Question 1

Frasier is anxious and upset to learn his employer is restructuring and will not be renewing his contract. In the weeks that follow, now unemployed, he begins telling people that losing his job was the best thing that ever happened to him and he's actually happy about it. He claims that he can now finally pursue all of his interests. He begins many large-scale projects that occupy all of his free time. What concept would Freud suggest is relevant for understanding how Frasier actually feels about losing his job?

Accepted Answer

Freud would suggest that denial is relevant for understanding Frasier's reaction. Denial is a defense mechanism where an individual refuses to accept reality or facts, thereby blocking external events from awareness. In this case, Frasier is denying the negative feelings associated with losing his job by insisting it was the best thing for him and immersing himself in new projects.

Question 2

Imagine that you are doing research on attitudes towards pseudoscience (ideas that are not supported by the scientific method but are presented as though they were). You hypothesize there are several underlying dimensions that predict attitudes towards pseudoscience. You choose 50 questions that you think will tap into these underlying dimensions. After collecting some data, what procedure would be best suited to analyze it (given your hypothesis)?

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is the best suited procedure for analyzing data when the hypothesis involves identifying underlying dimensions (factors) that explain patterns in responses, especially in the context of attitudes towards pseudoscience as described.

Question 3

Dr. Vartan shows his client Dallas 12 different pictures and asks him to tell a story about each one. When Dallas has looked at all the cards, the two of them review the stories together, looking for recurrent themes. Dallas has just taken the

Accepted Answer

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) involves showing individuals ambiguous pictures and asking them to tell a story about each one, with the aim of revealing their underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world.

Question 4

In George Kelly's fixed-role therapy, patients:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In George Kelly's fixed-role therapy, patients:
...

Question 5

Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) proposes something that can be referred to as 'if... then...behaviour'. Which phrase best summarizes the circumstances under which behavioural consistency would be predicted by that theory?

Accepted Answer

Mischel's CAPS theory suggests that individuals will display consistent behavior when they encounter similar situations, emphasizing the importance of the interaction between the person and the situation in predicting behavior.

Question 6

Orlando's grandmother asks about the day he brought his new puppy home. Though Orlando was not thinking about that day when Grandmother asked, he is immediately able to recall all the details. The memory of bringing his puppy home has moved from his ___________ to his _______________ memory.

Accepted Answer

The memory was in Orlando's preconscious memory, meaning it was not in his immediate awareness but could be easily accessed and brought into conscious memory when prompted.

Question 7

Elaine is participating in a study. Periodically she receives a text from the research team. She responds to the text by recording exactly what she was doing when she got the text. Elaine is giving a(n)

Accepted Answer

Elaine is providing a remote behavioral sample, which involves recording her actions or behaviors at specific moments when prompted, typically used in studies to gather real-time data on participants' behavior in their natural environments.

Question 8

Fozzie and Waldorf have been friends for a long time. While they've always had some things in common, there is also lots that is different about them. One of those differences is how sociable they tend to be. Fozzie is always looking for things to do with other people, whereas Waldorf tends to prefer spending more time by himself. Fozzie would be considered high on extraversion. According to Eysenck, what driving factor could explain his extraversion?

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's theory suggests that extraversion is influenced by physiological arousal levels, with extraverts seeking social interactions to increase their arousal levels to an optimal point.

Question 9

Bobbi's father was always busy while she was growing up and rarely spent time with her. Bobbi remembers wondering why her father did not love her and thinking that maybe if she went out of her way to do nice things for him he would notice her. She enters therapy because she repeatedly chooses partners who ignore her needs or treat her with disdain, no matter how nice she is to them. Bobbi's therapist points out to Bobbi that she is dating only men who treat her the way her father did, maybe because she hopes they will love her in a way her father never seemed to. To make these interpretations, Bobbi's therapist is relying on

Accepted Answer

Bobbi's therapist is using object relations theory, which suggests that individuals seek out relationships that mirror those they had with their primary caregivers in childhood, in this case, Bobbi seeking partners who treat her similarly to how her father did.

