Question 1

Long-term goals set into the future are called ______ goals.
A) behavioral
B) operational
C) implementation
D) performance

Accepted Answer

Performance goals are typically set for the long term, focusing on achieving specific outcomes or standards over an extended period.

Question 2

Which theory holds that people will choose certain behaviors over others with the expectation of a certain outcome?
A) goal-setting theory
B) ERG theory
C) two-factor theory
D) expectancy theory

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory posits that individuals will choose to engage in behaviors when they expect their actions to lead to desired outcomes. This theory focuses on the cognitive process of decision-making regarding behavioral choices and their expected rewards.

Question 3

Looking at expectancy theory, the probability that good performance will lead to various work outcomes is considered ______.
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality is the belief that if one does meet performance expectations, he or she will receive a greater reward. This concept is a key part of expectancy theory, which relates to the perceived relationship between performance and outcomes.

Question 4

Alex has set a goal for Haley to sell 25 gym memberships this month. Alex realizes that Haley may feel apprehensive about trying to sell such a large amount of memberships in one month, but she believes the challenge will motivate her into achieving the goal. This scenario reflects which characteristic of goal-setting theory?
A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Accepted Answer

The scenario reflects "difficult goals" because Alex has set a high target for Haley, believing that a challenging goal will motivate her, which aligns with the characteristic of goal-setting theory that difficult goals often lead to higher performance if the individual is committed to the goal.

Question 5

Which theory describes motivation as a function of an individual's beliefs concerning effort-to-performance relationships, work-outcome relationships, and the desirability of various work outcomes?
A) goal-setting theory
B) ERG theory
C) two-factor theory
D) expectancy theory

Accepted Answer

Expectancy theory describes motivation as a function of an individual's beliefs about effort-to-performance relationships (expectancy), work-outcome relationships (instrumentality), and the desirability of various work outcomes (valence).

Question 6

Which two elements of the expectancy theory are measured in a range from −1 to +1?
A) effort and valence
B) instrumentality and expectancy
C) instrumentality and valence
D) valence and expectancy

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality and valence are measured in a range from −1 to +1 in expectancy theory, indicating the perceived likelihood of outcomes and the value placed on those outcomes, respectively.

Question 7

Which element of the expectancy theory is measured in a range from 0 to +1?
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Expectancy is the element of the expectancy theory that is measured in a range from 0 to +1, indicating the perceived probability that effort will lead to performance.

Question 8

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "Is the outcome I get of any value to me?"
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Valence refers to the value an individual places on the rewards of an outcome, which directly relates to the question of whether the outcome is of any value to the individual.

Question 9

Cameron is trying to motivate his team to sell the most air-conditioning units within his company. He decides to develop a spreadsheet to show the amount of orders each member of his sales team made within the quarter compared to the other sales teams. Cameron has focused on which characteristic of goal-setting theory?
A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Accepted Answer

Cameron is focusing on the characteristic of feedback by developing a spreadsheet to show the amount of orders each member of his sales team made within the quarter compared to the other sales teams. This allows team members to see their performance and progress towards the goal.

Question 10

Which characteristic of goal-setting theory states that in general, employees who participate with their managers with setting goals will have higher levels of performance and be more motivated to achieve the objectives?
A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Accepted Answer

Goal acceptance and commitment are crucial because when employees are involved in the goal-setting process, they are more likely to accept and commit to these goals, leading to higher levels of performance and motivation.

Question 11

Which element of expectancy theory is the probability that the amount of work effort invested by an individual will result in a high level of performance?
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Expectancy is the belief that one's effort (input) will result in attainment of desired performance (output) goals. It is a key component of expectancy theory, which suggests that individuals are motivated to work when they believe that their efforts will lead to high performance.

Question 12

Bella is working with Edward to complete a project proposal. Edward promised her that she would get credit for the part of the proposal that she completes. Bella is trying to do everything to move up the corporate ladder, but she wonders if Edward will keep his promise and give her the credit that she deserves. Bella is struggling with which element of expectancy theory?
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Bella's concern revolves around instrumentality, which is the belief that if one performs well, then a valued outcome will be received. In this case, Bella is unsure if Edward will actually give her the credit she deserves for her work, which directly relates to her belief in the connection between her performance and the receipt of a desired reward (credit for her work).

