that Sidney was able to drive the familiar route home and arrive safely, even though she was so preoccupied thinking about the exam is due to her __________ memory.
A)implicit
B)explicit
C)semantic
D)episodic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 125Q 125
All of the following were mentioned as ways of measuring explicit memory EXCEPT
A)recognition
B)recall
C)cued recall
D)priming tasks
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 126Q 126
This multiple-choice test question would be considered an example of a
A)recall test
B)recognition test
C)priming test
D)cued recall test
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 127Q 127
If you were asked right now to list the two different types of declarative memory, this would be an example of what is called a
A)recognition test
B)prospective test
C)recall test
D)priming test
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 128Q 128
Suppose that you are shown a list that includes the words "plate," "tree," and "glass." Several months later, you are shown many short word stems such as "PL ___," "TR ____ " and "GL ____." Even though you have essentially forgotten about the first list you saw, you are more likely to complete the word stems with "PLate," "TRee," and "GLass" than other people who were not shown the initial list. These types of memory tests are used to measure memory and they are called __________.
A)priming tasks
B)recall tests
C)recognition tests
D)cued recall tests
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 129Q 129
Any external or internal stimulus that triggers the activation of information stored in long-term memory is called a(n) _______________.
A)schema
B)semantic trigger
C)icon
D)retrieval cue
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 130Q 130
Research has revealed that the most effective way to improve recall memory is having multiple retrieval cues that are ______________.
A)generated by an expert
B)self-generated
C)repressed
D)consolidated
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 131Q 131
Research has found that self-generating many retrieval cues facilitates memory. It is assumed that this type of processing facilitates encoding by
A)making the information more declarative
B)limiting the impact of retroactive interference
C)providing deeper and more elaborative rehearsal
D)making use of state-dependent learning effects
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 132Q 132
It has been observed that the creation of multiple self-generated retrieval cues facilitates memory performance. It is assumed that if one cue fails to activate the memory, there are other cues still available that could activate it. This type of processing specifically improves the __________ process.
A)retrieval
B)storage
C)rehearsal
D)encoding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 133Q 133
Veronica just saw a person in a green car labelled "student driver" run a red light and cause a serious accident. While waiting for the police to arrive, Veronica suddenly remembers that she was in a serious car accident when she was a young child. With respect to recalling the accident stored in her long-term memory, today's accident apparently served as ____________.
A)recall recognition
B)conscious unawareness
C)procedural information
D)a retrieval cue
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 134Q 134
Carl and Ursula are taking a second language course and they study together. Each week Carl and Ursula study their new vocabulary words by generating another associated word and a short one-sentence memory that involves the word. Last week Carl and Ursula decided to cut down on the amount of preparation that they each did by taking turns generating the cues for the vocabulary words. When Carl used Ursula's notes to study that first week, he did not do well on the exam because
A)Ursula's associations were not good links
B)multiple retrieval cues interfere with recall
C)self-generated cues maximize recall
D)his routine for studying had been disrupted
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 135Q 135
Vivid recollections of distinctive, positive or negative events that trigger strong emotional responses are called
A)crisis memories
B)flashbulb memories
C)prospective memories
D)mood- congruent recall
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 136Q 136
Which of the following would be most likely to produce a flashbulb memory?
A)A person's implicit knowledge of how to drive a car
B)What a person had for breakfast this morning
C)A person's vivid description of their favorite car and its many positive characteristics
D)A person's prior experience living through a tsunami
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 137Q 137
Flashbulb memories are often vivid and easy to remember and research has shown that they are frequently __________.
A)well-consolidated
B)implicit and hard to verbalize
C)inaccurate
D)more accurate than normal memories
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 138Q 138
Memory is better when the conditions present during encoding match those that are present during retrieval. This is in accordance with ____________.
A)dual processing theory
B)decay theory
C)the encoding specificity principle
D)the principles of implicit memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 139Q 139
When the encoding specificity principle is applied to ___________, we can adequately explain the phenomenon of context-dependent memory.
A)external cues
B)implicit memories
C)retroactive interference
D)internal cues
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 140Q 140
The concept of state-dependent memory asserts that memory retrieval will be better if
A)the environment during encoding is similar to the environment during retrieval
B)the environment during encoding is different from the environment during retrieval
C)your internal state during encoding is similar to your internal state during retrieval
D)your internal state during encoding is different from your internal state during retrieval
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 141Q 141
The concept of state-dependent memory can best be understood by taking the more general encoding specificity principle and applying it to ____________.
A)external cues
B)internal cues and states
C)implicit memories
D)retroactive interference
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 142Q 142
Research on the phenomenon of mood-congruent recall has found that people tend to have a better memory
A)when the environmental conditions during encoding and retrieval are similar
B)when their internal states during encoding and retrieval are similar
C)for events that are consistent with their current mood
D)when both the environmental conditions and their internal states during encoding and retrieval are similar
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 143Q 143
John is feeling very happy and content today and has noticed that he seems to have a better memory for several positive events from his past. This example of improved recall best demonstrates the phenomenon of
A)mood-congruent recall
B)mood-dependent recall
C)state-dependent recall
D)context-dependent recall
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 144Q 144
Imagine that you have studied for an exam in a quiet environment and your physiological arousal has been low while you were studying. If on the day of the exam you were given the test in a quiet environment and your physiological arousal remained low, the concept of state-dependent memory would predict that your recall would be good and the concept of context-dependent memory would predict that your recall would __________.
A)seriously compromised
B)be poor
C)not be affected
D)also be good
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 145Q 145
Imagine that you have studied for an exam in a noisy environment and your state of physiological arousal has been low while you were studying. If on the day of the exam you were given the test in a quiet environment and your physiological arousal was high (due to test anxiety), the concept of state-dependent memory would predict that your recall would be poor and the concept of context-dependent memory would predict that your recall would __________.
A)also be poor
B)be good
C)not be affected
D)be significantly enhanced
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 146Q 146
Peter is studying for an exam and wants to maximize his learning. He knows that the best way to retrieve information is to encode it with multiple cues for retrieval. Therefore Peter finds out the room the exam will be given in and he goes to that room each night to study for the exam. Peter is relying on maximizing the advantage that he might receive from
A)context-dependent memory
B)state-dependent memory
C)flashbulb memory
D)mood-congruent recall
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 147Q 147
The three broad categories of memory enhancement techniques are
A)maintenance techniques, elaborative aids, and semantic strategies
B)overlearning, organizing, and chunking
C)external aids, formal mnemonic techniques, and general memory strategies
D)sensory aids, short-term strategies, and long-term techniques
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 148Q 148
Shopping lists and appointment calendars are considered to fall into which category of memory enhancement strategies?
A)General memory strategies
B)Formal mnemonic techniques
C)Elaborative techniques
D)External aids
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 149Q 149
All of the following were mentioned as suggestions to improve memory EXCEPT
A)using maintenance rehearsal to process information deeply.
B)organizing your information.
C)linking new information to examples and concepts already in memory.
D)distributing your learning over time.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 150Q 150
All of the following were mentioned as suggestions to improve memory EXCEPT
A)using imagery
B)minimizing interference
C)using massed practice rather than distributed practice
D)overlearning your material
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 151Q 151
Which of the following was mentioned as a suggestion for improving memory?
A)Using maintenance rehearsal to process information deeply
B)Practicing extensively as this is more effective than distributed practice
C)Maximizing interference to ensure mastery
D)Linking new information to examples and concepts already in memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 152Q 152
Which of the following was mentioned as one of the factors that could possibly account for the substantial and rapid forgetting that occurred to Hermann Ebbinghaus?
A)He failed to use maintenance rehearsal.
B)The material he learned required excessive deep processing.
C)He learned so many lists that it must have been difficult to distinguish between them.
D)His use of acronyms was not well suited to the memory tasks he set for himself.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 153Q 153
The results from Hermann Ebbinghaus's studies of the forgetting process revealed that
A)memory decreases at a more or less constant rate over time
B)memory decreases slowly at first and then sharply decreased after 9 to 10 days
C)memory remains relatively constant for the first 3 to 4 days and gradually decreases after this
D)memory decreases rapidly at first and then slowed noticeably afterward
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 154Q 154
Which of the following best illustrates how problems with encoding can contribute to forgetting?
A)You forget the name of a person because you had a particularly negative and embarrassing interaction with her the last time you saw her.
B)You forget the name of a person because you failed to transfer this information into your long-term memory in the first place.
C)You forget the name of a person because you haven't seen her in many years and time and lack of use has eroded your memory of her.
D)You forget the name of a person because she looks very similar to someone else that you just met.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 155Q 155
When people learn lists of words and are tested for recall at two different times, sometimes they recall more material during the second testing. This phenomenon is known as reminiscence, and it is most incompatible with
A)the decay theory of forgetting
B)dual coding theory
C)the encoding specificity principle
D)interference theory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 156Q 156
Forgetting occurs because physical memory traces are thought to fade away with time and disuse. This is referred to as ______________.
