Quiz 8: Decision Making, Creativity, and Innovation

______ is the action or process of identifying a strategy to resolve problems. A) Problem-solving B) Decision-making C) Nonprogrammed decision-making D) Programmed decision-making

Which type of decisions are automatic responses to routine and recurring situations? A) programmed decisions B) majority rule decisions C) executive decisions D) nonprogrammed decisions

Which of the following types of decision-making takes place in situations that have occurred in the past and are familiar to the people dealing with them? A) programmed decisions B) strategy decisions C) executive decisions D) nonprogrammed decisions

Which type of decisions are generally made by following company policies and guidelines that have been put in place to deal with specific issues? A) executive decisions B) strategy decisions C) programmed decisions D) nonprogrammed decisions

______ respond to new or nonroutine problems for which there are no proven solutions. A) Executive decisions B) Strategy decisions C) Programmed decisions D) Nonprogrammed decisions

In ______ decisions, employees will not find the answer they are looking for in the company handbook or policy guidelines. A) nonprogrammed decisions B) executive decisions C) strategy decisions D) programmed decisions

Very often, ______ decisions will be complex in nature with few past occurrences for employees to draw on. A) executive B) strategy C) programmed D) nonprogrammed

Fiona works in customer relations for a national mail order catalogue. She spends the day solving problems for customers. It is very rare that she ever runs across a situation that she has not solved in her past. Almost everything she has dealt with is listed in her employee manual. What type of decisions does she spend her day making? A) nonprogrammed decisions B) executive decisions C) strategy decisions D) programmed decisions

Lillian is researching two different restaurant point-of-sale systems. She is starting a new café and hopes to have the program installed by the end of the month. It has taken her a few weeks to gather the information needed so that she can make the best decision. Lillian is making what type of decision? A) nonprogrammed B) executive C) strategy D) programmed

Christopher is running late for school. As he has done every day since school started, he grabbed a banana for breakfast. Christopher has made an/a ______ decision. A) nonprogrammed B) executive C) strategy D) programmed

What is the name of the decision-making model used in the textbook? A) the seven-step decision model B) decisions made easy C) five-step model of decision-making D) decisions, decisions, which one?

What is the first step of the five-step model of decision-making? A) weigh decision criteria B) problem emergence C) define the problem D) generate alternatives

Which step of the five-step model of decision-making includes studying the positives and negatives of a list of possible solutions to a problem? A) generate multiple alternatives B) identify and weigh decision criteria C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Annette has a goal of decreasing the number of burns associated with the kitchen at The Burger Joint. Which step in the decision-making model has Annette completed? A) identify and weigh decision criteria B) define the problem C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Margo has decided that in order to reduce the burns in the kitchen at the restaurant she manages, her solution must increase employee focus on safety and reward employees for choosing safe options even when it makes them less productive. Annette has accomplished which step of the decision-making model? A) identify and weigh decision criteria B) define the problem C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Annette contemplates enacting stricter sanctions and punishments for violations of safety standards at The Burger Joint. Alternatively, she considers implementing a reward system, such as bonuses or vacation time for low injury rates. Annette has accomplished which step of the decision-making model? A) generate multiple alternatives B) identify and weigh decision criteria C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Annette spends time weighing these two possible solutions against each other and finds they rate poorly to solve the problem of kitchen injuries. For example, sanctions and punishments could be viewed negatively and as a threat, and employees might fail to report injuries for fear of punishment. Similarly, while the reward system might be viewed more positively, Annette is also concerned that since rewards would be contingent on achieving a lower number of reported injuries, there is less incentive to report incidents that should be legally reported. Annette has accomplished which step of the decision-making model? A) generate multiple alternatives B) identify and weigh decision criteria C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

Annette spends some more time looking into the kitchen burns at The Burger Joint. She realizes that instead of focusing on the employee's motivations, she can look into the physical appliances themselves for safety concerns. She realizes that the installment of additional appliance safety features could be the answer that she is looking for. After a few months with the new appliance safety features installed, her kitchen injuries went down by 75%. Annette completed which step in the decision-making model? A) generate multiple alternatives B) identify and weigh decision criteria C) choose, implement, and evaluate the best alternative D) rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria

______ is the idea that we are restricted by a variety of constraints when it comes to making decisions. A) Essential rationality B) Bounded rationality C) Complete rationality D) Instrumental rationality

______ assumes we take into account every single criterion or possible alternative to make a decision. A) Complete rationality B) Essential rationality C) Instrumental rationality D) Bounded rationality

Bounded rationality is in contrast with ______. A) advanced rationality B) essential rationality C) instrumental rationality D) complete rationality

Luca and Emma were shopping for their first house. They both felt a little overwhelmed with this task. Emma decided to make a list of the most important features they wanted in a home, narrowing their options to a list of two bedroom homes in the downtown area that include outdoor space. Luca and Emma used ______ rationality to make the decision. A) bounded B) satisfactory C) complete D) representative

______ aim for acceptable results rather than for the best or optimal solutions. A) Tactical decisions B) Strategic decisions C) Operational decisions D) Satisficing decisions

What type of decision is useful for less important decisions and should never be used for important decisions? A) heuristics B) satisficing C) persuasive D) intuition

Justin purchased a soda because it looked good. He did not take the time to research all the different sodas on the market. If he does not like it, he will not lose much money. Which of the following factors best explain the way Justin made the decision to buy the soda? A) complete rationality B) strategic thinking C) anchoring D) satisficing

______ is the unconscious process of making decisions based on imagination and possibilities. A) Anchoring B) Satisficing C) Bias D) Intuition

Some research suggests that ______ often represents information we are already holding at an unconscious level, and thus it may actually lead to effective decisions. A) anchoring B) satisficing C) intuition D) bias

Jack knows that his company is unable to provide employees with a holiday bonus. As the company gives a holiday bonus every year, he is certain his employees will be disappointed. Several weeks before he needs to tell employees about the bonus, he starts a rumor that the company is considering layoffs. Thus, when the employees hear that there is not a bonus, they are relieved, as this is better than layoffs. Which commonly used heuristic is Jack utilizing? A) availability B) projection C) representativeness D) anchoring and adjustment

______ are shortcuts or "rules of thumb" that allow us to make judgments and decisions quickly and efficiently. A) Heuristics B) Satisficing C) Persuasive D) Intuition

Which element below is not one of the types of heuristics mentioned in the textbook? A) availability B) projection C) representativeness D) anchoring and adjustment

Which heuristic is defined as a rule of thumb for making judgments based on examples and events that immediately spring to mind? A) availability B) confirmation C) representativeness D) anchoring and adjustment

Which heuristics lead us to base decisions on the first piece of information given without taking other probabilities into account? A) availability B) confirmation C) representativeness D) anchoring and adjustment

Anchoring and adjustment heuristics can lead us to ______, which is the tendency to over-rely on initial information while overlooking other important criteria. A) availability bias B) projection heuristics C) confirmation heuristics D) anchoring bias

Which heuristic is defined as a shortcut that bases a decision on our existing mental prototype and similar stereotypes? A) availability B) confirmation C) representativeness D) anchoring and adjustment

Which of the following terms is defined as the tendency to highlight certain aspects of a situation, either positive or negative, to solve a problem while ignoring other aspects? A) sunk cost bias B) framing error C) projection bias D) randomness error

Mr. Weinstein is in the midst of changing his front line teams' process. He gathers a group of his managers to decide on the direction to take the front line. Mr. Weinstein did not invite any of his employees who actually work on the front line to the meeting. Which biases or errors likely effected Mr. Weinstein's decision? A) framing error B) confirmation bias C) randomness error D) lack of participation error

Which of the following terms is defined as the tendency for people to believe they can predict the outcome of chance events based on false information or superstition? A) lack of participation error B) framing error C) projection bias D) randomness error

Billy is the star of his school's football team. He will not go out onto the field without his lucky sweatbands because he thinks that when he forgets his sweatbands, his team loses. Billy's decision to wear sweatbands is based on which error? A) framing B) uncertainty C) randomness D) lack of participation

