Question 1

A mother observes her daughter stirring batter in a bowl just the way she does when she bakes. The daughter has modeled her mother's behavior.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of observational learning, where the daughter learns and imitates the behavior by watching her mother.

Question 2

Explain how instrumental conditioning works.

Accepted Answer

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Question 3

According to the information-processing approach to studying the memory process, in the ________ stage, information enters in a way the system will recognize it.

Accepted Answer

In the information-processing approach to memory, the encoding stage is where information enters the memory system in a form that the system can recognize. This stage involves transforming incoming information into a construct that can be stored within the brain.

Question 4

Define brand equity.

Accepted Answer

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Question 5

Discuss stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination. Provide an example of each that is relevant to the field of marketing.

Accepted Answer

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Question 6

Cognitive learning theory approaches tend to stress the importance of internal mental processes.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive learning theory focuses on the understanding that individuals actively process information and that learning occurs through internal processing of information, emphasizing the role of mental activities such as thinking, memory, knowing, and problem-solving.

Question 7

________ memories relate to events that are personally relevant; therefore, a person's motivation to retain these memories will likely be strong.

Accepted Answer

Episodic memories are those that relate to specific events or episodes in one's life, making them personally relevant and often retained with strong motivation due to their personal significance.

Question 8

When Shira was a young girl, her teacher gave her a sticker every time she earned above 90% on a test. Shira's teacher was using classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Shira's teacher was using operant conditioning, which involves reinforcing behavior with rewards or punishments. Classical conditioning involves associating two stimuli together to produce a new learned response.

Question 9

A stage in the cognitive development process is ________.

Accepted Answer

Each option represents a stage or aspect of cognitive development: "cued" refers to situations where responses are prompted by cues, "limited" can describe early stages of cognitive development where abilities are not fully developed, and "strategic" refers to more advanced stages where individuals use strategies for problem-solving and memory.

Question 10

Modeling is the process of imitating the behavior of others.

Accepted Answer

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Question 11

________ learning occurs when an individual watches the actions of others and notes the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning, also known as social learning or modeling, is a type of learning that occurs through watching others, understanding and remembering their actions, and noting the consequences they receive. This concept was notably developed by Albert Bandura, emphasizing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.

Question 12

Fixed-interval reinforcement explains why airlines' frequent flier programs are so successful.

Accepted Answer

Airlines' frequent flier programs are more accurately described by variable-ratio reinforcement, where rewards are given after an unpredictable number of responses, making the behavior more resistant to extinction and encouraging continuous participation. Fixed-interval reinforcement involves providing a reward after a set period of time, which does not directly apply to how frequent flier programs operate.

Question 13

List and explain the three stages of cognitive development.

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Question 14

On her first visit to China, Jane did not know how to pay for the produce she had selected at a market. She watched several Chinese women pay for their selections, and then Jane copied their behavior. In this example, Jane used ________.

Accepted Answer

Jane used modeling, which involves learning by observing and imitating the behavior of others. In this case, she observed how Chinese women paid for their produce and then imitated their behavior.

Question 15

The observational learning process begins with a person being motivated to perform an action.

Accepted Answer

The observational learning process actually begins with attention, where the individual first pays attention to a model or behavior before motivation plays a role in whether they decide to imitate the behavior.

Question 16

For modeling behavior to occur during observational learning, four conditions must be met. What are those conditions? Be specific in your description.

Accepted Answer

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Question 17

Explain the term "extinction."

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

Differentiate between the terms "learning" and "incidental learning."

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Question 19

Why do variable reinforcements result in behavior that is more difficult to extinguish than fixed schedules?

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

Define learning.

Accepted Answer

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Quiz 4: Learning Memory