A)decay theory
B)dual coding theory
C)the encoding specificity principle
D)interference theory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 157Q 157
Retroactive interference is said to occur when newly acquired material in memory interferes with the recall of ____________ material.
A)state-dependent
B)schematic
C)other newly acquired
D)older
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 158Q 158
Which of the following statements regarding motivated forgetting is most accurate?
A)Psychodynamic theorists generally reject the notion that motivated forgetting can occur.
B)Based on the research evidence, most psychologists agree that motivated forgetting is a valid phenomenon that occurs more often than most people think.
C)Results are mixed; some studies support this notion while others suggest that it rarely occurs.
D)Though many therapists believe it can happen, almost all research indicates that motivated forgetting does not occur.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 159Q 159
Martha learns her math formulas for the weekly quizzes that she has in math class. Although she consistently earns perfect scores on the weekly quizzes, the day after any given quiz, Martha would be unable to take the quiz again and do as well. She noted her knowledge of the math formulas resembled the forgetting illustrated by __________________.
A)decay theory
B)Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve
C)encoding specificity principles
D)Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing theory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 160Q 160
Stephanie just broke up with her boyfriend, Paul. Then Scott asks her to the homecoming dance. At the dance that night, Stephanie and Scott have a wonderful time. When Scott walks Stephanie to the door he is dismayed when she kisses him goodnight and calls him Paul. Stephanie has just illustrated
A)proactive interference
B)mood-congruent memory
C)the forgetting curve
D)retroactive interference
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 161Q 161
Sandy is taking both introductory and cognitive psychology courses this term and the first midterm for each course is on the same day. Sandy studies for her introductory psychology course for several hours and then cognitive psychology course for several hours. When she takes her exam for introductory psychology course first thing the next morning, the information she studied for cognitive psychology course interferes with her ability to recall the introductory psychology course material. This is a clear example of
A)decay theory
B)motivated forgetting
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 162Q 162
When memory loss occurs for events that happened prior to the onset of the amnesia, this is called ___________ amnesia.
A)anterograde
B)retrograde
C)proactive
D)prospective
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 163Q 163
The amnesia patient H.M. had an operation that accidentally caused memory damage and consequently he showed a mild memory loss for the events in his life that occurred one to two years before the operation. This type of memory loss is an example of what is called
A)retrograde amnesia
B)retroactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)anterograde amnesia
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 164Q 164
Which of the following statements regarding Alzheimer's disease is true?
A)It only causes anterograde amnesia.
B)It only causes retrograde amnesia.
C)It may cause both anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
D)It doesn't cause anterograde or retrograde amnesia.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 165Q 165
There is a case of a woman suffering from memory loss who could not consciously remember the fact that a researcher had pinpricked her hand the last time they met. Though her memory for events prior to the amnesia are normal, after the amnesia she has experienced difficulty creating new memories. Her memory loss is best considered to be an example of
A)retrograde amnesia
B)retroactive interference
C)proactive interference
D)anterograde amnesia
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 166Q 166
The inability of most people to remember personal experiences from the first few years of their lives is technically called
A)childhood forgetting
B)infantile amnesia
C)infantile repression
D)childhood retrograde amnesia
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 167Q 167
Jim has a hard time remembering to do things that he plans to do in the future, such as mailing letters or remembering to call someone. These memories are examples of what are called prospective memories and the part of the brain that is thought to play an important role in their retrieval is the __________.
A)parietal lobe
B)frontal lobe
C)amygdala
D)hippocampus
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 168Q 168
Patients with retrograde amnesia have problems with retrieval of information while patients with anterograde amnesia suffer from problems with _________.
A)storing of information
B)encoding of information
C)recognition of information
D)sensory input of information
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 169Q 169
Try as she might, Zoey cannot remember anything from the first three years of her childhood. Which of the following is NOT considered a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?
A)Failure to encode the experiences deeply, results in a lack of retrieval cues
B)Brain structures are not developed sufficiently to form these long lasting memories
C)The creation of new memories interferes with the retrieval of early childhood memories
D)To form memories, the concept of self is needed, and this sets in approximately at age two
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 170Q 170
Sir Frederick Bartlett's experiment showing how people misremembered various elements of a unique Pacific Northwest Indian story was discussed to demonstrate the concept of
A)memory construction
B)retroactive amnesia
C)context-dependent memory
D)proactive interference
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 171Q 171
Sir Frederick Bartlett had his participants read a story called "The War of the Ghosts," a unique tale from the 18th century. Participants' recall of the story 20 hours later was highly inaccurate and Bartlett interpreted these results as being due to _____________.
A)ineffective use of elaborative rehearsal
B)source confusion
C)the lack of an appropriate schema
D)proactive interference
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 172Q 172
When asked to reproduce or draw a picture from memory, people consistently remember scenes as being more expansive or wider than they actually are. This phenomenon is known as
A)source confusion
B)boundary extension
C)retroactive interference
D)flashbulb memory distortion
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 173Q 173
The term boundary extension refers to our tendency to remember scenes as being more expansive than they actually are. It is thought that this occurs because of ______________.
A)source confusion and the misinformation effect
B)the tendency for flashbulb memories to be less accurate than they seem
C)proactive and retroactive interference
D)our expectation about how scenes should look
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 174Q 174
The distortion of a memory by misleading post-event data or facts is known as
A)proactive interference
B)anterograde amnesia
C)the misinformation effect
D)the encoding specificity principle
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 175Q 175
Our tendency to recall something or to recognize it as familiar but to forget where we encountered it is called
A)source confusion
B)proactive interference
C)temporary functional amnesia
D)retroactive interference
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 176Q 176
An eyewitness from a crime is asked to look through some mugshots to see if he can identify the person who committed the crime. After doing this, he sees a police lineup of suspects and identifies one of the men as the person who committed the crime because he looks very familiar. Unfortunately, the man in the lineup looks familiar not because the eyewitness saw him commit the crime, but because he saw his face in the mugshot books a few hours ago and the eyewitness has forgotten this. This example best demonstrates the phenomenon of
A)proactive interference
B)retrograde amnesia
C)source confusion
D)memory consolidation
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 177Q 177
A child is a witness to a car accident. When he testifies in court, he states that a particular car ran a red light and caused the accident. Though the child actually believes this is what happened, this memory is inaccurate and has been created by his exposure to the repeated questioning of attorneys who have suggested that this is what happened. This example best demonstrates the problems associated with
A)flashbulb memories
B)source confusion
C)retroactive interference
D)proactive interference
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 178Q 178
Kim and Jordan are both eyewitnesses to a bank robbery. At the police station they each select Mike from a police lineup, and say, "He's the thief." It turns out though, that Mike has been a customer at the store where Kim works. Jordan has never seen Mike before. With this background, whose identification of Mike is more valuable to the police?
A)Jordan's because Kim may have been misled by the fact that Mike seemed familiar based on her other encounters with him
B)Kim's because her recognition of Mike is more powerful due to the previous encounters with him
C)Kim's because she had an advantage of seeing many people come in and out of the store and she is accustomed to identifying faces
D)Both because memory for faces is not distortable
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 179Q 179
Research on the impact of misinformation effects on children has revealed that
A)neither younger nor older children are vulnerable to misinformation effects
B)younger and older children are equally susceptible to misinformation effects
C)both younger and older children are susceptible to misinformation effects, but older children are more susceptible
D)both younger and older children are susceptible to misinformation effects, but younger children are more susceptible
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 180Q 180
Leichtman and Ceci investigated how misleading information can impact children's recall of information. Their results revealed that
A)children who received misleading information before or after a key event had more inaccurate memories than children in a control group
B)children who were warned about the potential problems of suggestive questioning had more accurate memories than children who were not warned
C)only children who received misleading information before a key event showed evidence of misinformation effects
D)only children who received misleading information after a key event showed evidence of misinformation effects
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 181Q 181
In terms of witnesses' identifications of possible perpetrators, identifications based on auditory cues alone (e.g., voice) tend to be
A)less accurate than identifications based on visual cues alone
B)more accurate than identifications based on both visual and auditory cues
C)about as accurate as identifications based on cues from other, non-auditory, sensory modalities
D)more accurate than identifications based on visual cues alone
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 182Q 182
Regarding eyewitness identifications of possible perpetrators
A)female eyewitnesses tend to make more accurate identifications than male eyewitnesses do
B)male eyewitnesses tend to be more confident in their identifications than female eyewitnesses
C)male and female eyewitnesses tend to be equally confident
D)male eyewitnesses tend to make more accurate identifications than female eyewitnesses do
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 183Q 183
The memories of children who were undergoing painful medical procedures reveal that
A)younger children showed evidence of memory repression while older children did not
B)older children showed evidence of memory repression while younger children did not
C)neither younger nor older children showed any evidence of memory repression
D)both younger and older children showed evidence of memory repression
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 184Q 184
Goodman et al. investigated the impact of misleading questions on children's memories for a traumatic event (i.e., a painful hospital procedure) and found that overall, younger children had memories that were less accurate than older children and that misleading questions had _______ effect on children's memories for this particular event.
