Quiz 1: Introduction to Psychology

Psychology is defined as the: A) intuition-based approach to study human behavior. B) speculative method to find answers about human cognition. C) study of mental disorders and their treatment. D) scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

Akira has declared psychology as his major.He will be studying: A) internal medicine. B) behavior and mental processes. C) mental disorders and their diagnosis and treatment. D) the disorders of the central nervous system.

A single-sentence definition of psychology may be misleading because: A) it is very difficult to study the mind and behavior scientifically. B) psychology is a narrower,more specific field than a general definition might suggest. C) psychologists disagree on how broad psychology should really be. D) the discipline of psychology really has no core or center.

Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of psychology? A) Obfuscation B) Description C) Prediction D) Explanation

In order to study mind and behavior,psychologists: A) rely on the scientific method. B) use their intuition. C) rely on the study of internal medicine. D) use speculation.

In what way are the diverse subfields of psychology related? A) They allow psychologists to explain different types of behavior in the same way. B) They ultimately share a common goal. C) They always lead to an M.D.(Doctor of Medicine)degree. D) They are not related at all other than being considered part of psychology.

Dr.Alvarez studies how the degeneration of certain components of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis.Dr.Alvarez's work BEST exemplifies the _____ subfield of psychology. A) cognitive B) experimental C) developmental D) behavioral neuroscience

Which of the following branches of psychology studies the processes of sensing,perceiving,learning,and thinking about the world? A) Behavioral neuroscience B) Developmental psychology C) Experimental psychology D) Health psychology

Why is the term experimental psychologist considered somewhat misleading? A) Psychologists in every subfield use the experimental method. B) The term is no longer in existence. C) Most psychological topics are not suited to experimental study. D) Experimental methods are only appropriate to the study of the biological bases of behavior.

Which of the following subfields of psychology is INCORRECTLY matched with its description? A) Behavioral neuroscience: examines the relationship between the nervous system and behavior B) Cognitive: examines how people grow and change from conception through death C) Experimental: examines the processes of sensing,perceiving,learning,and thinking D) Clinical: deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders

Which of the following subfields of psychology is CORRECTLY matched with a sample topic? A) Behavioral neuroscience: the influence of chronic stress on physical health B) Developmental psychology: the effectiveness of drug therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder C) Cognitive psychology: the influence of an event on people's thinking D) Health psychology: the role that frustration plays in producing aggression

How are cognitive and experimental psychology related? A) They are the same. B) They are two completely distinct subfields of psychology. C) Cognitive psychology is part of experimental psychology. D) Experimental psychology is part of cognitive psychology.

_____ psychology focuses on higher mental processes,including thinking,memory,reasoning,problem solving,judging,decision making,and language. A) Developmental B) Personality C) Clinical D) Cognitive

Developmental psychology: A) focuses primarily on educational,social,and career adjustment problems. B) studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death. C) focuses on higher mental processes,including thinking,memory,reasoning,problem solving,judging,decision making,and language. D) deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders.

Personality psychology: A) focuses primarily on educational,social,and career adjustment problems. B) focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another. C) focuses on higher mental processes,including thinking,memory,reasoning,problem solving,judging,decision making,and language. D) deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders.

Dr.Chen studies how people grow and change during late adolescence and young adulthood.Dr.Doherty focuses on several traits that distinguish one person from another.Dr.Chen is a(n)_____ psychologist;Dr.Doherty is a _____. A) experimental psychologist;cognitive psychologist B) health psychologist;clinical psychologist C) developmental psychologist;personality psychologist D) clinical psychologist;counseling psychologist

Dr.Ebrahim examines how children's friendships change through elementary and middle-school years.Dr.Ebrahim is a(n)_____ psychologist. A) clinical B) evolutionary C) experimental D) developmental

At a conference on terrorism research,a panel of psychologists is discussing suicide bombers.Dr.Gerami outlines the role of charismatic leaders in encouraging the actions of suicide bombers.Dr.Hespeler argues that sometimes suicide bombing may be seen as a rational response to a particular system of beliefs.Finally,Dr.Islington reviews the internal traits associated with suicide bombing.Which of the following alternatives BEST identifies the subfields in which each of these psychologists probably specializes? A) Dr.Gerami: personality psychology;Dr.Hespeler: cross-cultural psychology;Dr.Islington: social psychology B) Dr.Gerami: social psychology;Dr.Hespeler: personality psychology;Dr.Islington: cross-cultural psychology C) Dr.Gerami: social psychology;Dr.Hespeler: cross-cultural psychology;Dr.Islington: personality psychology D) Dr.Gerami: cross-cultural psychology;Dr.Hespeler: experimental psychology;Dr.Islington: personality psychology

Enterprise City has been hard hit by a recent economic downturn.Local psychologists are holding a public workshop to help the citizens cope with the adversity.Dr.Kurutz is outlining strategies to help adults who have been laid off avoid overeating and the use of drugs or alcohol.Dr.Kurutz is most likely a(n)_____ psychologist. A) experimental B) cross-cultural C) social D) health

Which branch of psychology explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease? A) Developmental psychology B) Health psychology C) Perceptual psychology D) Clinical neuropsychology

How do clinical and counseling psychology differ? A) Clinical psychology requires more advanced study than does counseling psychology. B) Clinical psychologists have a PhD or an MD degree,whereas counseling psychologists have a PsyD degree. C) Counseling psychologists deal with problems that are more specific than the problems that clinical psychologists deal with. D) Clinical and counseling psychology are synonymous.

Fiona helps students with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)develop effective study regimens and strategies.Fiona is most likely a(n)_____ psychologist. A) health B) experimental C) developmental D) counseling

Counseling psychologists are more likely than clinical psychologists to practice in: A) hospitals. B) laboratories. C) offices. D) colleges.

Dr.Growe is reading about a research study in which psychologists investigated the effect of group size on the conformity of group members.Dr.Growe is most likely reading the Journal of _____ Psychology. A) Developmental B) Social C) Counseling D) Evolutionary

Social psychology: A) focuses primarily on educational,social,and career adjustment problems. B) deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders. C) investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups. D) is the study of how people's thoughts,feelings,and actions are affected by others.

_____ psychologists concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression,liking and loving,persuasion,and conformity. A) Counseling B) Social C) Evolutionary D) Clinical

Which of the following is NOT one of the three newer branches of psychology's family tree? A) Counseling psychology B) Behavioral genetics C) Evolutionary psychology D) Clinical neuropsychology

Evolutionary psychologists are especially interested in: A) how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. B) how physical characteristics have a genetic basis. C) how thought and behavior are influenced by the structure of the brain. D) how personality traits and social behavior vary across cultures.

Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species was published in _____. A) 1529 B) 1739 C) 1859 D) 1939

In what way,if any,do evolutionary psychologists go beyond Darwin's arguments? A) They suggest that culture influences the nature of behavioral and mental processes. B) They argue that our genetic heritage influences our physical characteristics. C) They argue that our genetic inheritance determines aspects of our personality and social behavior. D) They do not go beyond Darwin's original arguments.

Dr.Lin and Dr.Marino both study obesity.Dr.Lin relates the likelihood of obesity to levels of the trait of neuroticism,the tendency to experience upsetting emotions.Dr.Marino relates obesity to the frequency with which individuals eat alone,with family members,or in the presence of larger groups of friends,acquaintances,or strangers.Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE regarding the subfields in which the researchers specialize? A) Dr.Marino is a social psychologist. B) Dr.Lin is a social psychologist. C) Dr.Marino is a personality psychologist. D) Dr.Lin is a behavioral psychologist.

Central State University's Department of Psychology is considering expanding its doctoral program to include an additional specialty.The department wants to focus on a "growth" area likely to attract federal research funding as well as up-and-coming new faculty and bright,passionate graduate students.Which of the following specialties should the department consider most closely? A) Developmental psychology B) Evolutionary psychology C) Perceptual psychology D) Clinical neuropsychology

What might be the most controversial aspect of the evolutionary psychology position? A) They hold the notion that our evolutionary heritage influences our physical characteristics. B) They promote the idea that our evolutionary heritage might influence aspects of our behavioral and mental processes. C) Evolutionary psychologists downplay the influence of biological inheritance on thought and behavior. D) Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces.

Which of the following areas of psychology focuses on the biological mechanisms that enable inherited behavior to unfold? A) Clinical neuropsychology B) Behavioral genetics C) Cognitive psychology D) Experimental psychology

Which of the following areas is CORRECTLY matched with its description? A) Evolutionary psychology: focuses on the biological mechanisms enabling inherited behavior to unfold B) Behavioral genetics: considers how our behavior is influenced by our genetic heritage from our ancestors C) Clinical neuropsychology: focuses on the biological origin of psychological disorders D) Cross-cultural psychology: examines the genetic basis of behavioral disorders

Dr.Hart investigates how depressive disorders are related to levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.Dr.Hart's research falls within the field of: A) clinical neuropsychology. B) behavioral genetics. C) cognitive psychology. D) experimental psychology.

Clinical neuropsychology: A) focuses primarily on educational,social,and career adjustment problems. B) considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors. C) seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits. D) focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors.

Beatriz has just received her doctoral degree in psychology.All else being equal,in which of the following settings is she most likely to find employment? A) A college/university B) The military C) A hospital D) A large business corporation

The local state university has opened a new center devoted to the study and treatment of obesity,a major public health problem in the area.Dr.Nolan is researching the potential of a drug that influences the activity of hunger centers in the brain's hypothalamus.Dr.Osterman attempts to uncover the unconscious conflicts that may spur compulsive eating.Which of the following statements best describes the orientations of these two psychologists? A) Dr.Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist;Dr.Osterman is a psychodynamic psychologist. B) Dr.Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist;Dr.Osterman is a counseling psychologist. C) Dr.Nolan is a social psychologist;Dr.Osterman is a humanistic psychologist. D) Dr.Nolan is a behavioral psychologist;Dr.Osterman is a psychodynamic psychologist.

Approximately how many psychologists are there in the United States? A) 50,000 B) 100,000 C) 300,000 D) 600,000

Currently,women earn _____ of new psychology doctorate degrees in the United States. A) one-tenth B) half C) three-fourth D) ninety percent

Which figure best approximates the percentage of American psychologists who belong to racial minority groups? A) 6% B) 15% C) 25% D) 32%

Which of the following statements concerning the representation of racial and ethnic minorities among American psychologists is TRUE? A) The number of minority members entering the field is about the same as it was 10 years ago. B) The number of minority members entering the field is higher than it was 10 years ago. C) The increase in the number of degrees awarded to minority members has outpaced the growth of the minority population. D) The number of minority members entering the field has decreased over the years.

Today,around _____% of new master's degrees and _____% of new doctorate degrees are awarded to people of color. A) 50;15 B) 20;16 C) 32;8 D) 50;25

How is the diversity of psychology limited in the United States? A) Racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented among psychologists. B) The majority of psychologists are male. C) Psychologists in the United States far outnumber those in all other countries combined. D) Most research is conducted outside the United States.

Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to be a psychologist? A) Dionne,who holds a PhD degree B) Everett,who has an MD degree C) Fallon,who graduated with a PsyD degree D) Melinda who has written a dissertation on drug abuse and is now teaching at a university

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between the PhD and the PsyD degrees? A) A PhD requires more years of study than a PsyD. B) A PhD requires a dissertation based on an original investigation. C) Fewer people earn a PhD than a PsyD. D) A PhD is obtained by psychologists who wish to focus exclusively on the treatment of psychological disorders.

Callie works in the field of psychology.All else being equal,there is about a _____chance that her highest degree is a master's degree. A) one-fifth B) one-fourth C) one-third D) one-sixth

Kristen is a psychology major.Immediately following graduation,she will most likely: A) join the workforce. B) feel that her job is unrelated to her psychology background. C) continue to graduate school. D) remain unemployed.

Psychology majors are highly valued by employers because they can: A) strategize effectively. B) think critically. C) help other workers with their personal problems. D) communicate effectively with their co-workers.

The most common employment sector for students graduating with a bachelor's degree in psychology is _____. A) education B) business C) the local government D) social services

The field of phrenology is associated with: A) Gall. B) Wundt. C) Descartes. D) Ebbinghaus.

_____ believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates" and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become. A) Locke B) Plato C) Wundt D) Descartes

The phrase tabula rasa may be translated as: A) red tablet. B) raised table. C) new table. D) blank slate.

The formal beginning of psychology is associated with: A) Wundt. B) James. C) Descartes. D) Ebbinghaus.