Question 13

Which element of expectancy theory is stated as the value individuals place on work outcomes?
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Valence refers to the value individuals place on the rewards of an outcome, which directly relates to how much they want a reward.

Question 14

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "What's the probability that, if I do a good job, that there will be some kind of outcome in it for me?"
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Instrumentality refers to the belief that if one performs well, then a valued outcome will be received.

Question 15

Researchers found that goals set at a high, but not unreasonable level of difficulty produce better results than less challenging or easier goals. This research finding applies to which characteristic of goal-setting theory?
A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Accepted Answer

Difficult goals, when set at a high but achievable level, tend to lead to better performance because they push individuals to extend their effort, focus, and persistence, aligning with the principles of goal-setting theory.

Question 16

Short-term goals that provide employees with frequent feedback about their performance are called ______.
A) implementation goals
B) performance goals
C) behavioral goals
D) operational goals

Accepted Answer

The answer of Short-term goals that provide employees with frequent...

Question 17

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "What's the probability that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Expectancy is the belief that one's effort (e.g., working hard) will result in attainment of desired performance goals (e.g., doing a good job). This element of expectancy theory directly relates to the question about the probability that effort will lead to performance.

Question 18

Making sure a goal is challenging but attainable is focusing on what characteristic of goal-setting theory?
A) specific goals
B) difficult goals
C) goal acceptance and commitment
D) feedback

Accepted Answer

Difficult goals are part of goal-setting theory, emphasizing that goals should be challenging yet achievable to motivate individuals to perform better. This characteristic ensures that goals are not too easy, which could lead to complacency, nor too hard, which could lead to discouragement.

Question 19

Yolanda is not very motivated at her car sales job. She knows the probability is high that if she works hard, she will meet her weekly quota of selling five cars. If she meets her quota, her boss gives her a gift card for a free cup of coffee. Yolanda does not like coffee, thus she does not work very hard to meet her quota. According to this scenario, Yolanda is not motivated because there is a lack of ______.
A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Accepted Answer

Yolanda's lack of motivation stems from a lack of valence, which refers to the value she places on the reward (in this case, the free cup of coffee). Since she does not like coffee, the reward does not hold value for her, affecting her motivation to meet her sales quota.

Question 20

After leaving the doctor's office, Jerry has decided to join the gym. His doctor explained that his blood sugars are high and that he needs to lose weight in order to avoid acquiring diabetes. His doctor suggested that he take a year to lose the weight because it is dangerous to lose weight quickly. Jerry's goal of lowering his blood sugar is an example of what element of goal-setting theory?
A) behavioral goals
B) immediate goals
C) performance goals
D) operational goals

Accepted Answer

Jerry's goal of lowering his blood sugar is an example of a performance goal, as it focuses on achieving a specific outcome or standard of performance.

Quiz 5: Motivation: Concepts and Theoretical Perspectives

Long-term goals set into the future are called ______ goals.

Which theory holds that people will choose certain behaviors over others with the expectation of a certain outcome?

Looking at expectancy theory, the probability that good performance will lead to various work outcomes is considered ______.

Which theory describes motivation as a function of an individual's beliefs concerning effort-to-performance relationships, work-outcome relationships, and the desirability of various work outcomes?

Which two elements of the expectancy theory are measured in a range from −1 to +1?

Which element of the expectancy theory is measured in a range from 0 to +1?

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "Is the outcome I get of any value to me?"

Which characteristic of goal-setting theory states that in general, employees who participate with their managers with setting goals will have higher levels of performance and be more motivated to achieve the objectives?

Which element of expectancy theory is the probability that the amount of work effort invested by an individual will result in a high level of performance?

Which element of expectancy theory is stated as the value individuals place on work outcomes?

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "What's the probability that, if I do a good job, that there will be some kind of outcome in it for me?"

Researchers found that goals set at a high, but not unreasonable level of difficulty produce better results than less challenging or easier goals. This research finding applies to which characteristic of goal-setting theory?

Short-term goals that provide employees with frequent feedback about their performance are called ______.

Which element of expectancy theory could be phrased as the question, "What's the probability that, if I work very hard, I'll be able to do a good job?"

Making sure a goal is challenging but attainable is focusing on what characteristic of goal-setting theory?