A)a strong
B)a weak
C)a temporary
D)no
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 185Q 185
Which of the following statements regarding the tendency for people to forget traumatic personal events is most accurate?
A)Children and adults almost never forget traumatic personal events.
B)Memory loss for traumatic events can occur with both children and adults.
C)It is very common for adults to forget traumatic events, but it almost never happens with children.
D)It is very common for young children to forget traumatic events, but it almost never happens with adults.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 186Q 186
Based on case studies and clinical experience, most therapists believe that repression is a valid concept, while many researchers in academic environments argue that the forgetting of traumatic events may be due to ______________________.
A)misinformation effects
B)cue-dependent forgetting
C)non-motivated forgetting
D)maintenance rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 187Q 187
Which area of the brain appears to play a key role in working memory, particularly central executive functions?
A)Hippocampus
B)Amygdala
C)Frontal lobes
D)Cerebellum
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 188Q 188
In order to investigate the brain systems involved in episodic memory, Dr. Jones gathers fMRI readings from participants as they recall events from the previous day. Dr. Jones's research is best categorized as an example of a
A)electrical stimulation study
B)brain imaging study
C)state-dependent memory task
D)non-human animal lesion experiment
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 189Q 189
Dr. Albert conducts a study in which she first trains rats to run a maze. She then intentionally damages a particular portion of the rats' thalamus and observes the impact that this has on the rats' learning and performance in the maze. Dr. Albert's research is best characterized as an example of a
A)human lesion study
B)brain imaging study
C)state-dependent memory task
D)non-human animal lesion experiment
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 190Q 190
The three major approaches that scientists use to study the brain regions involved in memory are studies of
A)electrical stimulation, non-human animal lesions, brain-imaging
B)encoding, storage, and retrieval
C)episodic, semantic, and procedural memory
D)sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 191Q 191
The "encoding station" for long-term declarative memory is called the ____________.
A)cerebral cortex
B)thalamus
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 192Q 192
It is generally thought that the process of memory consolidation occurs in the
A)thalamus
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)cerebellum
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 193Q 193
A person who has received damage to his amygdala will most likely
A)have difficulty creating and storing new long-term declarative memories
B)show difficulty processing information from the sensory registers
C)have difficulty creating and storing new procedural memories
D)be unable to encode emotionally disturbing memories or fear responses
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 194Q 194
As is the case with the H.M., damage to this region of the brain can permanently limit a person's ability to form new declarative memories. This region is the _______________.
A)hypothalamus
B)hippocampus
C)cerebellum
D)amygdala
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 195Q 195
Research has revealed that the cerebellum plays a particularly important role in the formation of
A)procedural memories
B)semantic memories
C)explicit memories
D)episodic memories
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 196Q 196
Kandel's research on learning in the sea slug, aplysia, allowed him and his colleagues to study
A)which neurons changed as a result of forgetting
B)how neurons changed as a result of damage
C)what cellular messengers triggered learning-induced changes
D)what cellular messengers triggered behavioural changes
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 197Q 197
Researchers now believe that memories are not stored like video recordings at various locations in the brain, but rather, are distributed throughout the brain. The region of the brain that plays an important role in consolidating our memories before they are stored across the brain is the _______________.
A)brain stem
B)parietal lobe
C)thalamus
D)hippocampus
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 198Q 198
Individuals undergoing an fMRI who incorrectly identified shapes as being previously viewed showed activity in _______________.
A)the amygdala
B)different areas than those associated with correctly identifying shapes
C)the same areas associated with correctly identifying shapes
D)the hippocampus
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 199Q 199
Successful retrieval of memories that have an emotional component may be associated with _________ activity.
A)limbic system
B)autonomic nervous system
C)primary visual cortex
D)semantic cortex
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 200Q 200
Faulty source monitoring refers to
A)disrupted sensory signature on fMRI
B)lack of consistency in brain activity states
C)an incorrect memory attribution
D)lack of consistency between PET and fMRI studies
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 201Q 201
H.M. is a patient with a memory disorder who has been studied extensively. One of the most interesting findings for scientist Brenda Milner was H.M.'s performance _________ because it demonstrated evidence of procedural memory.
A)on verbal recall
B)on facial recognition
C)on a mirror-tracing task
D)on a digit-span task
E)on a visual imagery task
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 202Q 202
According to the three-component model of memory
A)echoic memory lasts longer than iconic memory
B)short term memory is different from working memory
C)long-term memory holds incoming sensory information
D)each component corresponds to a specific brain structure
E)long-term memory retrieves information from the sensory input
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 203Q 203
Implicit memory is at work when you are
A)listing facts
B)retrieving stored information
C)recalling a list of words
D)riding a bicycle
E)learning a difficult task
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 204Q 204
Let's say that you have just heard a long list of words. According to the _________, you are more likely to remember the _______, but the effect disappears if ___________.
A)primacy effect; first few words; you are given time to rehearse
B)primacy effect; first few words; recall is immediate
C)short term effect; words in the middle; you allow for long-term interference
D)recency effect; last few words; you are allowed to rehearse
E)recency effect; last few words; you are prevented from rehearsing
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 205Q 205
A student, mentioned in the text book, wondered why he failed the first exam. After examining his textbook, the professor knew that this student stood little chance of success because he only used
A)maintenance rehearsal techniques
B)elaborative rehearsal techniques
C)chunking
D)hierarchies
E)echoic representations
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 206Q 206
You are given two sets of words. The first set contains "textbook, soap, fridge" and the second set contains "thought, preceding, readiness." According to Allan Paivio, you will remember the ____________ because the dual coding theory is more applicable to _____________.
A)first set; the method of loci
B)second set; schemas
C)second set; abstract concepts
D)first set; concrete objects
E)first set; chunking
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 207Q 207
If you are told to remember a list of items or concepts by forming an image and linking each word to a different room in your house, you would be using
A)context dependent memory
B)the method of loci
C)referential connections
D)mnemonic techniques
E)automatic processing
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 208Q 208
If you remember every detail of the last hockey game you attended, you are experiencing
A)declarative memory
B)episodic memory
C)semantic memory
D)both declarative memory and episodic memory are correct
E)both declarative memory and semantic memory are correct
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 209Q 209
Yan learns the words to "I Know You Want Me" while intoxicated at a frat party. Under which conditions will Yan be LEAST likely to remember these lyrics?
A)When he is drunk
B)When he is at work (and sober)
C)When is with his frat buddies at school
D)When he is at the frat house
E)When he is socializing, but sober
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 210Q 210
Mantyla (1986) looked at the value of retrieval cues in a sample of university students. This research found that
A)flashbulb memories were the best
B)stress causes retrieval failures
C)self-generated cues were the best
D)memory improved over time
E)students never knew the answer to begin with
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 211Q 211
At a meeting for the Habitat for Humanity Club, you meet a female named Judy who you are interested in getting to know better. You don't have a pen, but you have a good memory and you ask for her phone number. On your way home you memorize the number. You are all set to call her when you get home, but on your way you meet an old high school friend, Jim, who wants to have a get together. He is in a hurry and just shouts his number as he drives away. Once you get home you realize you have forgotten Judy's number, but remembered Jim's number. This is due to
A)retroactive interference
B)proactive interference
C)decay trace
D)early onset of Alzheimer's
E)retrograde amnesia
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 212Q 212
At a meeting for the Habitat for Humanity Club, you meet a female named Judy who you are interested in getting to know better. You don't have a pen, but you have a good memory and you ask for her phone number. On your way home you memorize the number. You are all set to call her when you get home, but on your way you meet an old high school friend, Jim, who wants to have a get together. Once you get home you simply forget to call Judy. This would be an example of
A)source misattribution
B)a failure in prospective memory
C)boundary extension
D)anterograde amnesia
E)a failure in retrospective memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 213Q 213
Flashbulb memories seem vivid and clear. They are most often
A)distinctive positive events
B)recalled accurately
C)recalled with little confidence
D)distinctive negative events
E)both distinctive positive events AND distinctive negative events
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 214Q 214
Sol is a 4-year-old boy who fell off his swing set and hit his head. He cannot remember what he was doing prior to his fall. Sol is suffering from
A)infantile amnesia
B)interference
C)anterograde amnesia
D)repression
E)retrograde amnesia
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 215Q 215
There are many areas of the brain involved in the role of memory. One clear conclusion seems to be that lesions in the ____________ are associated with ______________ memory problems.