Which of the following locations is associated with the formal beginning of psychology? A) China B) Germany C) Spain D) England

Wundt began operating the first psychology lab in _____. A) 1459 B) 1739 C) 1879 D) 1902

It is the year 2029.At the American Psychological Association's annual conference,a special keynote address commemorates the 150th anniversary of a historic event in psychology's early days.Which of the following is the event celebrated in the address? A) Wundt's operation of the first psychology laboratory B) Charles Darwin's publication of the On the Origin of Species C) G.S.Hall's founding of the American Psychological Association D) Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning

Dr.Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes of mental experience.Dr.Leleux appears most sympathetic to the _____ perspective in psychology. A) functionalist B) prescriptive C) structuralist D) humanistic

_____ is a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus. A) Inner perception B) Introspection C) Internal observation D) Intervention

Lassandra takes a sip of cola."Sweet...cold,wet,tingly...slightly bitter," she reports.Lassandra is: A) introspecting. B) demonstrating functionalism. C) defining umami. D) taking an intelligence test.

Which of the following was a disadvantage of introspection? A) Introspection was a complicated process. B) Introspection was time consuming. C) Introspection was too simplistic. D) Introspection was not truly scientific.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the structuralist perspective of psychology? A) The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views. B) The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones. C) The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology. D) The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat,but it still remains influential today.

Which perspective most immediately replaced structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology? A) Behaviorism B) Humanism C) Functionalism D) Gestalt psychology

_____ is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments. A) Structuralism B) Functionalism C) Introspection D) Gestalt psychology

A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held,sometime at the dawn of the 20th century.The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on the field are most likely _____,whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably _____. A) structuralists;functionalists B) functionalists;developmentalists C) humanists;structuralists D) humanists;functionalists

In the context of the psychology of emotion,William James and John Dewey would be most interested in: A) the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience. B) the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience. C) how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment. D) the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense.

Which of the following psychologists is associated with functionalism? A) William James B) Max Wertheimer C) Hermann Ebbinghaus D) Wilhelm Wundt

Gestalt psychology may be seen as a reaction to _____. A) the psychodynamic perspective B) humanism C) functionalism D) structuralism

Which of the following approaches to psychology might have been most likely to remind the audience that "the whole is different than the sum of the parts"? A) Phrenology B) Functionalism C) Structuralism D) Gestalt psychology

The Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding of: A) memory. B) perception. C) emotion. D) motivation.

Which perspective below is CORRECTLY matched with its description? A) Structuralism: emphasized what the mind does B) Functionalism: emphasized the elements of mental experience C) Humanism: emphasized the unconscious determinants of behavior D) Gestalt psychology: emphasized the organization of perception

Donna-Lynn is preparing a visual display of psychology's early history.One panel is headed "The Gay '90s." It portrays developments in the 1890s.Another panel is titled "The Roaring '20s." It is devoted to the 1920s.Which theoretical perspectives in psychology should appear in each of these panels? A) Gay '90s: functionalism;Roaring '20s: Gestalt psychology B) Gay '90s: behaviorism;Roaring '20s: structuralism C) Gay '90s: functionalism;Roaring '20s: behaviorism D) Gay '90s: Gestalt psychology;Roaring '20s: structuralism

Which of the following figures best approximates the number of major perspectives in psychology? A) One or two B) About five C) A dozen or so D) As many as there are psychologists

The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain,the nervous system,and other biological functions is known as the _____ perspective. A) psychodynamic B) nature-nurture C) cognitive D) neuroscience

The neuroscience perspective: A) suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow,develop,and be in control of their lives and behavior. B) focuses on how people think,understand,and know about the world. C) considers how people and nonhumans function biologically. D) argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.

Which contemporary perspective is CORRECTLY matched with its description? A) Psychodynamic perspective: emphasizes the automatic response of an individual to environmental stimuli B) Humanistic perspective: emphasizes how people know,understand,and think about the world C) Behavioral perspective: emphasizes observable behavior and objectivity D) Neuroscience perspective: emphasizes that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.

Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.This viewpoint is most consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology. A) psychodynamic B) humanistic C) cognitive D) neuroscience

To many people who have never taken a psychology course,psychology begins and ends with the _____ perspective. A) neuroscience B) behavioral C) cognitive D) psychodynamic

Contributions of the psychodynamic perspective include all of the following EXCEPT: A) a way to understand and treat certain types of psychological disorders. B) a way to understand such phenomena as prejudice and aggression. C) a revolutionary effect on 20th-century thinking not only in psychology but in related fields as well. D) a way to look at behavior in a more concrete,objective fashion.

Penny is a recovering drug addict.Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment-"people,places,and things"-on her use of her drug of choice.Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology. A) psychodynamic B) behavioral C) cognitive D) neuroscience

Which of the following psychologists is associated with the behavioral perspective? A) Rogers B) Skinner C) Maslow D) Hollingworth

Dr.Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable,measurable behavior.Dr.Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think about and understand the world.Which option below CORRECTLY identifies their respective perspectives? A) Dr.Greenway-behavioral perspective;Dr.Cech-cognitive perspective B) Dr.Greenway-cognitive perspective;Dr.Cech-behavioral perspective C) Dr.Greenway-behavioral perspective;Dr.Cech-humanistic perspective D) Dr.Greenway-psychodynamic perspective;Dr.Cech-humanistic perspective

Which psychologist is INCORRECTLY matched with an associated perspective? A) Abraham Maslow: humanistic B) Sigmund Freud: psychodynamic C) Karen Horney: cognitive D) B.F.Skinner: behavioral

The computer metaphor is at the heart of the _____ perspective. A) cognitive B) neuroscience C) behavioral D) humanistic

The cognitive perspective is said to have evolved in part from the _____ perspective in early psychology and to represent a reaction to _____. A) structuralist;humanism B) structuralist;behaviorism C) humanist;behaviorism D) humanist;functionalism

Driving to work one day,Owen suspects that drivers talking on their cell phones pay less attention to the road than do other drivers.This hypothesis would most likely be tested by a _____ psychologist. A) behavioral B) humanistic C) cognitive D) psychodynamic

The humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior reflects biological forces,unconscious processes,or the environment.In other words,it rejects the _____,_____,and _____ perspectives,respectively. A) cognitive;psychodynamic;behavioral B) neuroscience;cognitive;behavioral C) cognitive;psychodynamic;neuroscience D) neuroscience;psychodynamic;behavioral

The emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on: A) free will. B) environmental determinism. C) natural selection. D) unconscious motives.

