Quiz 1: Introduction to Psychology
Psychology
Q 1Q 1
Psychology is defined as the:
A) intuition-based approach to study human behavior.
B) speculative method to find answers about human cognition.
C) study of mental disorders and their treatment.
D) scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Free
Multiple Choice
D
Q 2Q 2
Akira has declared psychology as his major.He will be studying:
A) internal medicine.
B) behavior and mental processes.
C) mental disorders and their diagnosis and treatment.
D) the disorders of the central nervous system.
Free
Multiple Choice
B
Q 3Q 3
A single-sentence definition of psychology may be misleading because:
A) it is very difficult to study the mind and behavior scientifically.
B) psychology is a narrower,more specific field than a general definition might suggest.
C) psychologists disagree on how broad psychology should really be.
D) the discipline of psychology really has no core or center.
Free
Multiple Choice
C
Q 4Q 4
Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of psychology?
A) Obfuscation
B) Description
C) Prediction
D) Explanation
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 5Q 5
In order to study mind and behavior,psychologists:
A) rely on the scientific method.
B) use their intuition.
C) rely on the study of internal medicine.
D) use speculation.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 6Q 6
In what way are the diverse subfields of psychology related?
A) They allow psychologists to explain different types of behavior in the same way.
B) They ultimately share a common goal.
C) They always lead to an M.D.(Doctor of Medicine)degree.
D) They are not related at all other than being considered part of psychology.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 7Q 7
Dr.Alvarez studies how the degeneration of certain components of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis.Dr.Alvarez's work BEST exemplifies the _____ subfield of psychology.
A) cognitive
B) experimental
C) developmental
D) behavioral neuroscience
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 8Q 8
Which of the following branches of psychology studies the processes of sensing,perceiving,learning,and thinking about the world?
A) Behavioral neuroscience
B) Developmental psychology
C) Experimental psychology
D) Health psychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 9Q 9
Why is the term experimental psychologist considered somewhat misleading?
A) Psychologists in every subfield use the experimental method.
B) The term is no longer in existence.
C) Most psychological topics are not suited to experimental study.
D) Experimental methods are only appropriate to the study of the biological bases of behavior.
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Multiple Choice
Q 10Q 10
Which of the following subfields of psychology is INCORRECTLY matched with its description?
A) Behavioral neuroscience: examines the relationship between the nervous system and behavior
B) Cognitive: examines how people grow and change from conception through death
C) Experimental: examines the processes of sensing,perceiving,learning,and thinking
D) Clinical: deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 11Q 11
Which of the following subfields of psychology is CORRECTLY matched with a sample topic?
A) Behavioral neuroscience: the influence of chronic stress on physical health
B) Developmental psychology: the effectiveness of drug therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorder
C) Cognitive psychology: the influence of an event on people's thinking
D) Health psychology: the role that frustration plays in producing aggression
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 12Q 12
How are cognitive and experimental psychology related?
A) They are the same.
B) They are two completely distinct subfields of psychology.
C) Cognitive psychology is part of experimental psychology.
D) Experimental psychology is part of cognitive psychology.
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Multiple Choice
Q 13Q 13
_____ psychology focuses on higher mental processes,including thinking,memory,reasoning,problem solving,judging,decision making,and language.
A) Developmental
B) Personality
C) Clinical
D) Cognitive
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 14Q 14
Developmental psychology:
A) focuses primarily on educational,social,and career adjustment problems.
B) studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death.
C) focuses on higher mental processes,including thinking,memory,reasoning,problem solving,judging,decision making,and language.
D) deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 15Q 15
Personality psychology:
A) focuses primarily on educational,social,and career adjustment problems.
B) focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another.
C) focuses on higher mental processes,including thinking,memory,reasoning,problem solving,judging,decision making,and language.
D) deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 16Q 16
Dr.Chen studies how people grow and change during late adolescence and young adulthood.Dr.Doherty focuses on several traits that distinguish one person from another.Dr.Chen is a(n)_____ psychologist;Dr.Doherty is a _____.
A) experimental psychologist;cognitive psychologist
B) health psychologist;clinical psychologist
C) developmental psychologist;personality psychologist
D) clinical psychologist;counseling psychologist
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 17Q 17
Dr.Ebrahim examines how children's friendships change through elementary and middle-school years.Dr.Ebrahim is a(n)_____ psychologist.
A) clinical
B) evolutionary
C) experimental
D) developmental
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Multiple Choice
Q 18Q 18
At a conference on terrorism research,a panel of psychologists is discussing suicide bombers.Dr.Gerami outlines the role of charismatic leaders in encouraging the actions of suicide bombers.Dr.Hespeler argues that sometimes suicide bombing may be seen as a rational response to a particular system of beliefs.Finally,Dr.Islington reviews the internal traits associated with suicide bombing.Which of the following alternatives BEST identifies the subfields in which each of these psychologists probably specializes?
A) Dr.Gerami: personality psychology;Dr.Hespeler: cross-cultural psychology;Dr.Islington: social psychology
B) Dr.Gerami: social psychology;Dr.Hespeler: personality psychology;Dr.Islington: cross-cultural psychology
C) Dr.Gerami: social psychology;Dr.Hespeler: cross-cultural psychology;Dr.Islington: personality psychology
D) Dr.Gerami: cross-cultural psychology;Dr.Hespeler: experimental psychology;Dr.Islington: personality psychology
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Multiple Choice
Q 19Q 19
Enterprise City has been hard hit by a recent economic downturn.Local psychologists are holding a public workshop to help the citizens cope with the adversity.Dr.Kurutz is outlining strategies to help adults who have been laid off avoid overeating and the use of drugs or alcohol.Dr.Kurutz is most likely a(n)_____ psychologist.