A)frontal cortex; emotional
B)amygdale; long-term
C)hippocampus; encoding short-term into long-term
D)thalamus; procedural
E)hippocampus; sensory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 216Q 216
According to the three-component model of memory, the component with the shortest storage time is
A)the sensory register
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)the recency filter
E)the primacy filter
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 217Q 217
Memory is ultimately a biochemical event and some researchers have suggested that memory is really a change in synaptic strength. This enduring increase in synaptic strength is referred to as
A)memory enhancement
B)iconic tracing
C)long-term potentiation
D)hyperpolarization
E)trace conditioning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 218Q 218
Sometimes memory is fabricated - we remember things that never actually occurred. Schacter studied people who claimed that they were abducted by aliens and suggests that these false memories are actually generated by
A)decreased activity in the frontal cortex
B)faulty source monitoring
C)repression
D)overactive schemas
E)infantileamnesia
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 219Q 219
Let's say that you have just heard a long list of words and are then asked to recall them. If I wanted to prevent a recency effect, I could give you a task that interfered with
A)iconic memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory
E)visual codes
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 220Q 220
Short-term memory has a limited capacity, but if I wanted to increase that capacity I might try
A)chunking
B)re-coding
C)effortful processing
D)establishing context dependency
E)associative networking
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 221Q 221
Once you learn how to ride a bicycle, you never forget. This skill would be retained in your
A)declarative memory
B)episodic memory
C)semantic memory
D)procedural memory
E)explicit memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 222Q 222
All else being equal, you are likely to remember more during an exam if you write the test in the same room you had your classes. How could we explain this?
A)The flashbulb memory effect
B)Distributive learning
C)A lack of interference
D)Encoding specificity
E)Source confusion
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 223Q 223
Your client claims that she was sexually abused at the age of 5. She had forgotten about the incident and only recently has the memory been recovered. A Freudian psychotherapist would explain this lapse as an example of
A)delusional thinking
B)source confusion
C)retroactive interference
D)decay of the memory trace
E)repression
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 224Q 224
One of your best friends was in a car accident and now she cannot remember the events that occurred just before the accident. This memory loss is an example of
A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)proactive interference
D)dementia
E)decay
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 225Q 225
If you were to examine the brain of an individual with Alzheimer's disease, you would find an abnormal amount of
A)serotonin
B)plaques and tangles
C)repression
D)hippocampus tissue
E)long-term potentiation
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 226Q 226
A patient arrives at the emergency room and seems to have difficulty with various aspects of working memory. You might expect damage to the
A)temporal lobes
B)motor cortex
C)frontal lobes
D)somatosensory cortex
E)occipital lobes
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 227Q 227
You have just witnessed a car accident and the police officer asks you how fast the cars were going when they smashed into each other. This question may bias your answer due to the
A)repression of information effect
B)ear witness effect
C)possibility of flashbulb memory
D)misinformation effect
E)leading question effect
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 228Q 228
Research indicates that you are likely to remember more on an exam if you
A)use massed practice
B)use distributed practice
C)avoid overlearning the material
D)avoid using imagery
E)learn new information independently-do not link it to existing cues
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 229Q 229
Which of the following is NOT a component of working memory?
A)phonological loop or auditory working memory
B)visuospatial sketchpad
C)iconic store
D)central executive
E)episodic buffer
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 230Q 230
Professor Pavio studies working memory. His research is likely to focus on any of the following EXCEPT the
A)visuospatial sketchpad
B)phonological loop or auditory working memory
C)central executive
D)episodic buffer
E)iconic store
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 231Q 231
In order to transfer material from short-term to long-term memory it is necessary to engage in
A)maintenance rehearsal
B)priming
C)context-dependent rehearsal
D)implicit memory practice
E)elaborative rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 232Q 232
Julie is trying to ensure she can remember a particular theory. She is using elaborative rehearsal. By doing so, she is trying to
A)transfer material from short-term to long-term memory
B)prime her memory for recall
C)transfer material from the sensory register to short-term memory
D)create an iconic store
E)use a different form of maintenance rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 233Q 233
You have just witnessed a traffic accident. In order to best avoid a misinformation effect, the police officer should ask you which of the following?
A)How fast were the cars going when they contacted each other?
B)How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?
C)How fast were the cars going when they collided with each other?
D)How fast were the cars going when they crashed into each other?
E)Were the cars speeding when the accident occur
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 234Q 234
You note that a patient of yours has an abnormal amount of plaques and tangles in his brain. What would you expect?
A)repressed memory
B)Alzheimer's disease
C)a lack of memory consolidation in the temporal lobe
D)retrograde amnesia
E)anterograde amnesia
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 235Q 235
You suspect that one of your patients has Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following could you look for to confirm this diagnosis?
A)An increase in the amount of acetylcholine in the cortex
B)Damage to the corpus callosum
C)An enlarged hippocampus
D)The build-up of plaques and tangles
E)Evidence of encephalitis
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 236Q 236
In a lab study, the experimenter has given you a task that places great demand on working memory. If we were to scan your brain, we would find increased activity in
A)the parietal lobes
B)the hypothalamus
C)the corpus callosum
D)auditory association area
E)the prefrontal coxtex
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 237Q 237
Let's say that you are working on a drug to prevent memories from being formed. If so, you are likely to target
A)long-term potentiation
B)areas in the brain stem
C)dopamine
D)GABA
E)the inferior temporal lobe
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 238Q 238
Let's say that you are working on a drug to prevent memories from being formed. If so, you are likely to target
A)areas in the brain stem
B)dopamine
C)GABA
D)the inferior temporal lobe
E)glutamate
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 239Q 239
As you think back to what you did on the evening of Dec. 31, 2016 you are accessing your
A)declarative memory
B)episodic memory
C)semantic memory
D)procedural memory
E)explicit memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 240Q 240
Let's say that you and your friends are playing a board game where you have to answer questions. It's your turn and the question is, "What's the capital of Turkey?" To answer this correctly, you must access your
A)declarative memory
B)episodic memory
C)semantic memory
D)procedural memory
E)explicit memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 241Q 241
As you pick up your guitar and start to play a song, you need to access your
A)declarative memory
B)episodic memory
C)semantic memory
D)procedural memory
E)explicit memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 242Q 242
While having a coffee at Tim Horton's, a friend suggests a new book you should read. Later that day you are at the bookstore and go to buy the book. But you cannot remember the title. As you leave, you walk by the Tim Horton's and the title comes back to you. This illustrates the principle of
A)memory decay
B)explicit recall
C)mood congruency
D)retroactive decay
E)encoding specificity
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 243Q 243
Students often report that they do better on exams if they write in the same room where they had the class. If this is true, it probably reflects
A)mood congruency
B)explicit recall
C)encoding specificity
D)procedural memory
E)a trace effect
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 244Q 244
You make an appointment for your car next week. But when the time comes, you forget all about it. This is a failure in
A)retrospective memory
B)prospective memory
C)semantic memory
D)misinformation
E)recognition
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 245Q 245
A friend asks you to give him a call later. He would like to go out to dinner. But when dinnertime comes around, you realize that you forgot about it as you eat a burger at fast food chain. This reflects a failure in
A)retrospective memory
B)semantic memory
C)recognition
D)encoding specificity
E)prospective memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 246Q 246
Consider the following two lists: 1. car, sofa, tree; 2. honour, truth, justice. The first list should be easier to remember in part because
A)it is likely to have deeper processing
B)it has lower levels of interference
C)it is not an associative network
D)it can be dual coded
E)it is less effortful
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 247Q 247
Professor Shriffrin is trying to study the contents of iconic memory. Which of the following techniques would you suggest that he use?
A)maintenance rehearsal
B)priming
C)partial report
D)proactive interference
E)serial position
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 248Q 248
Professor Carney is conducting a memory study using a technique called partial report. What is she researching?
A)iconic memory in sensory store
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)the serial position effect
E)priming
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 249Q 249
There is a really important concept that Felix has to learn for the upcoming exam. In order to remember it the best, you would suggest that he use
A)phonological encoding
B)interference
C)priming rehearsal
D)maintenance rehearsal
E)elaborative rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 250Q 250
Professor Carney is conducting a memory study using a technique called priming. What is she researching?
A)Iconic memory in sensory store
B)Short-term memory
C)Long-term memory
D)The serial position effect
E)State-dependent memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 251Q 251
Professor Anderson is conducting a memory study. Participants learn a word list and then they have to wait 30 seconds before trying to recall the list. During the 30 seconds, participants have to count backwards by three's. What is she researching?
A)Iconic memory in sensory store
B)State dependent memory
C)The serial position effect
D)Surface encoding
E)Priming
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 252Q 252
Professor Lee is conducting a memory study for word lists and wants to prevent a recency effect. What should he do?
A)Delay recall and prevent rehearsal.
B)Give people more time to focus before recall at the end of the list.
C)Present the list at a very fast rate.
D)Move people to a different room for recall.
E)There is no way to prevent a recency effect.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 253Q 253
If you had to remember a series of words, which of the following techniques would be the best?
