Question 1

If you have five people competing as one team in a tug-of-war contest, their combined effort level is likely to be ________.

Accepted Answer

In a team setting like a tug-of-war contest, the combined effort is often less than the sum of individual abilities due to social loafing, where individuals exert less effort when working in a group compared to when working alone.

Question 2

A meta-analysis of 60 different studies examining the possible causal mechanisms of deindividuation revealed that _____________ was the primary factor that disinhibited behaviour.

Accepted Answer

Anonymity to outsiders is a key factor in deindividuation, as it reduces accountability and increases the likelihood of disinhibited behavior by making individuals feel less identifiable.

Question 3

The way in which the average opinion of groups of like-minded individuals tends to become more extreme when they discuss an issue follows the principle of group _______________.

Accepted Answer

The principle is known as group polarization, which describes the phenomenon where discussions within a group lead to the adoption of more extreme positions or attitudes towards an issue than the members initially held individually.

Question 4

You are conducting a conformity experiment patterned after the one utilized by Solomon Asch. Under which of the following conditions would you expect conformity to be the highest? When ________.

Accepted Answer

Conformity tends to increase with the size of the group up to a point, but having more than three or four people does not significantly increase conformity. Solomon Asch's experiments showed that conformity increased with group size up to four, after which the rate of conformity leveled off. Therefore, having four people in the group (option A) is likely to result in higher conformity compared to having only three people or when there's a dissenter, which actually decreases conformity. Additionally, people from individualistic cultures are less likely to conform compared to those from collectivist cultures, making option C less likely to result in the highest conformity.

Question 5

An employee works at an electronics store, and gets paid commission on the sales made. After selling a digital camera to a customer, the employee convinces the customer to add a memory card, a case, and some other essentials that go with the camera. The employee has used ___________.

Accepted Answer

The foot-in-the-door technique involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up to agree to a modest request. In this scenario, the employee first sells the digital camera (the modest request) and then convinces the customer to buy additional items (the larger request).

Question 6

When a persuader gets you to commit to some action and then-before you actually perform the behaviour-the cost is increased, s/he is using the _________________ technique.

Accepted Answer

The correct technique is called "lowballing." This involves initially presenting a request or deal that seems very appealing and then, after gaining agreement, making the terms less favorable for the person who agreed. This exploits people's desire to remain consistent with their commitments and decisions.

Question 7

According to the text, remaining independent in the face of pressure, being consistent over time, and appearing to maintain an open mind are all factors that are most relevant to ________.

Accepted Answer

These factors are relevant to maximizing minority influence because they help the minority viewpoint to be taken more seriously and considered more carefully by the majority, potentially leading to a change in opinions or behaviors within the group.

Question 8

When presented with Stanley Milgram's experimental design, a group of experts and lay people estimated that approximately 1% of the participants would be completely obedient, but the results from his study indicated that ______ of his male and female participants obeyed the experimenter until the conclusion of the experiment.

Accepted Answer

Milgram's experiment found that about 65% of participants were completely obedient, continuing to administer shocks to the highest level as instructed by the experimenter.

Question 9

The technique that involves an initial large request followed by a smaller request is a(n) __________________ technique.

Accepted Answer

The "door-in-the-face" technique involves making a large request that is expected to be refused, followed by a smaller, more reasonable request. This approach is based on the principle of reciprocity, where the denial of the initial large request creates a sense of obligation to agree to the second, smaller request.

Question 10

Under which of the following conditions would you expect the LEAST likelihood of social loafing? When ________.

Accepted Answer

Social loafing is less likely in all-female groups due to higher levels of relational interdependence among women, which fosters a greater sense of responsibility and effort in group settings.

Question 11

The norm of reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique are similar in that they both ________.

Accepted Answer

Both the norm of reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique are persuasion techniques that can be used to influence or manipulate behavior.

Question 12

Due to the pressures of ___________, Dina starts using drugs like all the other people in her group do.

Accepted Answer

Normative social influence occurs when an individual conforms to gain acceptance or avoid disapproval from their social group. In this scenario, Dina starts using drugs to fit in with her group, which is a classic example of normative social influence.

Question 13

All of the following were mentioned as factors that increase the influence of a minority opinion, EXCEPT when the person with the minority opinion ________.

Accepted Answer

Attractiveness is not typically mentioned as a factor that increases the influence of a minority opinion in social psychology. Factors that do increase influence include consistency over time, independence in the face of majority pressure, and appearing to keep an open mind.

Question 14

The fact that the guards in the Stanford Prison study, who did not know that they were being observed, did not use their actual names, and wore reflective sunglasses that prevented direct eye contact, all suggest that _____________ may have played a key role in producing the results obtained in this experiment.

Accepted Answer

The use of reflective sunglasses, anonymity, and lack of direct eye contact in the Stanford Prison study are factors that contribute to deindividuation, a psychological state where individuals lose their self-awareness and sense of individuality, often leading to behavior that is uncharacteristic or against social norms. This phenomenon likely played a significant role in the behavior of the guards in the experiment.

Question 15

Participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience were first told that the study was about the effect of ________.

Accepted Answer

Milgram's study on obedience was initially described to participants as investigating the effect of punishment on memory, not about obedience to authority figures.

Question 16

Based on the observation that it has been identified by at least two different researchers as being important, which of the following factors that increase the impact of minority opinions may be the most influential factor?

Accepted Answer

Maintaining a consistent opinion over time is often cited by multiple researchers as a key factor in increasing the impact of minority opinions, as it demonstrates confidence and persistence, which can influence the majority.

Question 17

Social loafing is to ______________ as social compensation is to ______________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Social loafing is to ______________ as social...

Question 18

Solomon Asch demonstrated that a substantial percentage of participants conformed to obviously inaccurate line judgements made by several confederates. Follow-up interviews with the participants revealed that ______________________ responsible for these results.

Accepted Answer

Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity demonstrated that both informational and normative social influences were responsible for participants conforming to obviously incorrect judgments. Informational social influence occurs when people conform because they believe the group is better informed than they are, while normative social influence happens when people conform to be liked or accepted by the group.

Question 19

Having an authority figure who is physically close and who is perceived as legitimate are factors that are both most strongly associated with ________.

Accepted Answer

Obedience is most strongly associated with the presence of an authority figure who is physically close and perceived as legitimate, as demonstrated in studies like Milgram's obedience experiments.

Question 20

In the Solomon Asch research paradigm, all of the following factors serve to decrease a person's conformity, EXCEPT the ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the Solomon Asch research paradigm, all...

Quiz 13: Behaviour in a Social Context