A) experimental
B) cross-cultural
C) social
D) health
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 20Q 20
Which branch of psychology explores the relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments or disease?
A) Developmental psychology
B) Health psychology
C) Perceptual psychology
D) Clinical neuropsychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 21Q 21
How do clinical and counseling psychology differ?
A) Clinical psychology requires more advanced study than does counseling psychology.
B) Clinical psychologists have a PhD or an MD degree,whereas counseling psychologists have a PsyD degree.
C) Counseling psychologists deal with problems that are more specific than the problems that clinical psychologists deal with.
D) Clinical and counseling psychology are synonymous.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 22Q 22
Fiona helps students with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)develop effective study regimens and strategies.Fiona is most likely a(n)_____ psychologist.
A) health
B) experimental
C) developmental
D) counseling
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 23Q 23
Counseling psychologists are more likely than clinical psychologists to practice in:
A) hospitals.
B) laboratories.
C) offices.
D) colleges.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 24Q 24
Dr.Growe is reading about a research study in which psychologists investigated the effect of group size on the conformity of group members.Dr.Growe is most likely reading the Journal of _____ Psychology.
A) Developmental
B) Social
C) Counseling
D) Evolutionary
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 25Q 25
Social psychology:
A) focuses primarily on educational,social,and career adjustment problems.
B) deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders.
C) investigates the similarities and differences in psychological functioning in and across various cultures and ethnic groups.
D) is the study of how people's thoughts,feelings,and actions are affected by others.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 26Q 26
_____ psychologists concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression,liking and loving,persuasion,and conformity.
A) Counseling
B) Social
C) Evolutionary
D) Clinical
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 27Q 27
Which of the following is NOT one of the three newer branches of psychology's family tree?
A) Counseling psychology
B) Behavioral genetics
C) Evolutionary psychology
D) Clinical neuropsychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 28Q 28
Evolutionary psychologists are especially interested in:
A) how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
B) how physical characteristics have a genetic basis.
C) how thought and behavior are influenced by the structure of the brain.
D) how personality traits and social behavior vary across cultures.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 29Q 29
Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species was published in _____.
A) 1529
B) 1739
C) 1859
D) 1939
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Multiple Choice
Q 30Q 30
In what way,if any,do evolutionary psychologists go beyond Darwin's arguments?
A) They suggest that culture influences the nature of behavioral and mental processes.
B) They argue that our genetic heritage influences our physical characteristics.
C) They argue that our genetic inheritance determines aspects of our personality and social behavior.
D) They do not go beyond Darwin's original arguments.
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Multiple Choice
Q 31Q 31
Dr.Lin and Dr.Marino both study obesity.Dr.Lin relates the likelihood of obesity to levels of the trait of neuroticism,the tendency to experience upsetting emotions.Dr.Marino relates obesity to the frequency with which individuals eat alone,with family members,or in the presence of larger groups of friends,acquaintances,or strangers.Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE regarding the subfields in which the researchers specialize?
A) Dr.Marino is a social psychologist.
B) Dr.Lin is a social psychologist.
C) Dr.Marino is a personality psychologist.
D) Dr.Lin is a behavioral psychologist.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 32Q 32
Central State University's Department of Psychology is considering expanding its doctoral program to include an additional specialty.The department wants to focus on a "growth" area likely to attract federal research funding as well as up-and-coming new faculty and bright,passionate graduate students.Which of the following specialties should the department consider most closely?
A) Developmental psychology
B) Evolutionary psychology
C) Perceptual psychology
D) Clinical neuropsychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 33Q 33
What might be the most controversial aspect of the evolutionary psychology position?
A) They hold the notion that our evolutionary heritage influences our physical characteristics.
B) They promote the idea that our evolutionary heritage might influence aspects of our behavioral and mental processes.
C) Evolutionary psychologists downplay the influence of biological inheritance on thought and behavior.
D) Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 34Q 34
Which of the following areas of psychology focuses on the biological mechanisms that enable inherited behavior to unfold?
A) Clinical neuropsychology
B) Behavioral genetics
C) Cognitive psychology
D) Experimental psychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 35Q 35
Which of the following areas is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
A) Evolutionary psychology: focuses on the biological mechanisms enabling inherited behavior to unfold
B) Behavioral genetics: considers how our behavior is influenced by our genetic heritage from our ancestors
C) Clinical neuropsychology: focuses on the biological origin of psychological disorders
D) Cross-cultural psychology: examines the genetic basis of behavioral disorders
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 36Q 36
Dr.Hart investigates how depressive disorders are related to levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.Dr.Hart's research falls within the field of:
A) clinical neuropsychology.
B) behavioral genetics.
C) cognitive psychology.
D) experimental psychology.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 37Q 37
Clinical neuropsychology:
A) focuses primarily on educational,social,and career adjustment problems.
B) considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
C) seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits.
D) focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 38Q 38
Beatriz has just received her doctoral degree in psychology.All else being equal,in which of the following settings is she most likely to find employment?
A) A college/university
B) The military
C) A hospital
D) A large business corporation
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 39Q 39
The local state university has opened a new center devoted to the study and treatment of obesity,a major public health problem in the area.Dr.Nolan is researching the potential of a drug that influences the activity of hunger centers in the brain's hypothalamus.Dr.Osterman attempts to uncover the unconscious conflicts that may spur compulsive eating.Which of the following statements best describes the orientations of these two psychologists?
A) Dr.Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist;Dr.Osterman is a psychodynamic psychologist.
B) Dr.Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist;Dr.Osterman is a counseling psychologist.