Which term below is defined as the generation of meaningful ideas by individuals or teams? A) innovation B) vision C) creativity D) framing

Hunter, an art student, was struck by a debilitating injury. The resulting surgery left him with a shaky hand. Most people thought he'd never make art again. But, he found a way to use the constraints he was left with to his advantage. He came up with the idea for an entirely new style of art, using shaky lines. He looked at his "problem" in a totally different way and that made all the difference in his life. The new way of looking at his problem is an example of ______. A) creativity B) confirmation bias C) expertise D) vision

______ is the creation and development of a new product or service. A) Creativity B) Innovation C) Framing D) Vision

Teresa came up with an idea for a new product. This is an example of ______. A) productive forgetting B) innovation C) supervisory support D) vision

Which of the following statements is true regarding innovation? A) Most organizations are emphasizing creativity and innovation in order to stay competitive. B) Innovation is most relevant for technology and design firms. C) Innovation is only important for creative industries, like architecture, software development, and fashion. D) Innovation is only relevant science-based industries like medicine and engineering.

Most successful organizations, whether in media, fashion, architecture, medicine, or engineering, are emphasizing ______ in order to stay competitive. It is not just technology companies that have embraced this business model. A) innovation and vision B) vision and prescient C) prescient and creativity D) creativity and innovation

According to the textbook, in organizations where employees are expected to generate creative products, processes, and strategies ______ affect organizational behavior. A) creativity and innovation B) innovation and vision C) vision and prescient D) prescient and creativity

The textbook states that one of the reasons why Apple, Facebook, and Google are so successful is because their business models are largely based on promoting ______. A) innovation and vision B) vision and prescient C) prescient and creativity D) creativity and innovation

A grocery chain provided a unique way to experience the supermarket by adding an iPad to shopping carts. When users placed common products in their cart, the display showed potential meal ideas with the other items on the shelves next to them. This increased sales by 20%. This is an example of which concept stated in the textbook? A) vision B) framing C) innovation D) bias

Most companies rely on a dedicated team or individual to take care of their social media. Breaking apart this traditional way of working, Miles set out to create a platform to help businesses include their entire workforce in online campaigns. Working on the premise that anyone engaged with the business might have positive ideas about how to promote the company, the system enables management to set competitions and prizes to encourage everyone to suggest ideas for social media initiatives. As well as boosting employee motivation, Miles helps businesses to take full advantage of the ______ of their staff. A) originality B) creativity C) inventiveness D) vision

Research Professor Teresa Amabile proposes that ______ is a process rather than a list of traits. A) creativity B) originality C) inventiveness D) vision

Which of the following is true, according to Amabile's three-component model of creativity? A) Creativity is a personality trait. B) Creativity is based on luck. C) Creativity is based on intelligence. D) Creativity is a process.

Amabile argues that in order for creativity to occur, we must have ______, or knowledge about the subject and the skills and talent to provide the most creative and productive responses. A) domain-relevant skills and expertise B) intrinsic task motivation C) extrinsic environmental components D) creativity-relevant processes

According to Professor Amabile, an increase in knowledge leads to higher levels of ______. A) originality B) creativity C) inventiveness D) vision

Jermaine works in the graphics section of his company. His boss asks him to come up with a new product logo. If he is a brand expert, he will draw on his knowledge and experience of certain brands to come up with creative responses that accurately represent the product. If he is not familiar with brand knowledge, then it will take longer to generate creative suggestions. This is an example of ______. A) domain-relevant skills and expertise B) intrinsic task motivation C) extrinsic environmental components D) creativity-relevant processes

According to Amabile, one component needed for creativity is ______, or work methods dependent on certain personality characteristics, methods of thinking, and knowledge of heuristics. A) domain-relevant skills and expertise B) intrinsic task motivation C) extrinsic environmental components D) creativity-relevant processes

Personality traits, such as self-discipline, perseverance, delayed gratification, and independence, are associated with which component of creativity? A) domain-relevant skills and expertise B) intrinsic task motivation C) creativity-relevant processes D) extrinsic environmental components