Question 10

Fozzie and Waldorf have been friends for a long time. While they've always had some things in common, there is also lots that is different about them. One of those differences is how sociable they tend to be. Fozzie is always looking for things to do with other people, whereas Waldorf tends to prefer spending more time by himself. Fozzie would be considered high on extraversion. If we wanted to more fully characterize these two individuals according to Eysenck's original theory designed to explain personality, in addition to extraversion, what would we need to measure?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Fozzie and Waldorf have been friends for...

Question 11

Frasier is anxious and upset to learn his employer is restructuring and will not be renewing his contract. In the weeks that follow, now unemployed, he begins telling people that losing his job was the best thing that ever happened to him and he's actually happy about it. He claims that he can now finally pursue all of his interests. He begins many large-scale projects that occupy all of his free time. What concept would Freud suggest is relevant for understanding why Frasier says he is happy about losing his job?

Accepted Answer

Rationalization is a defense mechanism in which controversial behaviors or feelings are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or logical manner to avoid the true explanation, and is thus protecting the individual from unacceptable feelings or behaviors. Frasier is using rationalization to cope with his job loss by convincing himself and others that it was a positive development, allowing him to pursue his interests.

Question 12

Frasier is anxious and upset to learn his employer is restructuring and will not be renewing his contract. In the weeks that follow, now unemployed, he begins telling people that losing his job was the best thing that ever happened to him and he's actually happy about it. He claims that he can now finally pursue all of his interests. He begins many large-scale projects that occupy all of his free time. What concept would Freud suggest is relevant for understanding why Frasier is starting so many large-scale projects?

Accepted Answer

Sublimation is a defense mechanism proposed by Freud, where negative or uncomfortable feelings are transformed into positive outlets or actions. In Frasier's case, he is channeling his feelings about losing his job into starting new projects, which is a classic example of sublimation.

Question 13

Mila is a psychology graduate student taking a course in assessment methods. The students are expected to take each of the instruments about which they are learning so they can practice interpreting the results. Working with a fellow student, they each look at 10 inkblots, asking each other, "What might this be?" and "Show me where you see that so I can see it as you do." Mila is learning about the

Accepted Answer

Mila is learning about the Rorschach inkblot test, which involves participants looking at inkblots and describing what they see. This method is used to assess personality and emotional functioning.

Question 14

What two basic dimensions were proposed by Eysenck in his original personality model?

Accepted Answer

Eysenck's original personality model proposed two basic dimensions: introversion-extraversion and stability-instability (later termed neuroticism). These dimensions were foundational in his theory of personality.

Question 15

Dr. Drust asks his client Nairi to complete a test that will help him pinpoint the type of depression she has and which personality characteristics may be contributing to her problem. The test, which consists of 567 true-false questions, addresses attitudes and emotions, behaviours and symptoms, and life history. Dr. Drust has given Nairi the

Accepted Answer

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) is described accurately in the scenario. It is a widely used psychological assessment that consists of 567 true-false questions designed to assess various psychological conditions and personality traits.

Question 16

Fozzie and Waldorf have been friends for a long time. While they've always had some things in common, there is also lots that is different about them. One of those differences is how sociable they tend to be. Fozzie is always looking for things to do with other people, whereas Waldorf tends to prefer spending more time by himself. Fozzie would be considered high on extraversion. All other things being equal, based on research discussed in your textbook, which of these factors could be predicted to vary across Fozzie and Waldorf?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that extraversion is linked to dopamine activity, with more extraverted individuals like Fozzie likely having higher levels of dopamine activity compared to less extraverted individuals like Waldorf.

Question 17

How did Carl Rogers attempt to assess the effectiveness of psychotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Rogers focused on the gap between the ideal self and the perceived self as a measure of incongruence. He believed that reducing this discrepancy was a key indicator of progress in therapy, reflecting closer alignment between the client's self-image and their ideal self, which is central to his humanistic approach to psychotherapy.

Question 18

Kelly is working with a team of researchers studying aggressiveness of children on the playground. They have developed a number of operational definitions of behaviours that they may see on the playground. Then the determine the interrater-reliability of scoring these behaviours. Kelly's team is doing a(n)

Accepted Answer

Kelly's team is conducting a behavioral assessment, as they are directly observing and measuring the aggressiveness of children on the playground using operational definitions of behaviors. This approach involves quantifying specific, observable behaviors in a systematic way, which is characteristic of behavioral assessments.

Quiz 14: Personality