Free will stands in contrast to _____. A) naturism B) unconscious motives C) determinism D) natural selection

Dr.Petrovic tries to help his clients see how their behavior reflects choices they have made.He is most likely a _____ therapist. A) psychodynamic B) clinical neuroscience C) humanistic D) gestalt

Psychologists adhering to the _____ perspective are probably the LEAST likely to take a "nature" stance on the nature vs.nurture issue. A) behaviorist B) cognitive C) neuroscience D) evolutionary

Which of the following perspectives of psychology emphasizes observable responses? A) Behavioral B) Cognitive C) Neuroscience D) Psychodynamic

Recall Watson's quote: "Give me a dozen healthy infants,well-formed,and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doctor,lawyer,artist,merchant-chief,and yes,even beggar-man and thief,regardless of his talents,penchants,tendencies,abilities,vocations and race of his ancestors." If 1 = extreme nature and 10 = extreme nurture,where would you place Watson on the nature vs.nurture issue? A) 1 or 2 B) 3 or 4 C) 5 or 6 D) 9 or 10

Dr.Quinones studies the achievement motivation of junior high school students.He asserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the students have experienced.This statement is most directly related to the _____ issue;Dr.Quinones' position is toward the _____ end of the continuum. A) nature vs.nurture;nature B) nature vs.nurture;nurture C) observable behavior vs.internal mental processes;observable behavior D) observable behavior vs.internal mental processes;internal mental processes

Dr.Reynolds believes that depression reflects aspects of a patient's early relationship with her parents of which she may be completely unaware.Dr.Smith,by contrast,argues that depression stems from a patient's negative self-talk.The two psychologists appear to disagree on the _____ issue. A) nature vs.nurture B) conscious vs.unconscious causes C) free will vs.determinism D) structuralism vs.functionalism

_____ is the idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control. A) Naturism B) Vigilantism C) Determinism D) Factualism

Individual differences are to universal principles what the _____ perspective is to the _____ perspective. A) neuroscience;humanistic B) cognitive;behavioral C) humanistic;neuroscience D) behavioral;cognitive

Which of the following is NOT a likely trend in psychology's near future? A) Psychology will become increasingly specialized. B) Neuroscientific approaches will have an increasing influence on psychology. C) Psychology will become an increasingly unified discipline. D) Diversity will assume increasing importance in psychology.

Pablo is taking part in a psychology experiment.He watches two political campaign ads-one highlighting the candidate's positive attributes and another emphasizing the opponent's negative features.During each ad,Pablo's brain is scanned.This experiment is most likely conducted by a _____ neuroscientist. A) clinical B) social C) behavioral D) counseling

The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called: A) the trial and error method. B) the informed speculation method. C) the scientific method. D) the educated guessing method.

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method? A) Formulating an explanation B) Identifying questions of interest C) Communicating the findings D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation

After identifying the question of interest,which is the next step in the scientific method? A) Formulating an explanation B) Evaluating the findings C) Communicating the findings D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the steps in the scientific method from first to last? A) Identify problem  formulate explanation  carry out research  communicate findings B) Carry out research  formulate explanation  identify problem  communicate findings C) Identify problem  carry out research  formulate explanation  communicate findings D) Carry out research  identify problem  formulate explanation  communicate findings

Frederico is presenting the outcomes of an experiment he conducted in a talk at a regional psychology conference.Frederico is engaged in the _____ step of the scientific method,namely _____. A) first;communicating results B) first;formulating an explanation C) last;communicating results D) last;formulating an explanation

The development of a hypothesis occurs in which of the following steps of a scientific method? A) Formulating an explanation B) Identifying questions of interest C) Communicating the findings D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation

Collection and analysis of data is done in which of the following steps of the scientific method? A) Formulating an explanation B) Identifying questions of interest C) Communicating the findings D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation

Which of the following is the final step in the scientific method? A) Formulating an explanation B) Identifying questions of interest C) Communicating the findings D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation

_____ are broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest. A) Theories B) Hypotheses C) Operational definitions D) Suppositions

Andrea is reading a general,comprehensive account of human aggression in the introduction to a research report in psychology.Andrea is reading a(n): A) theory. B) hypothesis. C) operational definition. D) supposition.

Regarding theories,which of the following statements is true? A) Theories vary in their breadth. B) Theories are translations of hypotheses into specific procedures. C) Theories stem from hypotheses. D) Theories are predictions stated in a way that allow them to be tested.

As compared to the theories about human behavior we all develop in daily life,those formulated by psychologists are: A) more general. B) broader. C) more complex. D) more formal.

According to Bibb Latane and John Darley's theory of _____,the greater the number of bystanders or witnesses to an event that calls for helping behavior,the more the responsibility for helping is perceived to be shared by all the bystanders. A) diffusion of responsibility B) command responsibility C) social responsibility D) collective responsibility

"People with opposite personality traits are more likely to be attracted to each other." This is a(n): A) hypothesis. B) correlation. C) theory. D) operational definition.

A hypothesis is best defined as a: A) prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested. B) specification of a variable in terms of the procedures that will be used to measure it. C) broad,general explanation of the phenomenon of interest. D) behavior,event,or other characteristic that can assume different values.

When asked to define "popularity," Brianna offers,"It's when everyone likes you." Chrissy suggests,"It's basically the number of friends you have." How do the two girls' definitions differ? A) Chrissy's is a procedural definition;Brianna's is not. B) Brianna's is an operational definition;Chrissy's is not. C) Brianna's is a procedural definition;Chrissy's is not. D) Chrissy's is an operational definition;Brianna's is not.

Which of the following is an operational definition of happiness? A) An individual's feeling of joy B) An individual's sense of achievement and spirituality C) An individual's self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale D) An individual's feeling of contentment

Regarding operational definitions,which of the following statements is most accurate? A) For a given hypothesis,there are usually two operational definitions. B) For a given hypothesis,there is a single best operational definition. C) For a given hypothesis,many operational definitions are usually possible. D) Some hypotheses cannot be translated into operational definitions.

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis? A) A theory is more focused than a hypothesis. B) A theory is broader than a hypothesis. C) A theory is the same as a hypothesis. D) A theory is unrelated to a hypothesis.

Prediction is to explanation what _____ is to _____. A) hypothesis;theory B) theory;hypothesis C) variable;supposition D) hypothesis;variable

Which of the following sequences is correct? A) Operational definition  hypothesis  theory B) Operational definition  theory  hypothesis C) Hypothesis  theory  operational definition D) Theory  hypothesis  operational definition

_____ is defined as the systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge. A) Theory B) Critical thinking C) Coherent observation D) Research

Each of the following is a descriptive research technique except: A) experimental research. B) case study research. C) naturalistic observation. D) archival research.