People with ______ can suspend judgment, adopt viewpoints different from those of others, persist in overcoming obstacles, and ignore social approval. A) domain-relevant skills and expertise B) intrinsic task motivation C) extrinsic environmental components D) creativity-relevant processes

______ allows one to abandon a solution that isn't working in favor of a new one. A) Discontinued capacity B) Productive forgetting C) Emotional intelligence D) Cognitive dissonance

______ refers to behavior that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behavior arises from within the individual. A) Intrinsic motivation B) Extrinsic motivation C) Growth motivation D) Achievement motivation

______ involves engaging in a behavior in order to earn external rewards or to avoid punishment. A) Intrinsic motivation B) Achievement motivation C) Extrinsic motivation D) Productive motivation

______, when used in the right way, could actually support intrinsic or inner motivation. A) Social motivation B) Extrinsic motivation C) Fear motivation D) Achievement motivation

Ruth is tired of performing the same task over and over again. She decided to spend some time trying to find a work-around to her boring problem by creating a macro or automated function using Keyboard Maestro. This will get the job done for her quickly and help her creative juices to flow. This is an example of which component of creativity? A) incentive B) creative thinking skills C) motivation D) expertise

Henry's very controlling boss at the advertising agency, Molly, gave a list of steps for completing the developing a logo. Henry enjoys his job very much and feels that he can contribute exciting new ideas. Even though Henry was told what steps to take to complete the process, he was still motivated ______. A) extrinsically B) fundamentally C) inherently D) intrinsically

Jennette handles customer complaints at a small stationary company, and noticed that customers tended to complain about just a few products. Jennette e-mailed her manager a proposal requesting customer support software to help them track the issues, and they got a free trial of the software. After a few months, the system did not seem to be saving her time, and her manager said this would be too expensive. Jennette decided to abandon the software, and use a spreadsheet to track customer complaints instead. By finding a new solution, Jennette demonstrated which ability? A) productive forgetting B) product innovation C) cognitive dissonance D) extrinsic motivation

People with ______ tend to possess the skills and capacity to generate ideas. A) emotional intelligence B) creative potential C) cognitive dissonance D) practiced creativity

______ is the ability to seize opportunities to apply creative skills in the workplace. A) Emotional intelligence B) Reversed innovation C) Practiced creativity D) Self-leadership

Which element below is not one of the main types of support for creativity, which have an influence on whether and how creativity flourishes in an organization? A) supervisory support B) work group support C) organizational support D) coordinated support

Researchers have identified a range of environmental factors controlled by the organization that can either stimulate or stifle creativity. This statement relates to which type of support for creativity? A) supervisory support B) work group support C) organizational support D) coordinated support

Jayden works on the assembly line for a local label soda company. He has been swapping ideas with his coworkers to make the job more efficient. He thinks he has developed a quicker less laborious method, but his supervisor acts insulted when Jayden brings up the idea, and tells Jayden to stop wasting his efforts by creating extra work for them. Jayden's workplace lacks ______ for creativity. A) supervisory support B) work group support C) coordinated support D) organizational support

______ that provide appropriate rewards and feedback, and that encourage a collaborative environment, tend to possess a more creative culture. A) Organizations B) Work groups C) Coordinators D) Supervisors

As stated in the textbook, ______ who communicate, set clear goals, and are confident and protective of their teams tend to nurture a creative environment. A) work groups B) supervisors C) organizations D) coordinators

While assessing Vicky, Skyler notices that Vicky encourages ideas and feedback, appears to have real respect for her group, and experiences disappointment when the team's ideas to improve the organization are not supported by upper management. Skyler is going to give high marks for Vicky's ability to lead because she is promoting ______ for creativity in organizations. A) supervisory support B) work group support C) coordinated support D) organizational support

A good role model for employees would be considered which form of support for creativity? A) work group B) organizational C) coordinated D) supervisory

Philip is asking himself a few questions about his department. He realizes that the department communicates well and they help each other out when needed. They like and respect each other. They are committed to their work and their backgrounds seem to be diverse enough to provide a range of different perspectives. Philip sees that his department ranks high on which support for creativity? A) work group B) organizational C) coordinated D) supervisory