C) Dr.Nolan is a social psychologist;Dr.Osterman is a humanistic psychologist.
D) Dr.Nolan is a behavioral psychologist;Dr.Osterman is a psychodynamic psychologist.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 40Q 40
Approximately how many psychologists are there in the United States?
A) 50,000
B) 100,000
C) 300,000
D) 600,000
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 41Q 41
Currently,women earn _____ of new psychology doctorate degrees in the United States.
A) one-tenth
B) half
C) three-fourth
D) ninety percent
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 42Q 42
Which figure best approximates the percentage of American psychologists who belong to racial minority groups?
A) 6%
B) 15%
C) 25%
D) 32%
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 43Q 43
Which of the following statements concerning the representation of racial and ethnic minorities among American psychologists is TRUE?
A) The number of minority members entering the field is about the same as it was 10 years ago.
B) The number of minority members entering the field is higher than it was 10 years ago.
C) The increase in the number of degrees awarded to minority members has outpaced the growth of the minority population.
D) The number of minority members entering the field has decreased over the years.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 44Q 44
Today,around _____% of new master's degrees and _____% of new doctorate degrees are awarded to people of color.
A) 50;15
B) 20;16
C) 32;8
D) 50;25
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 45Q 45
How is the diversity of psychology limited in the United States?
A) Racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented among psychologists.
B) The majority of psychologists are male.
C) Psychologists in the United States far outnumber those in all other countries combined.
D) Most research is conducted outside the United States.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 46Q 46
Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to be a psychologist?
A) Dionne,who holds a PhD degree
B) Everett,who has an MD degree
C) Fallon,who graduated with a PsyD degree
D) Melinda who has written a dissertation on drug abuse and is now teaching at a university
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 47Q 47
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between the PhD and the PsyD degrees?
A) A PhD requires more years of study than a PsyD.
B) A PhD requires a dissertation based on an original investigation.
C) Fewer people earn a PhD than a PsyD.
D) A PhD is obtained by psychologists who wish to focus exclusively on the treatment of psychological disorders.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 48Q 48
Callie works in the field of psychology.All else being equal,there is about a _____chance that her highest degree is a master's degree.
A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-third
D) one-sixth
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 49Q 49
Kristen is a psychology major.Immediately following graduation,she will most likely:
A) join the workforce.
B) feel that her job is unrelated to her psychology background.
C) continue to graduate school.
D) remain unemployed.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 50Q 50
Psychology majors are highly valued by employers because they can:
A) strategize effectively.
B) think critically.
C) help other workers with their personal problems.
D) communicate effectively with their co-workers.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 51Q 51
The most common employment sector for students graduating with a bachelor's degree in psychology is _____.
A) education
B) business
C) the local government
D) social services
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Multiple Choice
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Multiple Choice
Q 53Q 53
_____ believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates" and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become.
A) Locke
B) Plato
C) Wundt
D) Descartes
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 54Q 54
The phrase tabula rasa may be translated as:
A) red tablet.
B) raised table.
C) new table.
D) blank slate.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 55Q 55
The formal beginning of psychology is associated with:
A) Wundt.
B) James.
C) Descartes.
D) Ebbinghaus.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 56Q 56
Which of the following locations is associated with the formal beginning of psychology?
A) China
B) Germany
C) Spain
D) England
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Multiple Choice
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Multiple Choice
Q 58Q 58
It is the year 2029.At the American Psychological Association's annual conference,a special keynote address commemorates the 150th anniversary of a historic event in psychology's early days.Which of the following is the event celebrated in the address?
A) Wundt's operation of the first psychology laboratory
B) Charles Darwin's publication of the On the Origin of Species
C) G.S.Hall's founding of the American Psychological Association
D) Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning
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Multiple Choice
Q 59Q 59
Dr.Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes of mental experience.Dr.Leleux appears most sympathetic to the _____ perspective in psychology.
A) functionalist
B) prescriptive
C) structuralist
D) humanistic
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Multiple Choice
Q 60Q 60
_____ is a procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus.
A) Inner perception
B) Introspection
C) Internal observation
D) Intervention
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 61Q 61
Lassandra takes a sip of cola."Sweet...cold,wet,tingly...slightly bitter," she reports.Lassandra is:
A) introspecting.
B) demonstrating functionalism.
C) defining umami.
D) taking an intelligence test.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 62Q 62
Which of the following was a disadvantage of introspection?
A) Introspection was a complicated process.
B) Introspection was time consuming.
C) Introspection was too simplistic.
D) Introspection was not truly scientific.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 63Q 63
Which of the following statements is TRUE of the structuralist perspective of psychology?
A) The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views.
B) The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones.
C) The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology.
D) The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat,but it still remains influential today.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 64Q 64
Which perspective most immediately replaced structuralism in the early days of scientific psychology?
A) Behaviorism
B) Humanism
C) Functionalism
D) Gestalt psychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 65Q 65
_____ is an early approach to psychology that concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments.
A) Structuralism
B) Functionalism
C) Introspection
D) Gestalt psychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 66Q 66
A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held,sometime at the dawn of the 20th century.The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on the field are most likely _____,whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably _____.
A) structuralists;functionalists
B) functionalists;developmentalists
C) humanists;structuralists
D) humanists;functionalists
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 67Q 67
In the context of the psychology of emotion,William James and John Dewey would be most interested in:
A) the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience.
B) the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.
C) how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment.
D) the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 68Q 68
Which of the following psychologists is associated with functionalism?
A) William James
B) Max Wertheimer
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) Wilhelm Wundt
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Multiple Choice
Q 69Q 69
Gestalt psychology may be seen as a reaction to _____.