A)Maintenance encoding
B)Phonological encoding
C)Structural encoding
D)Semantic encoding
E)Surface encoding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 254Q 254
You are off to the grocery store and need to buy 20 items. Unfortunately you could not write them down and must remember them on your own. Which of the following strategies will help you remember the list?
A)Interference
B)Chunking
C)Structural encoding
D)Maintenance rehearsal
E)Focus on primacy
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 255Q 255
Don dove into a swimming pool and hit his head in the side. He suffered a concussion and now he cannot remember anything that happened just before he took the dive. Don is suffering from
A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference
E)memory decay
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 256Q 256
Your friend Paulo was in a car crash and when you asked him what happened he could not remember anything immediately before the crash. Paulo is suffering from
A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference
E)memory decay
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 257Q 257
Your friend Paulo was in a car crash and when you asked him what happened he could not remember anything immediately after the crash. Paulo is suffering from
A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference
E)memory decay
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 258Q 258
Your friend Paulo was in a car crash and when you asked him what happened he could not remember anything at all about the crash. Rather than amnesia, Paulo could be displaying
A)interference
B)decay
C)proactive memory loss
D)repression
E)retroactive memory loss
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 259Q 259
Don dove into a swimming pool and hit his head in the side. He suffered a concussion and damaged his hippocampus. Now he cannot remember anything that happened after he woke up. Don is suffering from
A)retrograde amnesia
B)anterograde amnesia
C)proactive interference
D)retroactive interference
E)memory decay
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 260Q 260
You are watching the TV game show "Jeopardy." Contestants are asked to answer a number of factual statements with a question. To play the game, contestants must access
A)declarative memory
B)short-term memory
C)state-dependent memory
D)procedural memory
E)explicit memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 261Q 261
Dr. Loftus is running an experiment looking at declarative memory. You are not sure exactly what she is looking at, but it could be either
A)episodic or procedural memory
B)episodic or semantic memory
C)implicit or procedural memory
D)explicit or state-dependent memory
E)semantic or flashbulb memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 262Q 262
Interference and amnesia both involve forgetting information. The difference is that
A)interference involves decay while amnesia does not
B)interference is always proactive while amnesia is retroactive
C)interference is due to retrieval failure and amnesia is typically due to trauma
D)in amnesia the memory is repressed but in interference it is not
E)amnesia is due to dementia while interference is not
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 263Q 263
You observe a person in the lab trying to recall some information. He is not able to do so. The experimenter says that it is do to forgetting, but She is not sure if it is an effect of interference or the result of amnesia. Which of the following would help you to decide?
A)If recognition was used as well as recall
B)If the interference was retroactive
C)If the method of loci was used
D)If there was some kind of trauma
E)If the interference was proactive
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 264Q 264
You have forgotten about some incident that occurred several years ago. It was very troubling to you. Rather than having amnesia, your psychoanalyst suggests that this is really a case of
A)dementia
B)memory trace decay
C)interference
D)repression
E)the action of false retrieval cues
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 265Q 265
Primacy is to recency as
A)interference is to decay
B)icon is to echo
C)episodic is to semantic
D)proactive is to retroactive
E)long-term memory is to short-term memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 266Q 266
You are running a study on the serial position effect in your lab. You decide to introduce a 30 second delay at the start of the word list and have participants count backwards by threes. Then they are presented with a list of 30 words to remember. Recall takes place immediately. This procedure should reduce or remove the
A)primacy effect
B)recency effect
C)episodic memory
D)source confusion effect
E)nothing-the delay needs to be at the end of the list to have an effect
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 267Q 267
You are running a study on the serial position effect in your lab. You decide to introduce a 30 second delay at the end of the word list and have participants count backwards by three's. Then they are asked to recall the word list. This procedure should reduce or remove the
A)primacy effect
B)recency effect
C)episodic effect
D)source confusion effect
E)icon effect
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 268Q 268
Which of the following would be the best example of procedural memory?
A)Your ability to recall the capital of Italy
B)Your ability to recall what you did last night
C)Your ability to recall how to drive a car
D)Your ability to recognize if a word had been presented before
E)Your ability to answer this question correctly
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 269Q 269
If you suddenly lost your procedural memory, which of the following would you no longer be able to do?
A)Recall the capital of Italy
B)Recognize if a word had been presented before
C)Recall what you did last night
D)Recall how to drive a car
E)Recall factual information about psychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 270Q 270
Which of the following would be the best example of episodic memory?
A)Your ability to recall the capital of Italy
B)Your ability to recall what you did last night
C)Your ability to recall how to drive a car
D)Your ability to recognize if a word had been presented before
E)Your ability to answer this question correctly
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 271Q 271
If you suddenly lost your episodic memory, which of the following would you no longer be able to do?
A)Recall the capital of Italy
B)Recognize if a word had been presented before
C)Recall what you did last night
D)Recall how to drive a car
E)Recall factual information about psychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 272Q 272
Which of the following would be the best example of semantic memory?
A)Your ability to recall the capital of Italy
B)Your ability to recall what you did last night
C)Your ability to recall how to drive a car
D)Your ability to avoid priming
E)Your ability to recognize if someone is riding a bike properly
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 273Q 273
If you suddenly lost your semantic memory, which of the following would you no longer be able to do?
A)Recall the capital of Italy
B)Recognize if a word had been presented before
C)Recall what you did last night
D)Recall how to drive a car
E)Become consciously aware of memory races
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 274Q 274
A patient of Dr. Kalif's is suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome. What symptoms would you expect this patient to show?
A)proactive interference
B)dementia
C)repression
D)anterograde amnesia
E)retrograde amnesia
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 275Q 275
A patient of yours is suffering from anterograde amnesia. After taking the medical history, which of the following might you suspect?
A)Alzheimer's disease
B)Korsakoff's syndrome
C)Repression
D)Infantile amnesia
E)Long-term potentiation
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 276Q 276
A patient of Dr. Kalif's is suffering from Alzheimer's disease. What symptoms would you expect this patient to show?
A)Plaques and tangles
B)The misinformation effect
C)Repression
D)Damage to the GABA system
E)A tip-of-the-tongue effect
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 277Q 277
A patient of Dr. Kalif's is suffering from amnesia. Which of the following brain structures might you expect to be damaged?
A)Pons
B)Hypothalamus
C)Hippocampus
D)Occipital lobe
E)Amygdala
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 278Q 278
A patient of yours seems to have lost her short-term memory due to an accident. She is not able to retain new information for more than a minute or two. Which of the following brain structures might you expect top be damaged?
A)Pons
B)Hippocampus
C)Hypothalamus
D)Occipital lobe
E)Amygdala
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 279Q 279
Dr. Patrick works for a drug company. She is trying to develop a drug that will enhance memory by enhancing long-term potentiation. Which of the following chemicals should she target?
A)GABA
B)Acetylcholine
C)Dopamine
D)Norepinephrine
E)Glutamate
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 280Q 280
You are testing a patient in a lab. You notice that your patient has the most difficulty with procedural memory, in particular the learning of a conditioned response. Thus, you suspect damage to the
A)cerebellum
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)hypothalamus
E)pons
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 281Q 281
A patient of yours has some memory problems. But the problems are very specific-- he can not seem to remember how to drive a car. He also has problems on classical conditioning tasks. You suspect that there may be damage to the
A)Corpus callosum
B)Hippocampus
C)Cerebellum
D)Parietal lobe
E)Frontal cortex
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 282Q 282
Dr. Sampson noted that a patient of his had damage to the amygdala. What kind of memory problems would you expect?
A)encoding procedural memories
B)encoding and decoding of emotional memories
C)decoding of semantic memory
D)a lack of procedural memory
E)poor episodic memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 283Q 283
A patient of yours has some memory problems. But the problems are very specific-- he can not seem to encode or decode emotional memories. You suspect that there may be damage to the
A)corpus callosum
B)amygdala
C)hippocampus
D)frontal cortex
E)parietal lobe
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 284Q 284
A patient of yours has some memory problems. But the problems are very specific-- he can not seem to remember factual knowledge. You suspect that there may be damage to any of the following areas EXECPT
A)the frontal cortex
B)the hippocampus
C)the thalamus
D)the amygdala
E)all of these may be involved in factual memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 285Q 285
As you try to remember all of the types of long-term memory, you decide to use a mnemonic device. You take each type of memory and visualize it in a different place in your house. You are using
A)the method of placement
B)the method of acronyms
C)the method of loci
D)the method of partial report
E)the method of chunking
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 286Q 286
As you try to remember all of the types of long-term memory, you decide to use a mnemonic device. You take each type of memory and visualize it in a different place in your house. You are using _____, which works due to _______.
A)the method of placement; state-dependent recall
B)the method of loci; decreased memory load
C)the method of tagging; dual coding
D)a memory palace; reducing retrieval cues
E)the method of loci; dual coding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 287Q 287
As you try to remember all of the types of long-term memory, you decide to use a mnemonic device. You take each type of memory and visualize it in a different place in your house. You are using ______, which takes advantage of ______.