An organization having two or more HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/individual.html" individuals who routinely HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/function.html" function like a HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/team.html" team, are interdependent in achievement of a HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/common.html" common HYPERLINK "http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/goal.html" goal, and operate as a cohesive unit would be considered which form of support for creativity? A) organizational B) work group C) supervisory D) coordinated

Millard works in a manufacturing company where he is rewarded for how quickly he can produce pistons. While some employees have ideas for how to make the process more creative, Millard recognizes that there is really no reward for speaking-up. In his experience, if the company is made more efficient, then he will be expected to produce more for the same reward as before. Millard's company lacks ______ for creativity. A) supervisory support B) work group support C) organizational support D) coordinated support

Which element below is explained by the extent to which employees perceive that they are valued and cared for by the organization, as delivered by middle managers? A) perceived organizational support B) divine administration C) organizational appreciation D) sense of support for the organization

As stated in the thinking critically about organizational support and creativity section of the textbook, middle managers can strengthen the extent to which employees perceive that they are valued and cared for by the organization, by strengthening which two factors below? A) employee's identification with their work unit and their identification with the organization's mission B) employee's expectation of career success and employee's buy in with the organizations vision C) emotional intelligence and cognitive aptitude D) employees' identification with their work unit and their expectations of career success

The study conducted by Chongxin Yu and Stephen J. Frenkel of the University of New South Wales suggests that factors that engage intrinsic motivation will be more likely to result in ______ than extrinsic motivational factors. A) employee turnover B) creative behaviors C) employee commitment D) creative behaviors

The study conducted by Chongxin Yu and Stephen J. Frenkel of the University of New South Wales suggested that managers should engage in supportive behaviors that encourage employees to feel connected to their peers and to anticipate the possibility of a successful career path in the organization in order to ______. A) inspire more social behaviors in the workplace B) facilitate more top-down leadership in the workplace C) foster less autocratic leadership in the workplace D) facilitate more creativity in the workplace

Which element below is not one of the steps outlined in the textbook of the innovation process? A) problem-solving B) implementation and diffusion C) team-building D) idea generation

The first step in the innovation process is ______. A) implementation and diffusion B) idea generation C) problem-solving D) brainstorming

Tom, Susie, and Bill are tired of working for a large company. They want to start their own business. They decide to meet in Tom's garage for as long as it takes to determine a societal problem that needs to be fixed. Once they figure out this problem they want to figure out a product or service that will solve this problem. According to the innovative process described in your text, this scenario describes which stage in the innovation process? A) problem-solving B) implementation and diffusion C) brainstorming D) idea generation

Which step of the innovation process involves identifying any advantages and disadvantages associated with the innovation, exploring costs and value, and setting goals and priorities? A) problem-solving B) implementation and diffusion C) brainstorming D) idea generation

The second step in the innovation process is ______. A) implementation and diffusion B) idea generation C) problem-solving D) brainstorming

Tom, Susie and, Bill are tired of working for a large company. They want to start their own business. After 2 days of meeting in Tom's Garage, Tom, Susie, and Bill finally came up with a societal problem and a way to solve it. They decide to meet again to determine the advantages and disadvantages of their product idea and the costs associated with producing it. This meeting is an example of what stage in the innovation process? A) problem-solving B) implementation and diffusion C) brainstorming D) idea generation

The final stage of the innovation process is ______. A) implementation and diffusion B) idea generation C) problem-solving D) brainstorming

Tom, Susie, and Bill are tired of working for a large company. They want to start their own business. After meeting many times, Tom, Susie, and Bill are now committed to their product idea, but they now need to meet to discuss if they will sell their product in physical stores, online, or both. This meeting is an example of what stage in the innovation process? A) idea generation B) implementation and diffusion C) selective refinement D) problem-solving

In the ______ stage of the innovation process, a problem is identified from existing information, experience, and knowledge. A) implementation and diffusion B) idea generation C) problem-solving D) brainstorming

