Question 1

Research on the relationship between physiological arousal and performance has determined that

Accepted Answer

The correct answers are C and D, which are combined in choice E. This is based on the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which suggests that there is an optimal level of arousal for peak performance; too little or too much arousal can decrease performance. Additionally, the optimal level of arousal varies depending on the complexity of the task, with simpler tasks requiring higher arousal for optimal performance and complex tasks requiring lower levels of arousal.

Question 2

Kinsey initially conceptualized sexual orientation as

Accepted Answer

Kinsey introduced the idea of sexual orientation as a continuum, famously known as the Kinsey scale, which ranges from 0 (exclusively heterosexual) to 6 (exclusively homosexual), rather than a binary or fixed category.

Question 3

Which of the following is not one the phases of Masters' and Johnson's sexual response cycle?

Accepted Answer

Masters and Johnson's sexual response cycle includes four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. "Arousal" is not one of the phases they identified; it is often considered synonymous with or a component of the excitement phase.

Question 4

Results from a lie detector test typically are not admissible in court. Why?

Accepted Answer

Lie detectors, also known as polygraphs, measure physiological responses (like heart rate, blood pressure, and perspiration) that are believed to change when a person is lying. However, these physiological responses can vary for reasons other than lying, making it inaccurate to claim that lie detectors directly detect lies. They do not directly measure truthfulness; instead, they monitor physical indicators that might be associated with deceptive behavior.

Question 5

In motivational conflict, ________________ conflict is when you have to choose between two attractive alternatives, whereas _________________ conflict is when you are both attracted and repelled by the same goal.

Accepted Answer

Approach-approach conflict involves choosing between two desirable outcomes, while approach-avoidance conflict involves a single goal that has both appealing and unappealing aspects.

Question 6

Research conducted by April Fallon and Paul Rozin (1985) demonstrated that college women ______________ how thin they should be to conform to men's preferences, and that men ______________ how muscular they should be to conform to women's preferences.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research conducted by April Fallon and Paul...

Question 7

Which of the following is FALSE regarding a lie detector?

Accepted Answer

Lie detectors, or polygraphs, do not directly detect lies. Instead, they measure physiological responses such as heart rate, blood pressure, and sweating, which may change when a person is lying. However, these physiological responses can also change due to nervousness, anxiety, or other reasons unrelated to lying, making it inaccurate to say that lie detectors directly detect lies.

Question 8

Richard and Robert are watching a film on public television. The film is of the amputation of an arm. The film evoked pleasure in Richard and disgust in Robert because each boy attached different meaning to the film. Richard, who is studying to become a doctor, interpreted the film in a clinical, detached way. The sight of blood, on the other hand, sickened Robert. Each boy had a different _____________ of the film.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D) cognitive appraisal. This term refers to the process by which individuals interpret and make sense of events or stimuli, leading to emotional reactions based on their personal interpretations. Richard and Robert had different cognitive appraisals of the film, leading to their varied emotional responses.

Question 9

Hull suggested that disruptions to an organism's internal physiological equilibrium, also known as ______________, motivates an organism to behave in a certain way in order to reduce tension. Hull refers to this as ______________.

Accepted Answer

Hull's theory, known as drive theory, posits that disruptions to homeostasis create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that motivate an organism to behave in ways that will reduce the drive, thereby returning the organism to homeostasis.

Question 10

Your roommate loves to debate psychological theories. When discussing emotion he insists that when we encounter an emotional eliciting stimulus, it is the thalamus that sends messages to both the cortex and the body's internal organs. The signal to the cortex is what results in the experience of emotion. Your roommate's arguments are most consistent with which psychological ideas?

Accepted Answer

The Cannon-Bard theory posits that upon encountering an emotional stimulus, the thalamus sends simultaneous signals to the cortex (leading to the conscious experience of emotion) and to the autonomic nervous system (leading to physiological arousal). This is in line with your roommate's argument.

Question 11

Mark is experiencing happiness. If we were to examine Mark's brain with an EEG trace recording, we would most likely find higher activity in

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that positive emotions, such as happiness, are often associated with higher activity in the left hemisphere of the brain. This hemisphere is linked with positive emotional processing and approach-related behavior.

Question 12

____________________ states that women may view their bodies in the same way external viewers do, which can increase their body shame and anxiety, leading to eating disorders.

Accepted Answer

Objectification theory posits that women are often treated as objects to be evaluated and used by others, leading to them internalizing an observer’s perspective on their bodies. This can increase body shame and anxiety, contributing to the development of eating disorders.

Question 13

LeDoux's work on emotions suggests that sensory information arrives at the _____________, where it is then routed to the ____________, which is responsible for labeling the emotion and is also sent to the ____________, which is responsible for coordinating and triggering physiological and behavioural responses to emotionally-arousing stimuli.

Accepted Answer

LeDoux's model of emotion processing suggests that sensory information first arrives at the thalamus, which acts as a relay station. It is then sent to the cortex for processing and labeling of the emotion, and simultaneously, information is sent to the amygdala, which is responsible for triggering the appropriate physiological and behavioral responses.

Question 14

The ______________ would suggest that viewing pornographic material should increase sexual aggression against women because viewers see models acting out aggression. However, the ______________ would suggest that viewing pornography should reduce aggression against women by releasing built up sexual and aggressive impulses.

Accepted Answer

The social learning theory posits that people can learn behaviors through observing others, in this case, suggesting that viewing aggression in pornography could lead to mimicking such behavior. The catharsis principle suggests that engaging with aggressive or sexual content can provide an outlet for these impulses, potentially reducing the likelihood of acting them out in reality.

Question 15

Emotion types (i.e. positive and negative emotions) have been linked to certain large areas of the brain. They are

Accepted Answer

The right hemisphere is generally associated with processing negative emotions, while the left hemisphere is associated with processing positive emotions.

Question 16

According to Maslow's theory, humans are motivated by

Accepted Answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. The top level is self-actualization, which is the realization of personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the fundamental emotional patterns (work by Izard, Tomkins, and Plutchik)?

Accepted Answer

Guilt is not considered one of the fundamental emotional patterns by Izard, Tomkins, and Plutchik, who focus on basic emotions such as anger, fear, disgust, and surprise.

Question 18

A Buddhist exercise suggests that we should breathe in, then breathe out and smile. The act of smiling can actually make you feel happy. This is consistent with

Accepted Answer

The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that facial expressions can influence emotional experiences. Therefore, the act of smiling can lead to feelings of happiness, aligning with this hypothesis.

Question 19

According to Clark Hull's drive theory of motivation, various drives are produced

Accepted Answer

Clark Hull's drive theory of motivation posits that drives are created by physiological disruptions of homeostasis, leading to behavior aimed at restoring balance.

Question 20

A lesion to this brain area will result in a rat that becomes obese.

Accepted Answer

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) is known as the "satiety center" of the brain. A lesion to this area disrupts its normal function of signaling when the body has had enough food, leading to overeating and obesity in rats.

Quiz 11: Motivation and Emotion