A)the method of placement; geographical memory
B)the method of acronyms; rhyming
C)the method of loci; dual coding
D)the method of partial report; visual search
E)the method of chunking; semantic cues
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 288Q 288
A friend tells you that he really wants to do well on his next test and asks you for some study tips. All of the following would be good ideas EXCEPT
A)use elaborative rehearsal
B)link new information to material already in memory
C)use imagery
D)use massed rather than distributed practice
E)overlearn the material
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 289Q 289
Emile, Troy and Zhang were each given a list of 500 words to memorize. Emile was asked look at a word and write down three associations for each. Troy was asked to look at a word and write down one association for each. Zhang was asked to simply look at the words. Who would you expect to recall the most words from the list?
A)Emile who was first given her list of associations for each word
B)Troy who was first given his list of associations for each word
C)Zhang who simply recalled the list
D)Emile, but only is she was first given Troy's list of associations
E)Troy, but only if he was first given Emile's list of associations
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Q 290Q 290
A friend tells you that he really wants to do well on his next test and asks you for some study tips. A good suggestion according to the text is to
A)use maintenance rehearsal
B)use imagery
C)use massed practice
D)do not overlearn the material
E)try to avoid linking new material to in formation already in memory
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Multiple Choice
Q 291Q 291
Individuals who reported recovered memories of alien abduction showed __________ in a lab situation.
A)faulty source monitoring
B)increased arousal
C)hippocampal activity
D)false recall
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Q 301Q 301
How effectively do maintenance and elaborative rehearsal process information into long-term memory?
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Q 307Q 307
Use the concepts of declarative versus procedural memory, and explicit versus implicit memory, to explain the pattern of H.M.'s amnesia.
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Q 311Q 311
Explain how context-dependent and state-dependent memory illustrate the encoding specificity principle.
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Q 312Q 312
Identify practical principles of encoding and retrieval that can be used to enhance memory.
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Q 313Q 313
Describe Ebbinghaus's "forgetting curve" and factors that contributed to his rapid, substantial forgetting.
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Q 314Q 314
Identify encoding, storage, retrieval, and motivational processes that have been hypothesized to contribute to forgetting.
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Q 315Q 315
Describe the nature and some possible causes of retrograde, anterograde, and infantile amnesia.
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Q 316Q 316
How do Bartlett's research and studies of boundary extension illustrate memory construction?
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Q 318Q 318
Are younger and older children equally susceptible to misinformation effects and equally accurate in recalling traumatic events? Describe some evidence.
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Q 319Q 319
Do people ever forget traumatic personal events? Why are recovered memories and repression controversial topics?
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Q 321Q 321
What major roles do the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, thalamus, amygdala, and cerebellum play in memory?
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Q 322Q 322
Explain how research on long-term potentiation has led to a better understanding of how memories are formed.
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Q 323Q 323
Describe the research by Schacter and his colleagues in examining the neuroscience of retrieving accurate versus fabricated memories.
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Q 324Q 324
What is sensory memory? Describe the experimental design used by George Sperling to measure the iconic store and summarize his results. Besides the iconic store, what is the other major sensory register and how long does it typically last compared to the iconic store?
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Q 325Q 325
Discuss the limitations of short-term memory and describe two ways that they can be overcome. Why is short-term memory sometimes called "working memory" and, according to Alan Baddeley, what are four different components of working memory?
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Q 326Q 326
Describe the serial position effect and its two separate components. Discuss the specific structural components of memory that are responsible for it.
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Q 327Q 327
Define and differentiate between the following ways of encoding information: 1) automatic processing and effortful processing and 2) structural encoding, phonological encoding, and semantic encoding. Provide an example of each construct.
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Q 328Q 328
Assume a friend of yours is having trouble learning and remembering information for one of his/her college classes. Given what you have learned in this course, offer four techniques or things he/she can do to improve long-term memory and academic learning.
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Q 329Q 329
What are schemas and how are they related to expert knowledge. Illustrate their relation by discussing the research conducted with novice and expert chess players.
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Q 330Q 330
Define and discriminate between an associative network model and a neural network model of memory. What is meant by the term "priming" and to which of these two models does it apply? Explain how each model would account for the appearance of a particular word in the mind.
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Q 331Q 331
What is the encoding specificity principle and how is it demonstrated in the following memory phenomenon: state-dependent memory, mood-congruent memory, and context-dependent memory? For each type of memory, give an example demonstrating how it functions.
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Q 332Q 332
What kinds of factors serve to create inaccuracies in memory or forgetting? In your answer, discuss the relevance of the misinformation effect and source confusion. How does this information relate to your opinion of the eyewitness testimony?
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Q 333Q 333
Discuss the functions of the following brain regions with regard to human memory: the hippocampus, the cerebral cortex, the amygdala, and the cerebellum.
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Q 335Q 335
Discuss the various components and subcomponents of long-term memory giving examples of each of the various subcomponents.
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Q 336Q 336
Discuss the approach Ebbinghaus took to the study of forgetting. In your answer be sure to describe stimuli and methods he used and his classic finding.
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Q 337Q 337
Explain the difference between anterograde, retrograde, and infantile amnesia. For each address its possible causes.
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Q 338Q 338
Discuss the encoding, storage, retrieval and motivational processes that are related to forgetting.
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Q 340Q 340
The "central executive" is a control process that is thought to be part of long-term memory.
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Q 341Q 341
The recency effect appears to be a result of the early transfer of information into long-term memory.
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Q 342Q 342
Maintenance rehearsal is usually more effective than elaborative rehearsal for transferring information to long-term memory storage.
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Q 343Q 343
Research indicates that it is easier to recall information that has been organized into a hierarchy. This result is most likely because memory is enhanced by making associations between concepts.
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Q 344Q 344
In comparison to novice chess players, expert chess players possess schemas that allow them to recall more randomly placed chess pieces.
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Q 345Q 345
The neural network approach to memory assumes that a node in a network is physical in nature and that it does not contain an individual unit of information.
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Q 347Q 347
Contradicting conventional wisdom, research has revealed that flashbulb memories are not as accurate as people usually think they are.
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Q 348Q 348
Your ability to remember information better when you study in a classroom (versus in the library) would be an example of state dependent memory.
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Q 349Q 349
Sir Frederick Bartlett's research on people's memories of a Native American story called "The War of the Ghosts" demonstrated how schemas can cause people to alter key aspects of a story so that it makes sense to them.
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Q 351Q 351
Long-term potentiation refers to how a neural pathway can be strengthened and activated more easily when it is subjected to rapid bursts of electrical stimulation.
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Q 352Q 352
If a researcher flashes red, yellow and green lights sequentially and asks you to recall the order of the lights you saw, you would be relying on your long-term memory to answer the researcher's question?
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Q 353Q 353
Recency plays an important role in our ability to relying on our memory to recall certain information?
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Q 355Q 355
When two students chat about how bright the sun is during the day time then these students are using their procedural memory?
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Q 356Q 356
When a psychology student is having a hard time recalling information learned in chapter 2 of this textbook because they have learned a lot of material in chapters 3,4,5 and 6 then this is because of a proactive interference?
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Q 357Q 357
When you forget and your forget that you forgot then you're utilizing a defense mechanism called repression.
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Q 359Q 359
Encoding is a process of ____________.
A)translating information into neural code
B)retaining information over time
C)accessing stored information
D)accessing information over time
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Q 360Q 360
Storage is a process of ____________.
A)translating information into neural code
B)retaining information over time
C)accessing information over time
D)encoding information over time
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Q 361Q 361
Retrieval is a process of ____________.
A)translating information into neural code
B)retaining information over time
C)accessing information over time
D)encoding information
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Q 362Q 362
George Sperling attempted to assess the duration of iconic memory by ____________.
A)briefly flashing a display of letters and immediately asking how many letters people could recall
B)asking people to recall different sets of numbers that were simultaneously presented to both ears
C)investigating the accuracy of flashbulb memories
D)measuring how long it took people to add three two-digit numbers in their head
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Q 363Q 363
You are witness to a hit-and-run car accident. Just before the accident you looked directly at the car's license plate. How long can you expect your sensory memory to hold on to that iconic image?
A)A fraction of a second
B)3-5 seconds
C)10-15 seconds
D)30 seconds
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Q 364Q 364
You are a witness to a robbery. Based on research about iconic and echoic store, the time required to recall the face of the robber would be ____________ the time to recall the voice of the robber.
A)shorter than
B)longer than
C)equal to
D)shorter, longer, or equal to
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Q 365Q 365
Most sensory memory is rapidly lost, unless it enters the ______________ memory.
A)generative
B)exception
C)working (short-term)
D)consolidation
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Q 366Q 366
Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ____________.
A)sight is to sound
B)sensation is to perception
C)short-term memory is to long-term memory
D)working memory is to sensory memory
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Q 367Q 367
Because they believe that short-term memory is a system that actively and simultaneously processes different kinds of information and supports other cognitive functions such as problem solving, many modern cognitive memory researchers refer to short-term memory as _____________ memory.