A) the psychodynamic perspective
B) humanism
C) functionalism
D) structuralism
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Multiple Choice
Q 70Q 70
Which of the following approaches to psychology might have been most likely to remind the audience that "the whole is different than the sum of the parts"?
A) Phrenology
B) Functionalism
C) Structuralism
D) Gestalt psychology
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 71Q 71
The Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding of:
A) memory.
B) perception.
C) emotion.
D) motivation.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 72Q 72
Which perspective below is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
A) Structuralism: emphasized what the mind does
B) Functionalism: emphasized the elements of mental experience
C) Humanism: emphasized the unconscious determinants of behavior
D) Gestalt psychology: emphasized the organization of perception
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 73Q 73
Donna-Lynn is preparing a visual display of psychology's early history.One panel is headed "The Gay '90s." It portrays developments in the 1890s.Another panel is titled "The Roaring '20s." It is devoted to the 1920s.Which theoretical perspectives in psychology should appear in each of these panels?
A) Gay '90s: functionalism;Roaring '20s: Gestalt psychology
B) Gay '90s: behaviorism;Roaring '20s: structuralism
C) Gay '90s: functionalism;Roaring '20s: behaviorism
D) Gay '90s: Gestalt psychology;Roaring '20s: structuralism
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 74Q 74
Which of the following figures best approximates the number of major perspectives in psychology?
A) One or two
B) About five
C) A dozen or so
D) As many as there are psychologists
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 75Q 75
The approach that views behavior from the perspective of the brain,the nervous system,and other biological functions is known as the _____ perspective.
A) psychodynamic
B) nature-nurture
C) cognitive
D) neuroscience
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 76Q 76
The neuroscience perspective:
A) suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow,develop,and be in control of their lives and behavior.
B) focuses on how people think,understand,and know about the world.
C) considers how people and nonhumans function biologically.
D) argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 77Q 77
Which contemporary perspective is CORRECTLY matched with its description?
A) Psychodynamic perspective: emphasizes the automatic response of an individual to environmental stimuli
B) Humanistic perspective: emphasizes how people know,understand,and think about the world
C) Behavioral perspective: emphasizes observable behavior and objectivity
D) Neuroscience perspective: emphasizes that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 78Q 78
Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control.This viewpoint is most consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.
A) psychodynamic
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) neuroscience
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 79Q 79
To many people who have never taken a psychology course,psychology begins and ends with the _____ perspective.
A) neuroscience
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 80Q 80
Contributions of the psychodynamic perspective include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) a way to understand and treat certain types of psychological disorders.
B) a way to understand such phenomena as prejudice and aggression.
C) a revolutionary effect on 20th-century thinking not only in psychology but in related fields as well.
D) a way to look at behavior in a more concrete,objective fashion.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 81Q 81
Penny is a recovering drug addict.Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her environment-"people,places,and things"-on her use of her drug of choice.Her program reflects the _____ perspective in psychology.
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) neuroscience
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 82Q 82
Which of the following psychologists is associated with the behavioral perspective?
A) Rogers
B) Skinner
C) Maslow
D) Hollingworth
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 83Q 83
Dr.Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable,measurable behavior.Dr.Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think about and understand the world.Which option below CORRECTLY identifies their respective perspectives?
A) Dr.Greenway-behavioral perspective;Dr.Cech-cognitive perspective
B) Dr.Greenway-cognitive perspective;Dr.Cech-behavioral perspective
C) Dr.Greenway-behavioral perspective;Dr.Cech-humanistic perspective
D) Dr.Greenway-psychodynamic perspective;Dr.Cech-humanistic perspective
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 84Q 84
Which psychologist is INCORRECTLY matched with an associated perspective?
A) Abraham Maslow: humanistic
B) Sigmund Freud: psychodynamic
C) Karen Horney: cognitive
D) B.F.Skinner: behavioral
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 85Q 85
The computer metaphor is at the heart of the _____ perspective.
A) cognitive
B) neuroscience
C) behavioral
D) humanistic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 86Q 86
The cognitive perspective is said to have evolved in part from the _____ perspective in early psychology and to represent a reaction to _____.
A) structuralist;humanism
B) structuralist;behaviorism
C) humanist;behaviorism
D) humanist;functionalism
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 87Q 87
Driving to work one day,Owen suspects that drivers talking on their cell phones pay less attention to the road than do other drivers.This hypothesis would most likely be tested by a _____ psychologist.
A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 88Q 88
The humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior reflects biological forces,unconscious processes,or the environment.In other words,it rejects the _____,_____,and _____ perspectives,respectively.
A) cognitive;psychodynamic;behavioral
B) neuroscience;cognitive;behavioral
C) cognitive;psychodynamic;neuroscience
D) neuroscience;psychodynamic;behavioral
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 89Q 89
The emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on:
A) free will.
B) environmental determinism.
C) natural selection.
D) unconscious motives.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 90Q 90
Free will stands in contrast to _____.
A) naturism
B) unconscious motives
C) determinism
D) natural selection
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 91Q 91
Dr.Petrovic tries to help his clients see how their behavior reflects choices they have made.He is most likely a _____ therapist.
A) psychodynamic
B) clinical neuroscience
C) humanistic
D) gestalt
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 92Q 92
Psychologists adhering to the _____ perspective are probably the LEAST likely to take a "nature" stance on the nature vs.nurture issue.
A) behaviorist
B) cognitive
C) neuroscience
D) evolutionary
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 93Q 93
Which of the following perspectives of psychology emphasizes observable responses?