The second step in the innovation process includes ______. A) idea generation B) problem development C) identifying advantages and disadvantages related to the idea D) producing and distributing the new product or idea

The third step in the innovation process includes ______. A) idea generation B) problem development C) identifying advantages and disadvantages related to the idea D) producing and distributing the new product or idea

Identifying advantages and disadvantages related to the idea is the ______ step in the innovation process? A) first B) second C) third D) fourth

The creation of the idea itself is the ______ step in the innovation process. A) implementation and diffusion B) idea generation C) problem-solving D) brainstorming

Which element listed below is not a type of innovation in organizations explained in the textbook? A) investigational B) process C) exploitative D) organizational structure

Many grocers have moved to an online order option in order to compete against major e-commerce sites, like Amazon. For example, some grocers allow customers to order groceries online, then the groceries are delivered the same-day with no delay. This is an example of what type of innovation? A) operational B) process C) people D) product

______ is the development of new or improved goods or services that are sold to meet customer needs. A) Product innovation B) Exploratory innovation C) Exploitative innovation D) Process innovation

According to the textbook, senior managers need to do which of the following in order to encourage innovation? A) set clear standard operating procedures B) set zero-tolerance policies for mistakes C) provide a forum for creative discussions D) closely connect rewards to productivity

Which type of innovation in organizations is the introduction of new or improved operational and work methods? A) exploitative B) organizational structure C) process D) product

Narek and Milena have decided to donate 100 peanut butter and jelly sandwiches to feed the hungry. After only making 25 sandwiches the first hour, they decided to look at the way they were making the sandwich. Milena thought they should switch from each person completing an entire sandwich themselves to an assembly line. This proved to speed up the sandwich making. Which type of innovation does this scenario exemplify? A) product B) exploitative C) process D) exploratory

______ is the introduction or modification of work assignments, authority relationships, and communication and reward systems. A) Organizational structure innovation B) Exploratory C) Operational innovation D) Process

Joe was the CEO of Joe's bait and tackle in Baton Rouge, LA. Joe started the company years ago and he arranged it so that all the employees in his company had to get his approval whenever a customer asked for a refund. This often resulted in unhappy customers because Joe was not always available when a customer came by the store to return an item. One of Joe's employees, Tyrone, suggested to Joe that employees be allowed to return a customer's money if the sale was less than 20 dollars. Given that most sales returns were less than 20 dollars, this would satisfy most customers and save Joe time. This scenario is an example of what type of innovation? A) product B) exploitative C) people D) organizational structure

______ includes the changes in beliefs and behaviors of individuals working in an organization A) People innovation B) Exploratory innovation C) Exploitative innovation D) Process innovation

Which type of innovation can be increased by using a variety of employee training methods? A) operational B) process C) people D) exploitative

Which type of innovation focuses on the enhancement and reuse of existing products and processes? A) exploratory B) exploitative C) process D) product

Chris is the CEO of Chris's Finest Soda. Chris's only product for the past 5 years has been Mountain True Soda. Over the past year, however, Mountain True sales have stalled for the first time. Chris decides to add a cherry flavoring to the Mountain True Soda and is calling the soda Cherry Mountain True. This be an example of what type of innovation? A) people B) exploratory C) exploitative D) process

______ focuses on risk-taking, radical thinking, and experimentation. A) People innovation B) Exploratory innovation C) Exploitative innovation D) Process innovation

To be successful, ______ has to be supported by a management team that advocates the freedom of radical thinking. A) organizational structure innovation B) process innovation C) exploitative innovation D) exploratory innovation

Which concept below can be defined as an effect that occurs when organizations fail to keep up with emerging innovations, putting themselves in danger of missing lucrative opportunities to capitalize on them? A) net losses B) innovation sparcity C) organizational cultural lag D) idea extinction

To avoid ______, organizations need to continuously focus on their existing products and processes at the same time as they are investigating new innovations. A) innovation sparcity B) organizational cultural lag C) net losses D) idea extinction

When confronted with the possibility that news could be delivered online, some newspaper managers attracted readers through creative ways of presenting the news electronically, while maintaining their traditional paper editions. As a result, those newspapers remained successful. In contrast, newspaper managers who perceived the delivery of news online as a threat, and thus tried to fight against its implementation, lost readers. This is an example of ______. A) organizational cultural lag B) innovation sparcity C) idea extinction D) net losses

Programmed decisions respond to new or nonroutine problems for which there are no proven solutions.