Research in which existing data,such as census documents,college records,and newspaper clippings,are examined to test a hypothesis is known as _____. A) experimental research B) archival research C) naturalistic research D) a case study

Dr.Carruthers is using crime statistics available in a federal database as part of a study.Dr.Carruthers is conducting a(n): A) case study. B) naturalistic observation. C) archival research. D) survey.

Wallace is engaged in archival research.In which of the following projects is he most likely engaged? A) Comparing the effects of cell phone distractions to those of text message distractions on participants' performance in a driving simulator B) Asking a large sample of community dwellers a set of questions about their perceptions of healthcare reform C) Recording language comprehension deficits in a woman with left hemisphere brain damage D) Examining the registrar's records at a state university to explore the relationship between SAT scores and freshman GPA

Which of the following is not a drawback of archival research? A) Existing records are often incomplete. B) It is expensive to conduct. C) Existing data may not have been collected systematically. D) Data may not be in a form that allows the researcher to test a hypothesis fully.

Evelyn,a psychology graduate,watches parent-child interactions in a park.She simply records what she sees and does not make a change in the situation.The method she uses is known as _____. A) naturalistic observation B) archival research C) experimentation D) a case study

Naturalistic observation entails: A) the systematic,detailed study of a single individual. B) examining existing records such as census documents. C) asking a sample of individuals a set of questions. D) examining behavior in the setting in which it typically occurs.

DeAndre is recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess.DeAndre is undertaking: A) a naturalistic observation. B) an archival research. C) a survey. D) a case study.

Brooke is engaged in naturalistic observation.In which of the following projects is she most likely engaged? A) Asking a sample of college students a set of questions about tendency to become angry in different situations. B) Watching and recording interactions between subordinates and their supervisors in a large corporate office. C) Conducting an in-depth investigation of the history and current behavior of an autistic boy. D) Examining crime statistics from the Department of Justice to see if the rate of property crimes is related to the rate of violent crimes.

Which of the following descriptive research methods is correctly matched with a description? A) Archival research-in-depth investigation of an individual B) Naturalistic observation-behavior is investigated in the environment in which it typically occurs,without intervention by the researcher C) Case study-a sample is asked a series of questions about their thoughts,attitudes,or behaviors D) Survey research-existing data is examined to test a hypothesis

Which of the following descriptive research methods is incorrectly matched with an advantage? A) Archival research-inexpensive B) Naturalistic observation-examines behavior in the "real world" C) Survey-small sample can give accurate picture of much larger population D) Case study-it controls any of the factors of interest

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a sample and a population? A) A sample includes a population. B) A population includes a sample. C) A population is similar to a sample. D) A sample is completely separate from a population.

Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her masters' thesis work.Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at her university.The 200 students constitute Amy's _____.The people whom she assumes her results will generalize are termed the _____. A) control group;population B) experimental group;population C) population;sample D) sample;population

Wilma is undertaking survey research.Which of the following is she probably doing? A) Recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat B) Observing the problem-solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle school girl C) Comparing students' performance on abstract and concrete versions of problems D) Asking a sample of students a series of questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors

Dr.Estevez prepares a set of questions to ask college students about their drinking behavior and their attitudes toward alcohol.Dr.Estevez is undertaking a(n): A) survey research. B) case study. C) naturalistic observation. D) archival research.

Dr.Gigliotti is conducting an in-depth,intensive investigation of a patient with dissociative identity disorder.He uses psychological tests and interviews to better understand the patient.Dr.Gigliotti is undertaking a(n): A) survey research. B) archival research. C) case study. D) naturalistic observation.

_____ is an in-depth,intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people. A) Archival research B) Survey research C) Naturalistic observation D) Case study

Which of the following researchers is conducting a case study? A) Dr.Henriette,who is investigating the effect of word imageability on list memory by handing out questionnaires B) Dr.Innis,who is investigating in detail the tactile perception of a blind woman C) Dr.Jefferson,who is observing children on a playground D) Dr.Kulik,who is studying newspaper stories on serial killers

Behaviors,events,or other characteristics that can change in some way are referred to as: A) variables. B) constants. C) operational definitions. D) hypotheses.

Correlation research is: A) research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation. B) research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior,thoughts,or attitudes. C) research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated. D) research in which existing data,such as census documents,college records,and newspaper clippings,are examined to test a hypothesis.

Irving has noticed a pattern: The more alcohol people drink,the more aggressive they seem to be.Which research method is aimed at verifying a relationship between two variables? A) Naturalistic observation B) Case study C) Correlational research D) Archival research

Which term is most nearly synonymous with the term correlation? A) Association B) Explanation C) Observation D) Manipulation

The correlation coefficient ranges from _____ to _____. A) 1 to 10 B) +1.0 to -1.0 C) 0 to 1 D) -10 to +10

The strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables are represented by a mathematical statistic known as a(n)_____. A) standard deviation B) affiliation C) operational definition D) correlation

A positive correlation indicates that: A) as the value of one variable increases,the value of the other increases. B) as the value of one variable increases,the value of the other decreases. C) little or no relationship exists between two variables. D) one variable causes the other.

Using a sample of young adolescents,Dr.Nguyen finds a correlation of +.55 between scores on a measure of neglectful or uninvolved parenting and scores on a measure of delinquent behavior.Which of the following might Dr.Nguyen legitimately conclude? A) Uninvolved parenting causes juvenile delinquency. B) Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a lower degree of delinquent behavior. C) Uninvolved parenting is unrelated to delinquency. D) Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior.

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? A) -.75 B) +.60 C) .00 D) +.30

Which of the following sequences of correlation coefficients correctly arranges the relationships between three pairs of two variables in order of increasing strength? A) -.60,+.10,+.50 B) +.10,+.50,-.60 C) -.60,+.50,+.10 D) .00,-.60,+.50

In a negative correlation: A) the values of both variables increase simultaneously. B) as the value of one variable increases,the value of the other decreases. C) the values of both variables decrease simultaneously. D) one variable is the cause of the other variable.

No relationship between two variables is represented by a: A) negative sign. B) sigma. C) zero. D) positive sign.