A) Behavioral
B) Cognitive
C) Neuroscience
D) Psychodynamic
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 94Q 94
Recall Watson's quote: "Give me a dozen healthy infants,well-formed,and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select-doctor,lawyer,artist,merchant-chief,and yes,even beggar-man and thief,regardless of his talents,penchants,tendencies,abilities,vocations and race of his ancestors." If 1 = extreme nature and 10 = extreme nurture,where would you place Watson on the nature vs.nurture issue?
A) 1 or 2
B) 3 or 4
C) 5 or 6
D) 9 or 10
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 95Q 95
Dr.Quinones studies the achievement motivation of junior high school students.He asserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the students have experienced.This statement is most directly related to the _____ issue;Dr.Quinones' position is toward the _____ end of the continuum.
A) nature vs.nurture;nature
B) nature vs.nurture;nurture
C) observable behavior vs.internal mental processes;observable behavior
D) observable behavior vs.internal mental processes;internal mental processes
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 96Q 96
Dr.Reynolds believes that depression reflects aspects of a patient's early relationship with her parents of which she may be completely unaware.Dr.Smith,by contrast,argues that depression stems from a patient's negative self-talk.The two psychologists appear to disagree on the _____ issue.
A) nature vs.nurture
B) conscious vs.unconscious causes
C) free will vs.determinism
D) structuralism vs.functionalism
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 97Q 97
_____ is the idea that people's behavior is produced primarily by factors outside of their willful control.
A) Naturism
B) Vigilantism
C) Determinism
D) Factualism
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Multiple Choice
Q 98Q 98
Individual differences are to universal principles what the _____ perspective is to the _____ perspective.
A) neuroscience;humanistic
B) cognitive;behavioral
C) humanistic;neuroscience
D) behavioral;cognitive
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 99Q 99
Which of the following is NOT a likely trend in psychology's near future?
A) Psychology will become increasingly specialized.
B) Neuroscientific approaches will have an increasing influence on psychology.
C) Psychology will become an increasingly unified discipline.
D) Diversity will assume increasing importance in psychology.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 100Q 100
Pablo is taking part in a psychology experiment.He watches two political campaign ads-one highlighting the candidate's positive attributes and another emphasizing the opponent's negative features.During each ad,Pablo's brain is scanned.This experiment is most likely conducted by a _____ neuroscientist.
A) clinical
B) social
C) behavioral
D) counseling
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Multiple Choice
Q 101Q 101
The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called:
A) the trial and error method.
B) the informed speculation method.
C) the scientific method.
D) the educated guessing method.
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Multiple Choice
Q 102Q 102
Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
A) Formulating an explanation
B) Identifying questions of interest
C) Communicating the findings
D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
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Multiple Choice
Q 103Q 103
After identifying the question of interest,which is the next step in the scientific method?
A) Formulating an explanation
B) Evaluating the findings
C) Communicating the findings
D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
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Multiple Choice
Q 104Q 104
Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the steps in the scientific method from first to last?
A) Identify problem formulate explanation carry out research communicate findings
B) Carry out research formulate explanation identify problem communicate findings
C) Identify problem carry out research formulate explanation communicate findings
D) Carry out research identify problem formulate explanation communicate findings
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Multiple Choice
Q 105Q 105
Frederico is presenting the outcomes of an experiment he conducted in a talk at a regional psychology conference.Frederico is engaged in the _____ step of the scientific method,namely _____.
A) first;communicating results
B) first;formulating an explanation
C) last;communicating results
D) last;formulating an explanation
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Multiple Choice
Q 106Q 106
The development of a hypothesis occurs in which of the following steps of a scientific method?
A) Formulating an explanation
B) Identifying questions of interest
C) Communicating the findings
D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
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Multiple Choice
Q 107Q 107
Collection and analysis of data is done in which of the following steps of the scientific method?
A) Formulating an explanation
B) Identifying questions of interest
C) Communicating the findings
D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
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Multiple Choice
Q 108Q 108
Which of the following is the final step in the scientific method?
A) Formulating an explanation
B) Identifying questions of interest
C) Communicating the findings
D) Carrying out research designed to support or refute the explanation
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Multiple Choice
Q 109Q 109
_____ are broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest.
A) Theories
B) Hypotheses
C) Operational definitions
D) Suppositions
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Multiple Choice
Q 110Q 110
Andrea is reading a general,comprehensive account of human aggression in the introduction to a research report in psychology.Andrea is reading a(n):
A) theory.
B) hypothesis.
C) operational definition.
D) supposition.
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Multiple Choice
Q 111Q 111
Regarding theories,which of the following statements is true?
A) Theories vary in their breadth.
B) Theories are translations of hypotheses into specific procedures.
C) Theories stem from hypotheses.
D) Theories are predictions stated in a way that allow them to be tested.
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Multiple Choice
Q 112Q 112
As compared to the theories about human behavior we all develop in daily life,those formulated by psychologists are:
A) more general.
B) broader.
C) more complex.
D) more formal.
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Multiple Choice
Q 113Q 113
According to Bibb Latane and John Darley's theory of _____,the greater the number of bystanders or witnesses to an event that calls for helping behavior,the more the responsibility for helping is perceived to be shared by all the bystanders.
A) diffusion of responsibility
B) command responsibility
C) social responsibility
D) collective responsibility
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Multiple Choice
Q 114Q 114
"People with opposite personality traits are more likely to be attracted to each other." This is a(n):
A) hypothesis.
B) correlation.
C) theory.
D) operational definition.
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Multiple Choice
Q 115Q 115
A hypothesis is best defined as a:
A) prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
B) specification of a variable in terms of the procedures that will be used to measure it.
C) broad,general explanation of the phenomenon of interest.