A)procedural
B)echoic
C)working
D)semantic
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Multiple Choice
Q 368Q 368
Working (short-term) memory encodes information as ____________.
A)memory codes
B)mnemonics
C)syllables
D)neurotransmitters
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Q 369Q 369
Memory codes ____________.
A)are matched to the stimulus
B)are matched to the sensory organ
C)are matched to the emotional climate
D)often does not correspond to the form of the original stimulus
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Q 370Q 370
The capacity of ____________ memory is generally agreed to be about five to nine meaningful pieces of information.
A)short-term
B)episodic
C)procedural
D)sensory
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Q 371Q 371
Individual items grouped into larger units of meaning are called ____________.
A)grouping
B)chunking
C)elaborating
D)encoding
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Q 372Q 372
As you are reading this question, you most likely are not storing images of the way the letters and words look. Instead, you are probably using _____________ encoding by saying the words to yourself silently and utilizing _____________ encoding by thinking about their meaning.
A)phonological; visual
B)visual; motor
C)phonological; semantic
D)motor; semantic
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Q 373Q 373
Consider the following two lists of words: List 1) man, mad, cap, can, map; List 2) big, huge, broad, long, tall. When presented with these two lists, research indicates that people usually have more difficulty in accurately remembering List 1, which suggests that the _____________ encoding plays an important role in short-term memory.
A)episodic
B)visual
C)sensory
D)phonological
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Q 374Q 374
Phonological code is to semantic code as ____________.
A)primacy effect is to recency effect
B)echoic store is to iconic store
C)sound is to meaning
D)implicit is to explicit
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Multiple Choice
Q 375Q 375
The duration of short-term memory is approximately ____________.
A)a fraction of a second
B)5 seconds
C)20 seconds
D)1 minute
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Q 376Q 376
One Friday evening you meet that "special someone" for whom you have been searching your whole life. The person gives you a phone number, but you have no pen to write it down. In your excited state you are unable to rehearse the phone number in your head. How long can you expect your short-term memory to remember the number?
A)less than 10 seconds
B)20 seconds
C)5 minutes
D)at least 24 hours
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Multiple Choice
Q 377Q 377
If you were to add the numbers 26 and 41 in your head, it is assumed that you would be doing this in your _____________ memory.
A)episodic
B)long-term
C)sensory
D)working
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Q 378Q 378
According to the psychologist Alan Baddeley, working memory is divided into which of the following four components?
A)Sensory, episodic, short-term, and long-term memory
B)Episodic, semantic, procedural, and sensory memory
C)Phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and central executive
D)Encoding, storage, semantic, and retrieval
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Q 379Q 379
Auditory memory, episodic buffer, visuospatial memory, and a control process called the central executive are all thought to be important components of the _____________ memory.
A)sensory
B)working
C)semantic
D)long-term
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Multiple Choice
Q 380Q 380
You are stuck in traffic and start to think of alternative routes that you could take home. A modern cognitive memory researcher would most likely say that you are using which of the following types of memory?
A)The iconic memory
B)The visuospatial sketchpad
C)The phonological loop
D)The central executive
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Q 381Q 381
Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the phonological loop?
A)You have just met someone for the first time and you mentally repeat the person's name to yourself several times.
B)While imagining her next performance, an athlete retrieves images of previous successful competitions from long-term memory.
C)A child is working on a jigsaw puzzle and deciding whether a specific piece will fit in a particular place or not.
D)You are stuck in traffic and you use your knowledge of the street layout to take a shortcut.
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Q 382Q 382
The component of working memory that provides a temporary storage place where information from the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are integrated is called the _____________ component.
A)sensory
B)central executive
C)flashbulb
D)episodic buffer
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Q 383Q 383
If you were asked the geographic relationship between your school and Norway, you would likely retrieve a mental world map for use in the _______________ to derive your answer.
A)phonological loop
B)visuospatial sketchpad
C)iconic store system
D)echoic store system
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Q 384Q 384
Assume that you have been asked to imagine a skier skiing quickly down a mountain. Your ____________ would be responsible for storing and temporarily manipulating this image, whereas your ____________ would allocate the proper amount of attention to this task and allow you to retrieve an image of a skier from your long-term memory and incorporate it into your current visualization.
A)phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad
B)central executive; visuospatial sketchpad
C)visuospatial sketchpad; central executive
D)visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop
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Q 385Q 385
The capacity of _____________ memory appears to be unlimited.
A)working
B)long-term
C)sensory
D)iconic
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Q 386Q 386
When taking an exam, you need to retrieve information from ____________ memory to answer the questions.
A)sensory
B)short-term
C)long-term
D)evaluative
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Q 387Q 387
People's tendency to remember words at the beginning and end of a list better than words presented in the middle of the list is called the ____________.
A)primacy effect
B)serial position effect
C)state-dependent memory
D)recency effect
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Multiple Choice
Q 388Q 388
With regard to the serial position effect, the primacy effect refers to the superior recall of words presented at/in the _________________ of the list.
A)beginning and end
B)end
C)middle
D)beginning
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Multiple Choice
Q 389Q 389
The superior recall for words presented at the end of a list is the result of the _____________ effect.
A)primacy
B)encoding
C)recency
D)structural
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Multiple Choice
Q 390Q 390
Assume that you are presented with a list of 15 random words. Immediately after the list has been presented, you are asked to recall as many words as you can. Research has shown that you will tend to remember words presented ____________.
A)in the middle the best
B)at the beginning and at the end better than words presented in the middle
C)at the end much better than words presented in the middle or at the beginning
D)in the beginning much better than words presented in the middle or at the end
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Multiple Choice
Q 391Q 391
Words at the end of a list are typically remembered better than words presented in the middle. This is known as the _________________ effect and it presumably happens because the last few words on the list remain in the ________________ memory.
A)serial position; sensory
B)recency; long-term
C)primacy; short-term
D)recency; short-term
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Multiple Choice
Q 392Q 392
The recency effect is thought to occur because words at the end of the list ____________.
A)are rehearsed more and are more likely to be stored in long-term memory
B)are not bumped out of working memory by additional information
C)receive more maintenance rehearsal than words in the middle and beginning of the list
D)are more deeply processed than words in the middle and beginning of the list
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Multiple Choice
Q 393Q 393
Although the ____________ effect is thought to be a result of the early transfer of information to long-term memory, the ___________ effect appears to be a result of information remaining in short-term memory.
A)serial position; primacy
B)recency; serial position
C)recency; primacy
D)primacy; recency
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Multiple Choice
Q 394Q 394
The serial position effect predicts _____________ between the serial position of a word in a list and the likelihood that the word will be recalled.
A)a positive correlation
B)a negative correlation
C)a U-shaped relation
D)an inverted U-shaped relation
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Multiple Choice
Q 395Q 395
A psychology student is playing a memory game with some friends, seeing ten displayed items for a few seconds, and then recalling the names of the items. When it is the student's turn to recall the items, the student is unable to recall three of the ten items. Which memory system did the three unrecalled items not go past?
A)Iconic store
B)Visual store
C)Echoic store
D)Short-term store
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Multiple Choice
Q 396Q 396
When learning math tables for a test the following day, a student repeats the tables to themselves, applying a process known as __________.
A)elaborative rehearsal
B)maintenance rehearsal
C)numeric rehearsal
D)mental rehearsal
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Multiple Choice
Q 397Q 397
When studying the sections of a chapter, Susan notices that her best recall is of the sections she studies last. Her recall of the information learnt just before testing herself is known as the __________ effect.
A)primacy
B)recency
C)episodic buffer
D)scholar's amnesia
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Multiple Choice
Q 398Q 398
A professor emphasizes that his students should pay attention to the meaning of the information in the textbooks, and how the information is related to our lives, instead of just repeating the information without understanding it much. The professor is encouraging his students to practice __________ rehearsal.
A)maintenance
B)elaborative
C)structural
D)phonological
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Multiple Choice
Q 399Q 399
The intentional processing of information that requires conscious attention is called ________________ processing.
A)sensory
B)effortful
C)implicit memory
D)automatic
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Multiple Choice
Q 400Q 400
Making a grocery list and taking notes for a class are both examples of ____________, which refers to encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention.
A)effortful processing
B)automatic processing
C)maintenance rehearsal
D)state-dependent memory
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Multiple Choice
Q 401Q 401
Even though you paid little attention to and did not intentionally try to encode how many times your psychology professor has worn a particular shirt, you can recall that he has worn that shirt five times this semester. This type of encoding information without intention is called ____________.
A)effortful processing
B)procedural memory
C)automatic processing
D)maintenance rehearsal
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Multiple Choice
Q 402Q 402
Information about frequency, spatial location, and sequence of events often enters memory through _____________ processing.