Experimental research is to correlational research what _____ is to _____. A) association;cause B) description;prediction C) cause;association D) description;association

The only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships through research is by carrying out a(n)_____. A) correlational research B) survey research C) experiment D) survey

Dr.Ingram deliberately varied the imageability of items on a list and later measured participants' recall of the items.Dr.Ingram conducted a(n)_____ research. A) correlational B) archival C) observational D) experimental

Experimental research requires that the responses of _____ group(s)be examined. A) at least one B) at least five C) at least two D) at least three

Experimental group is to control group what _____ is to _____. A) treatment;no treatment B) no treatment;treatment C) independent variable;dependent variable D) dependent variable;independent variable

In the context of psychological research,_____ is any group that receives a treatment. A) research group B) experimental group C) control group D) secondary group

_____ is a group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment. A) Research group B) Experimental group C) Control group D) Secondary group

Why are control groups included in experiments? A) To determine whether two variables are correlated B) To ascertain cause-and-effect relationships C) To ensure that participant characteristics are essentially the same in each group D) To translate the hypothesis into something testable

In an experiment,the _____ variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher. A) control B) dependent C) independent D) experimental

In an experiment,the _____ variable is measured and is expected to change due to the experimenter's manipulation. A) control B) dependent C) independent D) experimental

In an experiment,the dependent variable is: A) applied to the treatment group. B) randomized across groups. C) measured by the researcher and is expected to change. D) deliberately manipulated by the researcher.

In an experiment,the independent variable is: A) applied to the control group. B) randomized across groups. C) measured by the researcher and is expected to change. D) deliberately manipulated by the researcher.

Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory.Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group;their recall of items on a word list is later assessed.Which pair correctly identifies a variable in this experiment? A) Caffeine-dependent variable B) Caffeine-independent variable C) Word recall-independent variable D) Word recall-experimental variable

Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory.Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group;their recall of items on a word list is later assessed.In this experiment,word recall is the _____ variable. A) subject B) control C) independent D) dependent

Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory.Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group;their recall of items on a word list is later assessed.Which pair below correctly names and identifies the variables in this experiment? A) Word recall-control variable;caffeine-experimental variable B) Word recall-independent variable;caffeine-dependent variable C) Word recall-dependent variable;caffeine-independent variable D) Word recall-experimental variable;caffeine-control variable

In a typical Latane and Darley "bystander" experiment,_____ is the independent variable and _____ is the dependent variable. A) the presence of bystanders;whether a false emergency occurs B) whether a false emergency occurs;the presence of bystanders C) whether the participant helps;the number of people present D) number of people present;whether the participant helps

The people taking part in an experiment are referred to as _____. A) patients B) subjects C) confederates D) assignees

The purpose of random assignment is to: A) combine the results of a number of similar studies. B) determine how likely it is that the results of a treatment were due to chance. C) ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the various groups. D) determine whether two variables are related.

In which of the following procedures are participants assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance and chance alone? A) Operationalization B) Correlation C) Random sampling method D) Random assignment to condition

An experimenter flips a coin for each participant and assigns the participant to one group when "heads" came up and to the other group when "tails" came up.This process is referred to as: A) operationalization. B) random assignment to condition. C) purposive sampling. D) correlation.

Which of the following is an advantage of archival research? A) It provides a thorough,in-depth understanding of participants. B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment. C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. D) Data collection is easy because data already exists.

Which of the following is an advantage of survey research? A) It provides a thorough,in-depth understanding of participants. B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment. C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. D) Data collection is easy because data already exists.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of survey research? A) It is dependent on the availability of existing data. B) The "typically occurring habitat" being observed cannot be controlled. C) A small sample cannot be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. D) The sample may not be representative of the larger population.

Which of the following is an advantage of a case study? A) It provides a thorough,in-depth understanding of participants. B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment. C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population. D) Data collection is easy because data already exists.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a case study? A) It is dependent on the availability of existing data. B) The "typically occurring habitat" being observed cannot be controlled. C) Results may not be generalizable beyond the sample. D) It fails to provide a thorough,in-depth understanding of participants.

Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses is known as a _____. A) mutually exclusive result B) subjective outcome C) significant outcome D) conditional result

Research that is conducted,sometimes using other procedures,settings,and groups of participants,to increase confidence in prior finding is referred to as _____. A) replicated research B) archival research C) naturalistic research D) survey research

Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle.Iyesha conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests.In addition,Iyesha tests a larger sample of women.She aims to confirm the findings of the study mentioned in the journal.Iyesha performs a _____. A) meta-analysis B) replicated research C) significance test D) control study

Kendra is combining the results of a number of experiments to yield an overall conclusion.Kendra is performing a _____. A) meta-analysis B) significance test C) cross-validation D) sensitivity analysis

Which of the following statements most accurately captures the opinion of most psychologists in the context of the use of deception? A) It is integral to the conduct of scientifically valid research. B) It is often necessary in psychological research. C) It is sometimes necessary to safeguard the study's true purpose. D) It has absolutely no place in psychological research.

Before participating in an experiment,the participants must sign a document affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve,what risks the experiment may hold,and the fact that their participation is purely voluntary and they may terminate it at any time.This refers to which ethical principle of research? A) Informed consent B) Debriefing C) Experimental manipulation D) Significant outcome

Which of the following is not a component of informed consent? A) A detailed explanation of the study and its procedures. B) A statement of the potential risks of participating in the study. C) An assurance that participation is completely voluntary. D) The knowledge that a participant can terminate his/her participation at any time.

Dr.O'Connor is telling his participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time.Dr.O'Connor is: A) debriefing his participants. B) obtaining informed consent. C) using experimental manipulation. D) assuring confidentiality.

When a researcher debriefs her participants,she: A) reveals the outcome of the study. B) provides a detailed explanation of the study. C) tells them they can stop taking part at any time. D) assures the participants of confidentiality.

Dr.O'Malley is informing participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time.Dr.Hensley is providing a detailed explanation of the study to participants who have just completed participating in the study.Which of the following statements is true? A) Dr.O'Malley is obtaining informed consent from his participants.Dr.Hensley is debriefing her participants. B) Dr.O'Malley is debriefing his participants.Dr.Hensley is obtaining informed consent from her participants. C) Dr.O'Malley and Dr.Hensley are obtaining informed consent from their participants. D) Dr.O'Malley and Dr.Hensley are debriefing their participants.