D) behavior,event,or other characteristic that can assume different values.
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Multiple Choice
Q 116Q 116
When asked to define "popularity," Brianna offers,"It's when everyone likes you." Chrissy suggests,"It's basically the number of friends you have." How do the two girls' definitions differ?
A) Chrissy's is a procedural definition;Brianna's is not.
B) Brianna's is an operational definition;Chrissy's is not.
C) Brianna's is a procedural definition;Chrissy's is not.
D) Chrissy's is an operational definition;Brianna's is not.
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Multiple Choice
Q 117Q 117
Which of the following is an operational definition of happiness?
A) An individual's feeling of joy
B) An individual's sense of achievement and spirituality
C) An individual's self-rating on a 10-point happiness scale
D) An individual's feeling of contentment
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Multiple Choice
Q 118Q 118
Regarding operational definitions,which of the following statements is most accurate?
A) For a given hypothesis,there are usually two operational definitions.
B) For a given hypothesis,there is a single best operational definition.
C) For a given hypothesis,many operational definitions are usually possible.
D) Some hypotheses cannot be translated into operational definitions.
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Multiple Choice
Q 119Q 119
Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a theory and a hypothesis?
A) A theory is more focused than a hypothesis.
B) A theory is broader than a hypothesis.
C) A theory is the same as a hypothesis.
D) A theory is unrelated to a hypothesis.
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Multiple Choice
Q 120Q 120
Prediction is to explanation what _____ is to _____.
A) hypothesis;theory
B) theory;hypothesis
C) variable;supposition
D) hypothesis;variable
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 121Q 121
Which of the following sequences is correct?
A) Operational definition hypothesis theory
B) Operational definition theory hypothesis
C) Hypothesis theory operational definition
D) Theory hypothesis operational definition
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Multiple Choice
Q 122Q 122
_____ is defined as the systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge.
A) Theory
B) Critical thinking
C) Coherent observation
D) Research
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Multiple Choice
Q 123Q 123
Each of the following is a descriptive research technique except:
A) experimental research.
B) case study research.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) archival research.
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Multiple Choice
Q 124Q 124
Research in which existing data,such as census documents,college records,and newspaper clippings,are examined to test a hypothesis is known as _____.
A) experimental research
B) archival research
C) naturalistic research
D) a case study
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Multiple Choice
Q 125Q 125
Dr.Carruthers is using crime statistics available in a federal database as part of a study.Dr.Carruthers is conducting a(n):
A) case study.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) archival research.
D) survey.
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Multiple Choice
Q 126Q 126
Wallace is engaged in archival research.In which of the following projects is he most likely engaged?
A) Comparing the effects of cell phone distractions to those of text message distractions on participants' performance in a driving simulator
B) Asking a large sample of community dwellers a set of questions about their perceptions of healthcare reform
C) Recording language comprehension deficits in a woman with left hemisphere brain damage
D) Examining the registrar's records at a state university to explore the relationship between SAT scores and freshman GPA
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Multiple Choice
Q 127Q 127
Which of the following is not a drawback of archival research?
A) Existing records are often incomplete.
B) It is expensive to conduct.
C) Existing data may not have been collected systematically.
D) Data may not be in a form that allows the researcher to test a hypothesis fully.
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Multiple Choice
Q 128Q 128
Evelyn,a psychology graduate,watches parent-child interactions in a park.She simply records what she sees and does not make a change in the situation.The method she uses is known as _____.
A) naturalistic observation
B) archival research
C) experimentation
D) a case study
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Multiple Choice
Q 129Q 129
Naturalistic observation entails:
A) the systematic,detailed study of a single individual.
B) examining existing records such as census documents.
C) asking a sample of individuals a set of questions.
D) examining behavior in the setting in which it typically occurs.
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Multiple Choice
Q 130Q 130
DeAndre is recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess.DeAndre is undertaking:
A) a naturalistic observation.
B) an archival research.
C) a survey.
D) a case study.
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Multiple Choice
Q 131Q 131
Brooke is engaged in naturalistic observation.In which of the following projects is she most likely engaged?
A) Asking a sample of college students a set of questions about tendency to become angry in different situations.
B) Watching and recording interactions between subordinates and their supervisors in a large corporate office.
C) Conducting an in-depth investigation of the history and current behavior of an autistic boy.
D) Examining crime statistics from the Department of Justice to see if the rate of property crimes is related to the rate of violent crimes.
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Multiple Choice
Q 132Q 132
Which of the following descriptive research methods is correctly matched with a description?
A) Archival research-in-depth investigation of an individual
B) Naturalistic observation-behavior is investigated in the environment in which it typically occurs,without intervention by the researcher
C) Case study-a sample is asked a series of questions about their thoughts,attitudes,or behaviors
D) Survey research-existing data is examined to test a hypothesis
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Multiple Choice
Q 133Q 133
Which of the following descriptive research methods is incorrectly matched with an advantage?
A) Archival research-inexpensive
B) Naturalistic observation-examines behavior in the "real world"
C) Survey-small sample can give accurate picture of much larger population
D) Case study-it controls any of the factors of interest
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Multiple Choice
Q 134Q 134
Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between a sample and a population?
A) A sample includes a population.
B) A population includes a sample.
C) A population is similar to a sample.
D) A sample is completely separate from a population.
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Multiple Choice
Q 135Q 135
Amy is conducting a survey of dating attitudes and behaviors among young adults as part of her masters' thesis work.Amy distributes questionnaires to 200 randomly selected students enrolled in an introductory psychology course at her university.The 200 students constitute Amy's _____.The people whom she assumes her results will generalize are termed the _____.