A)generative
B)consolidated
C)automatic
D)primacy
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Q 403Q 403
Your friend tells you about a great new restaurant at which she ate. When you hear the name, you recall seeing the restaurant and are fairly sure of the location. This memory is retrieved despite that fact that you were not trying to remember anything about the restaurant. The name and location of this restaurant were stored in the long-term memory via _____________ processing.
A)automatic
B)effortful
C)generative
D)passive
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Multiple Choice
Q 404Q 404
Incidental information that gets stored in memory is referred to as _____________, whereas the encoding of memories that are intentionally initiated and occur through conscious attention is referred to as _______________.
A)effortful processing; elaborative rehearsal
B)elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
C)deep processing; automatic processing
D)automatic processing; effortful processing
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Multiple Choice
Q 405Q 405
If I were to ask you whether the word "force" rhymed with the word "course," to make this distinction you would have to use ________________ encoding, a method of processing that is considered to be less "deep" than/as semantic encoding.
A)structural
B)motor
C)visual
D)phonological
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Multiple Choice
Q 406Q 406
According to the depth of processing model, semantic encoding involves the deepest processing because it requires us to attend to the ________________ the information being encoded.
A)sound of
B)physical form of
C)details associated with
D)meaning of
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Multiple Choice
Q 407Q 407
According to the levels-of-processing model, you could study for a test most effectively by
A)looking at the shape of important words
B)listening to the sounds of important words
C)thinking about the meaning of important words
D)memorizing the text
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Multiple Choice
Q 408Q 408
Your roommate decides to try different studying strategies for each of his three classes. In Art History 101, he focuses on the beautiful handwriting of his instructor. In Spanish 101, he focuses on the melodious voice of his instructor. In Philosophy 101, he focuses on the thought-provoking arguments presented by his instructor. According to the depth of processing model, in which class should he get the best grade?
A)Art History
B)Spanish
C)Philosophy
D)No differences would be predicted based on the strategies
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Multiple Choice
Q 409Q 409
Which of the following forms of rehearsals is more effective for transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
A)Maintenance rehearsal
B)Elaborative rehearsal
C)Maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal are equally effective.
D)Neither maintenance rehearsal nor elaborative rehearsal are effective.
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Multiple Choice
Q 410Q 410
Your roommate is struggling in school because she simply reads over the text and expects that it will "sink in." The problem is that _____________ rehearsal is a poor strategy for transferring information to long-term memory.
A)maintenance
B)elaborative
C)generative
D)repetitive
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Multiple Choice
Q 411Q 411
Your new strategy for studying seems to be working well. You first go through the lecture notes and textbook readings, decide which information is the most important, and then highlight it. Then you go back and try to relate the highlighted information to your own life. This strategy is probably effective because it uses _____________ rehearsal.
A)maintenance
B)generative
C)elaborative
D)constructive
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Multiple Choice
Q 412Q 412
To take advantage of the principle that memory is enhanced by associations between concepts and improves our understanding of how diverse elements are related, material is organized _____________.
A)episodically
B)procedurally
C)hierarchically
D)phonetically
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Multiple Choice
Q 413Q 413
Chunking is thought to be an effective memory-enhancing technique because it _______________ the total amount of information that we have to keep active in ________________.
A)increases; long-term memory
B)increases; short-term memory
C)increases; sensory memory
D)decreases; short-term memory
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Multiple Choice
Q 414Q 414
According to the __________ when information is encoded using both verbal and visual encoding, it is more likely that at least one of the codes will be available later to facilitate recall.
A)decay theory
B)encoding specificity principle
C)dual coding theory
D)levels of processing model
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Multiple Choice
Q 415Q 415
The method of loci is a memory-enhancing technique based on _________________ and it is consistent with the assumptions of _________________ theory.
A)imagery; dual coding
B)chunking; dual coding
C)hierarchies; encoding specificity
D)acronyms; encoding specificity
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Multiple Choice
Q 416Q 416
When you receive your midterm results and start to attach a meaning to your high score, you are employing which type of processing?
A)Automatic
B)Elaborative
C)Maintenance
D)Imagery
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Multiple Choice
Q 417Q 417
If you try to remember the lobes of the cortex by associating each one with a location in your house, you would be using the ____________.
A)method of retrieval
B)"house trick"
C)method of loci
D)"one is a bun" method
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Multiple Choice
Q 418Q 418
A mnemonic device is a ____________.
A)location in working memory
B)location in long-term storage
C)memory aid
D)tool for examining the neural basis of memory
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Multiple Choice
Q 419Q 419
Sarah is trying to learn the difference between "Principal" and "Principle." She devices a method to differentiate between the two words: "Your principal is your pal. A rule can be called a principle." Sarah is using __________.
A)chunking
B)visual imagery
C)mnemonic devices
D)hierarchies
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Multiple Choice
Q 420Q 420
Dual coding theory proposes that we encode information by using which types of codes?
A)Verbal and chunking
B)Mnemonic and imagery
C)Verbal and imagery
D)Chunking and hierarchies
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Multiple Choice
Q 421Q 421
An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world, such as people, events, situations, or objects is a ____________.
A)memory trace
B)schema
C)retrieval cue
D)procedural memory
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Multiple Choice
Q 422Q 422
You have certain expectations about what a class is like and what is appropriate behaviour in the classroom. This would suggest that you have a ____________ for classes.
A)concept map
B)schema
C)conditioned response
D)perceptual predisposition
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Multiple Choice
Q 423Q 423
Expert knowledge can be viewed as a process of developing ____________.
A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)schemas
D)problems
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Multiple Choice
Q 424Q 424
Research with expert and novice chess players by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973) revealed that experts were able to accurately recall the placement of more chess pieces than novices after a 5-second glance when the ____________.
A)pieces were arranged meaningfully
B)experts were allowed to use maintenance rehearsal
C)pieces were arranged hierarchically
D)pieces were arranged randomly
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 425Q 425
Because expert chess players use _______________ more effectively than novice chess players, they can more accurately recall meaningful arrangements of pieces after viewing these arrangements for just a few seconds.
A)maintenance rehearsal
B)maintenance and chunking
C)schemas and chunking
D)elaborative rehearsal
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 426Q 426
A study conducted by William Chase and Herbert Simon (1973) demonstrated that experts had superior recall than novices for the placement of chess pieces when the pieces were placed meaningfully on the board. However, this difference disappeared when the pieces were placed randomly, explaining the concept of _____________.
A)proactive and retroactive interference
B)maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
C)visuospatial and auditory working memory
D)schemas and chunking
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 427Q 427
A student includes some outdoor games when packing for a picnic to a park. The student is using __________ of/for a picnic when doing so.
A)concept
B)logic
C)reasoning
D)schema
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 428Q 428
Some memory theorists propose that memory can be represented as being similar to a massive system of linked ideas and concepts known as a(n)____________.
A)mnemonic device
B)implicit memory
C)associative network
D)flashbulb picture
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 429Q 429
The theory that suggests that there is a single node associated with each concept in memory is called the ________________ network theory.
A)associative
B)neural
C)distributive
D)parallel
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 430Q 430
The approach that suggests that a pattern of node activation is associated with each concept in memory is called ________________ networks.
A)associative
B)neural
C)perpendicular
D)hierarchical
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 431Q 431
Associative network theories are to ____________ as neural network theories are to _____________.
A)individual nodes; pattern of activation
B)pattern of activation; individual nodes
C)spreading; closing
D)closing; spreading
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 432Q 432
From the perspective of associative networks, your ability to think of the colour orange is likely associated with ____________.
A)one node
B)a pattern of nodes
C)a pattern of neurons
D)one neuron
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 433Q 433
From the perspective of neural networks, your ability to think of the concept "cheeseburger" is likely associated with ____________.
A)the activation of one node
B)the activation of a pattern of nodes
C)an absence of priming
D)the excitation of one neuron
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 434Q 434
Priming occurs when the activation of one node ____________.
A)leads to more self-activation
B)leads to a stronger response by the node
C)spreads the activation to related nodes
D)is greater than the activation of any other node
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 435Q 435
The notion of parallel processing is most strongly associated with _____________.
A)implicit memory
B)mood congruent recall
C)the levels of processing
D)neural networks
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 436Q 436
A memory researcher claims that a concept such as "dog" is triggered by the simultaneous firing of nodes #8, #47, and #123 in a network, but if node #8 is simultaneously triggered with nodes #9 and #301, an entirely different concept appears in the mind. The views of this researcher are most consistent with the ____________.
A)dual coding theory of memory
B)associative network theory of memory
C)state-dependence theory of memory
D)neural network theory of memory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 437Q 437
The model that asserts that a node in a memory network consists of an idea, a word, or a concept is the _________________ model, whereas the model that argues that a node is physical in nature and does not contain individual units of information is called the ____________ model.
A)associative network; dual-coding
B)dual-coding; associative network
C)associative network; neural network
D)neural network; dual-coding
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 438Q 438