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in an experiment? A) Informed consent  experiment  debriefing B) Informed consent  debriefing  experiment C) Debriefing  informed consent  experiment D) Experiment  informed consent  debriefing

Which of the following is not one of the reasons that college students are so often used as participants in psychological research? A) They are representative of the population at large. B) They are generally readily available to researchers. C) They are inexpensive. D) Most research occurs in university settings.

A college student sample differs from the population it is implicitly intended to represent-that is,people in general,in each of the following ways except that: A) they tend to come from industrialized cultures. B) they tend to come from Western cultures. C) they are better educated. D) they tend to be poor.

Which of the following guidelines is true regarding the use of nonhuman animals in experiments? A) Researchers must minimize discomfort,illness,and pain for the animals. B) Researchers must house,feed,and care for the animals properly. C) Researchers must promote the animals' well-being,at least for some species. D) Research with animals has failed to provide psychologists with valuable information.

Factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable are referred to as: A) double-blinds. B) placebo effects. C) experimental bias. D) participant bias.

To guard against participant expectations biasing the results of an experiment,the experimenter may: A) disclose to participants how earlier participants tested. B) explain to the participant what the desired outcome should be. C) try to disguise the true purpose of the experiment. D) allow the participant to interact with people who have already been part of the experiment.

When cues are transmitted to participants about how they are expected to behave in particular experimental conditions,the research results may reflect _____ expectations.When people develop their own ideas about the topic of the research,the investigation's outcomes may be biased by _____. A) experimenter;participant expectations B) experimenter;experimenter expectations C) participant;participant expectations D) participant;experimenter expectations

In Dr.Suarez's social psychology lab,some college students taking part in the research suspect that interpersonal attraction processes are under study.This knowledge influences the way they interact with each other.In a play session during a child development study,Dr.Thomas' research assistants are more likely to unconsciously reinforce aggressive behavior among children who view a violent video clip than among children viewing a nonviolent clip.Dr.Suarez's research is susceptible to _____ expectations.Dr.Thomas' work is prone to _____. A) experimenter;participant expectations B) experimenter;experimenter expectations C) participant;participant expectations D) participant;experimenter expectations

What is a placebo? A) A small marsupial B) A Japanese "hybrid" car C) A false experimental treatment D) A sac that contains and nourishes a fetus

A _____ is a false treatment,such as a pill,"drug," or other substance,without any significant chemical properties or active ingredients. A) double-blind procedure B) correlation coefficient C) placebo D) single-blind procedure

A team of researchers conduct an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug in treating anxiety disorders.The participants in the control group receive sugar pills without active ingredients,while those in the experimental group receive the new,anti-anxiety drug.In this example,the researchers use a: A) double-blind procedure. B) correlation coefficient. C) placebo. D) single-blind procedure.

In an experiment involving a placebo: A) all the participants receive a treatment. B) the participants in the control group aware of the purpose of the research. C) the experimenter who interacts with the participant is unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered. D) the participants belong to diverse ethnicities.

A placebo is intended to minimize _____ expectations;a double-blind procedure minimizes _____. A) participant;experimenter expectations B) participant;participant expectations C) experimenter;experimenter expectations D) experimenter;participant expectations

In a _____,both the participant and the experimenter who interacts with the participant is unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered. A) double-blind procedure B) control treatment C) placebo experiment D) single-blind procedure

A pharmaceutical company is conducting an experiment to test the effectiveness of a tricyclic antidepressant.Which of the following,if true,would indicate that the experimenters used a placebo? A) The participants were assigned to the experimental or control groups by drawing lots. B) The participants were informed about the medication they would be taking and its possible side effects before starting the treatment. C) The participants in both groups did not know if they were getting a real or a false treatment. D) The research assistants who administered the drugs were asked to establish rapport with the participants.

A double-blind procedure is administered to overcome _____. A) participant expectations B) memory bias C) reporting bias D) experimenter expectations

A pharmaceutical company wishes to test the efficacy of a new antidepressant using a double-blind procedure.Which alternative correctly describes the procedure the company would use? A) The research assistants would know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill.Each patient would also know which type of pill he or she was taking. B) The research assistants would know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill.Each patient,though,would not know which type of pill he or she was taking. C) The research assistants would not know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill.Each patient,though,would know which type of pill he or she was taking. D) The research assistants would not know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill.Also,each patient would not know which type of pill he or she was taking.

Psychology is the science of .

Dr.Thibodeaux examines sensory,learning,and cognitive processes.She is a(n)psychologist.

Ursula is interested in helping students develop effective study practices and manage test anxiety.Her advisor suggests that she consider a career in psychology.

Consider the fields of evolutionary psychology,behavioral genetics,and clinical neuropsychology.Of these three fields,is the least specific in its focus.

The relatively new field of unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.

Most psychologists have a doctorate,either a PhD or a(n).

Of the two degrees,PhD and PsyD,the less research-oriented is the .

Associated with William James,the perspective focused on what the mind does.

The psychodynamic perspective originated in the work of ,an Austrian physician.

The perspective was championed by B.F.Skinner.

The perspective focuses on how people think,understand,and know about the world.

According to the cognitive perspective,thinking is similar to by a computer.

Many psychologists who adhere to the cognitive perspective compare human thinking to the workings of a(n).

Wanda is a humanistic psychologist who believes that behavior reflects an individual's own choices-that is,she endorses the notion of .

The humanistic perspective is explicit in its rejection of ,the notion that behavior is caused by factors outside the individual's control.

psychologists adopting a psychodynamic perspective argue that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors.

While neuroscientists tend to seek universal principles of behavior,humanistic psychologists are more interested in .

Dr.Young activates social stereotypes his participants might hold;simultaneously,he records changes in the brain's electrical activity.Dr.Young is part of an evolving field known as .

The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called the .

Alyssa predicts that caffeine will improve her participants' performance on a visual tracking task.Alyssa has formed a(n).

A(n)is the translation of a hypothesis into specific,testable procedures that can be measured and observed.

Systematic inquiry aimed at generating new knowledge is called .

research includes archival research,naturalistic observation,survey research,and the case study method.

Dr.Leblanc is examining interactions among primates in the wild;he does not intervene.Dr.Leblanc is performing a .

In ,a sample of people chosen to represent a larger group of interest is asked a series of questions about their behavior,thoughts,or attitudes.

A(n)is a representative subset of a population.

One disadvantage of using surveys to collect data is that participants may be unaware of their feelings or attitudes.

is a procedure in which a carefully designed set of questions is used to gain some insight into the personality of the individual or group.

are behaviors,events,or other characteristics that can change,or vary,in some way.

The strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables are represented by a mathematical statistic formally known as a(n).

In an experiment,a researcher manipulates participants' exposure to a stimulus.Exposure is a(n)variable in this example.

A(n)outcome is not due to chance.

Miranda is statistically combining the results of all the published studies on the effects of the presence of a weapon on eyewitness accuracy.Miranda is performing a(n).

Sometimes,to prevent participants from being influenced by what they think a study's true purpose is,investigators must engage in .

Before the outset of a study,participants must give ,indicating that they know the potential risks of the study and are aware that their participation is voluntary.

At the conclusion of an experimental session,Nia tells her participants the purpose of the study and explains the procedures she used.Nia is her participants.

refers to factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable.

In a test of a new antianxiety medication,participants are given either the medication or a placebo;the personnel administering the study,moreover,do not know which participants receive the medication and which receive the placebo.This experiment may be described as a(n)study.

Dr.MacGyvers is a developmental psychologist;Dr.Cooper is a cross-cultural psychologist;and Dr.Breaux is a cognitive psychologist.For each of these psychologists,briefly define the subfield in which he or she specializes and suggest one issue or question in which he or she might be especially interested.

Evolutionary psychology,behavioral genetics,and clinical neuropsychology are three growing fields on the frontiers of today's psychology.Briefly describe each of these fields and suggest a topic that a psychologist in each might investigate.

Briefly,in 1-2 paragraphs,discuss the under representation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists in the United States and the significance this may have on the field as a whole.Please provide one possible example that illustrates the effects this may have.

Briefly discuss what types of education level,or degree,different types of psychologists have and how many years one might expect to invest earning said degrees.Does the area of psychology one is interested in working in dictate the level of schooling required? Please provide two examples that relate area of work interest and degree necessary to illustrate your statements.

What are the career options available to psychology majors?

Briefly describe Gestalt psychology and functionalism in one paragraph each Also,compare and contrast these two approaches.

You have been invited to participate in a program aimed at encouraging high school girls to pursue scientific careers.You wish to tell the girls that despite formidable obstacles,women made many important contributions to the science of psychology in its earliest days.Outline several points you might make in support of your argument.

List and briefly describe three major perspectives in contemporary psychology.Identify one or two prominent psychologists associated with each of the perspectives you list.

Describe a behavioral or mental phenomenon in which you are especially interested.Discuss how the phenomenon might be approached from at least two of the following perspectives: neuroscientific,psychodynamic,behavioral,cognitive,and humanistic.

Describe a current event or topic of public interest.Suggest how at least two of the major perspectives in contemporary psychology might shed light on the topic.

The text describes the role of psychology in addressing such current social concerns as a)the fallibility of eyewitness memory;b)economic recession;c)obesity;and d)terrorism.Select two of these issues and describe how psychologists in several different subfields might approach them.In your answer,make explicit reference to at least three of the following subfields: cognitive psychology,social psychology,personality psychology,and cross-cultural psychology.

Identify and briefly describe any two of the key issues or controversies in psychology discussed in the text.Suggest how each of the issues or controversies you describe might surface in one or more areas of study in today's psychology.

Compare and contrast several major perspectives in contemporary psychology with respect to at least three of the key issues or controversies in psychology that your text outlines.

It is the year 2031,ten years since you received a doctorate in psychology,and twenty since you took that first test in introductory psychology.Now a professor yourself,you wish to tell your own students how the field has changed since you began your study of psychology.Based on your text's discussion,which developments in the science might you highlight?

You wish to help an aging family friend who is showing early signs of Alzheimer's disease.You hear about an inexpensive nutritional supplement that is supposed to slow or even reverse some of the memory losses associated with the onset of the disorder.Describe some of the steps you might take in thinking critically about the potential value of the supplement.

The text opens the research methods chapter by recounting Kitty Genovese's rape and murder,in which not a single neighbor came to her aid.Describe how each step of the scientific method might be applied to better understand such a phenomenon.

Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory.Provide an example of a hypothesis,along with operational definitions of the variables included in your hypothesis.

Select two of the following aphorisms: (1)Birds of a feather flock together; (2)Opposites attract; (3)The more the merrier; (4)Two heads are better the one; (5)Two's company;three's a crowd.Translate each aphorism that you select into a testable hypothesis.Provide operational definitions of each of the variables in each hypothesis.

Select and describe a behavioral or mental phenomenon of particular interest to you.Describe how one might use descriptive,correlational,and experimental techniques to shed light on the phenomenon.

List and briefly describe three descriptive research methods.Provide an original example of each.Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the methods you describe.

Archival research: Description: existing data or records are used to test a hypothesis

Case study: Description: a detailed examination of a single individual

Naturalistic observation: Description: thought or behavior is systematically examined in the environment in which it typically occurs

Survey Description: participants are asked a set of questions about their thought and behavior

Describe survey research,highlighting not only its advantages,but also several issues that researchers must consider when designing survey research.

Describe what a case study is including both the advantages and disadvantages of this method.

A researcher finds a correlation of -.45 between the amount of stress participants report having experienced recently and participants' scores on an index of physical health.What does this mean? Provide a one-sentence interpretation of this correlation coefficient.Provide three distinct cause-and-effect mechanisms that might explain this correlation.

Suggest (a)two variables that are most likely positively correlated;two variables that are most likely negatively correlated;and (c)two variables that are probably uncorrelated.

How is it that the experimental method allows researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions? Identify the critical elements of the experimental method and explain how each helps enable the development of valid causal conclusions.

Suggest one variable other than the presence and number of bystanders that you think might influence the likelihood that an individual will come to someone's aid.State a hypothesis and explain how you might test it experimentally.Specify the independent and dependent variables,making sure to provide an operational definition of each.Describe the experimental and control groups and briefly outline the procedure.

Define the terms replicated research and meta-analysis.Identify the role of replicated research and meta-analysis in hypothesis testing and theory building.

Occasionally,psychology has been described as the science of the behavior of college sophomores.Discuss some of the specific criticisms of psychology implied by this charge.How might these shortcomings be rectified?

A pharmaceutical company has developed a new ADHD medication and wishes to test its effectiveness.Identify the threats that validity researchers might face in an experimental test of the medication's efficacy and suggest how these threats may be overcome.

Imagine that you must read several research articles for a term paper assignment in a psychology course.Identify the critical-thinking questions you should keep in mind as you read each article.