A) control group;population
B) experimental group;population
C) population;sample
D) sample;population
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Multiple Choice
Q 136Q 136
Wilma is undertaking survey research.Which of the following is she probably doing?
A) Recording the behaviors of sea lions in their natural habitat
B) Observing the problem-solving strategies of an extremely gifted middle school girl
C) Comparing students' performance on abstract and concrete versions of problems
D) Asking a sample of students a series of questions about their sexual attitudes and behaviors
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Multiple Choice
Q 137Q 137
Dr.Estevez prepares a set of questions to ask college students about their drinking behavior and their attitudes toward alcohol.Dr.Estevez is undertaking a(n):
A) survey research.
B) case study.
C) naturalistic observation.
D) archival research.
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Multiple Choice
Q 138Q 138
Dr.Gigliotti is conducting an in-depth,intensive investigation of a patient with dissociative identity disorder.He uses psychological tests and interviews to better understand the patient.Dr.Gigliotti is undertaking a(n):
A) survey research.
B) archival research.
C) case study.
D) naturalistic observation.
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Multiple Choice
Q 139Q 139
_____ is an in-depth,intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people.
A) Archival research
B) Survey research
C) Naturalistic observation
D) Case study
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Multiple Choice
Q 140Q 140
Which of the following researchers is conducting a case study?
A) Dr.Henriette,who is investigating the effect of word imageability on list memory by handing out questionnaires
B) Dr.Innis,who is investigating in detail the tactile perception of a blind woman
C) Dr.Jefferson,who is observing children on a playground
D) Dr.Kulik,who is studying newspaper stories on serial killers
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Multiple Choice
Q 141Q 141
Behaviors,events,or other characteristics that can change in some way are referred to as:
A) variables.
B) constants.
C) operational definitions.
D) hypotheses.
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Multiple Choice
Q 142Q 142
Correlation research is:
A) research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation.
B) research in which people chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior,thoughts,or attitudes.
C) research in which the relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine whether they are associated.
D) research in which existing data,such as census documents,college records,and newspaper clippings,are examined to test a hypothesis.
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Multiple Choice
Q 143Q 143
Irving has noticed a pattern: The more alcohol people drink,the more aggressive they seem to be.Which research method is aimed at verifying a relationship between two variables?
A) Naturalistic observation
B) Case study
C) Correlational research
D) Archival research
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Multiple Choice
Q 144Q 144
Which term is most nearly synonymous with the term correlation?
A) Association
B) Explanation
C) Observation
D) Manipulation
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Multiple Choice
Q 145Q 145
The correlation coefficient ranges from _____ to _____.
A) 1 to 10
B) +1.0 to -1.0
C) 0 to 1
D) -10 to +10
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Multiple Choice
Q 146Q 146
The strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables are represented by a mathematical statistic known as a(n)_____.
A) standard deviation
B) affiliation
C) operational definition
D) correlation
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Multiple Choice
Q 147Q 147
A positive correlation indicates that:
A) as the value of one variable increases,the value of the other increases.
B) as the value of one variable increases,the value of the other decreases.
C) little or no relationship exists between two variables.
D) one variable causes the other.
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Multiple Choice
Q 148Q 148
Using a sample of young adolescents,Dr.Nguyen finds a correlation of +.55 between scores on a measure of neglectful or uninvolved parenting and scores on a measure of delinquent behavior.Which of the following might Dr.Nguyen legitimately conclude?
A) Uninvolved parenting causes juvenile delinquency.
B) Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a lower degree of delinquent behavior.
C) Uninvolved parenting is unrelated to delinquency.
D) Parenting that is more neglectful is related to a higher degree of delinquent behavior.
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Multiple Choice
Q 149Q 149
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
A) -.75
B) +.60
C) .00
D) +.30
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Multiple Choice
Q 150Q 150
Which of the following sequences of correlation coefficients correctly arranges the relationships between three pairs of two variables in order of increasing strength?
A) -.60,+.10,+.50
B) +.10,+.50,-.60
C) -.60,+.50,+.10
D) .00,-.60,+.50
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Multiple Choice
Q 151Q 151
In a negative correlation:
A) the values of both variables increase simultaneously.
B) as the value of one variable increases,the value of the other decreases.
C) the values of both variables decrease simultaneously.
D) one variable is the cause of the other variable.
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Multiple Choice
Q 152Q 152
No relationship between two variables is represented by a:
A) negative sign.
B) sigma.
C) zero.
D) positive sign.
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Multiple Choice
Q 153Q 153
Experimental research is to correlational research what _____ is to _____.
A) association;cause
B) description;prediction
C) cause;association
D) description;association
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Multiple Choice
Q 154Q 154
The only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships through research is by carrying out a(n)_____.
A) correlational research
B) survey research
C) experiment
D) survey
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Multiple Choice
Q 155Q 155
Dr.Ingram deliberately varied the imageability of items on a list and later measured participants' recall of the items.Dr.Ingram conducted a(n)_____ research.
A) correlational
B) archival
C) observational
D) experimental
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Multiple Choice
Q 156Q 156
Experimental research requires that the responses of _____ group(s)be examined.
A) at least one
B) at least five
C) at least two
D) at least three
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Multiple Choice
Q 157Q 157
Experimental group is to control group what _____ is to _____.
A) treatment;no treatment
B) no treatment;treatment
C) independent variable;dependent variable
D) dependent variable;independent variable
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Multiple Choice
Q 158Q 158
In the context of psychological research,_____ is any group that receives a treatment.