Usually programmed decisions relate to situations that have occurred in the past and are familiar to the people dealing with them.

The last step of the five-step model of decision-making is to rate alternatives on the basis of decision criteria.

There are five steps to the decision-making model explained in the textbook, including generate and evaluate alternatives.

Common-information bias is the inclination to overemphasize information held by the majority of group members while failing to consider other perspectives held by the minority.

Confirmation bias is the propensity to over-rely on information recollected from memory when making a decision.

Innovation is the generation of meaningful ideas by individuals or teams and creativity is the creation and development of a new product or service.

As stated in the textbook, creativity and innovation are the lifeblood of successful organizations.

Creativity-relevant processes cannot be learned through training and on-the-job experience.

According to Professor Amabile, extrinsic motivation is necessary for creative thinking to occur.

There are two main types of support for creativity in organizations that have an influence on whether and how creativity flourishes in an organization.

Creative potential relates to the capacity to generate ideas where practiced creativity is spotting opportunities to apply these skills in the workplace.

The idea is created in the first step of the innovation process.

In the implementation and diffusion stage of the innovation process, advantages and disadvantages are associated with the innovation. '

Organizational structure innovation is the introduction of new or improved operational and work methods while process Innovation is the introduction or modification of work assignments, authority relationships, and communication and reward systems.

Exploitative innovation focuses on the enhancement and reuse of existing products and processes.

______ decisions are generally made by following company policies and guidelines that have been put in place to deal with specific issues.

Very often, the problems associated with ______ decisions will be complex in nature with few past occurrences for employees to draw on.

The decision-making model that includes define the problem, identify and weigh decision criteria, generate and rate alternatives, and implement and evaluate alternatives is called ______.

Compiling a list of possible solutions to a problem would be considered which step of the decision-making model listed in the textbook?

Which bias is defined as the inclination to believe that other people think, feel, and act the same way we do?

Elizabeth had argued to start a project, and wanted to keep working on it despite recent evidence that it would certainly be unsuccessful. Elizabeth's ______ caused her to refuse to quit.

______ effects decision-making when someone decides to continue an unwise investment based on past investments of time, effort, or money.

______ is the generation of meaningful ideas by individuals or teams.

______ is the creation and development of a new product or service.

In the past, it was believed that ______ factors that control the way a person deals with the task tend to inhibit creativity. More recently, this theory from the past has been revised to suggest the possibility that it could actually support ______ motivation, especially when the levels of motivation are already high.

Which element of Amabile's components of creativity is defined as work methods dependent on certain personality characteristics, methods of thinking, and knowledge of heuristics?

Which type of support for creativity is described as providing the autonomy and resources employees need to implement their concepts?

In the ______ of the innovation process, the product or idea is produced and distributed.

One of the ways to describe the ______ step of the innovation process is the creation of the idea itself.

______ occurs when organizations fail to keep up with emerging innovations, putting themselves in danger of missing lucrative opportunities to capitalize on them.

______ is the development of new or improved goods or services that are sold to meet customer needs, while ______ focuses on the enhancement and reuse of existing products and processes.

Define programmed and nonprogrammed decision-making. Use an example from your own life to illustrate programmed and nonprogrammed decision-making.

Describe the five-step model of decision-making. Use the model to describe a decision you have made.

Apply the three heuristics to the decision-making process.

What are the three components of Professor Amabile's model of creativity and how do they relate to each other?

Define and examine the three types of support for creativity in organizations.

The textbook described an innovation, Pouncer, which is an edible drone designed by Windhorse Aerospace to deliver humanitarian aid to remote places. Apply the three steps of the innovation process to Pouncer.

Define organizational cultural lag. Organizational cultural lag is most closely related to which two innovation concepts and why?