A) research group
B) experimental group
C) control group
D) secondary group
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Multiple Choice
Q 159Q 159
_____ is a group participating in an experiment that receives no treatment.
A) Research group
B) Experimental group
C) Control group
D) Secondary group
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Multiple Choice
Q 160Q 160
Why are control groups included in experiments?
A) To determine whether two variables are correlated
B) To ascertain cause-and-effect relationships
C) To ensure that participant characteristics are essentially the same in each group
D) To translate the hypothesis into something testable
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Multiple Choice
Q 161Q 161
In an experiment,the _____ variable is deliberately manipulated by the researcher.
A) control
B) dependent
C) independent
D) experimental
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Multiple Choice
Q 162Q 162
In an experiment,the _____ variable is measured and is expected to change due to the experimenter's manipulation.
A) control
B) dependent
C) independent
D) experimental
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Multiple Choice
Q 163Q 163
In an experiment,the dependent variable is:
A) applied to the treatment group.
B) randomized across groups.
C) measured by the researcher and is expected to change.
D) deliberately manipulated by the researcher.
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Multiple Choice
Q 164Q 164
In an experiment,the independent variable is:
A) applied to the control group.
B) randomized across groups.
C) measured by the researcher and is expected to change.
D) deliberately manipulated by the researcher.
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Multiple Choice
Q 165Q 165
Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory.Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group;their recall of items on a word list is later assessed.Which pair correctly identifies a variable in this experiment?
A) Caffeine-dependent variable
B) Caffeine-independent variable
C) Word recall-independent variable
D) Word recall-experimental variable
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Multiple Choice
Q 166Q 166
Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory.Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group;their recall of items on a word list is later assessed.In this experiment,word recall is the _____ variable.
A) subject
B) control
C) independent
D) dependent
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Multiple Choice
Q 167Q 167
Doctors Chase and Sanborn are conducting an experiment on the effects of caffeine on memory.Participants are randomly assigned to a caffeine or a no-caffeine group;their recall of items on a word list is later assessed.Which pair below correctly names and identifies the variables in this experiment?
A) Word recall-control variable;caffeine-experimental variable
B) Word recall-independent variable;caffeine-dependent variable
C) Word recall-dependent variable;caffeine-independent variable
D) Word recall-experimental variable;caffeine-control variable
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Multiple Choice
Q 168Q 168
In a typical Latane and Darley "bystander" experiment,_____ is the independent variable and _____ is the dependent variable.
A) the presence of bystanders;whether a false emergency occurs
B) whether a false emergency occurs;the presence of bystanders
C) whether the participant helps;the number of people present
D) number of people present;whether the participant helps
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Multiple Choice
Q 169Q 169
The people taking part in an experiment are referred to as _____.
A) patients
B) subjects
C) confederates
D) assignees
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Multiple Choice
Q 170Q 170
The purpose of random assignment is to:
A) combine the results of a number of similar studies.
B) determine how likely it is that the results of a treatment were due to chance.
C) ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the various groups.
D) determine whether two variables are related.
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Multiple Choice
Q 171Q 171
In which of the following procedures are participants assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance and chance alone?
A) Operationalization
B) Correlation
C) Random sampling method
D) Random assignment to condition
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Multiple Choice
Q 172Q 172
An experimenter flips a coin for each participant and assigns the participant to one group when "heads" came up and to the other group when "tails" came up.This process is referred to as:
A) operationalization.
B) random assignment to condition.
C) purposive sampling.
D) correlation.
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Multiple Choice
Q 173Q 173
Which of the following is an advantage of archival research?
A) It provides a thorough,in-depth understanding of participants.
B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment.
C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population.
D) Data collection is easy because data already exists.
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Multiple Choice
Q 174Q 174
Which of the following is an advantage of survey research?
A) It provides a thorough,in-depth understanding of participants.
B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment.
C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population.
D) Data collection is easy because data already exists.
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Multiple Choice
Q 175Q 175
Which of the following is a disadvantage of survey research?
A) It is dependent on the availability of existing data.
B) The "typically occurring habitat" being observed cannot be controlled.
C) A small sample cannot be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population.
D) The sample may not be representative of the larger population.
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Multiple Choice
Q 176Q 176
Which of the following is an advantage of a case study?
A) It provides a thorough,in-depth understanding of participants.
B) It provides a sample of people in their natural environment.
C) A small sample can be used to infer attitudes and behavior of a larger population.
D) Data collection is easy because data already exists.
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Multiple Choice
Q 177Q 177
Which of the following is a disadvantage of a case study?
A) It is dependent on the availability of existing data.
B) The "typically occurring habitat" being observed cannot be controlled.
C) Results may not be generalizable beyond the sample.
D) It fails to provide a thorough,in-depth understanding of participants.
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Multiple Choice
Q 178Q 178
Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypotheses is known as a _____.
A) mutually exclusive result
B) subjective outcome
C) significant outcome
D) conditional result
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Multiple Choice
Q 179Q 179
Research that is conducted,sometimes using other procedures,settings,and groups of participants,to increase confidence in prior finding is referred to as _____.
A) replicated research
B) archival research
C) naturalistic research
D) survey research
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Multiple Choice
Q 180Q 180
Iyesha reads a journal article reporting a study in which a small sample of women undertook tests of spatial ability at two points during their menstrual cycle.Iyesha conducts a similar study using not only spatial ability but also verbal ability tests.In addition,Iyesha tests a larger sample of women.She aims to confirm the findings of the study mentioned in the journal.Iyesha performs a _____.
A) meta-analysis
B) replicated research
C) significance test
D) control study
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Multiple Choice
Q 181Q 181
Kendra is combining the results of a number of experiments to yield an overall conclusion.Kendra is performing a _____.
A) meta-analysis
B) significance test
C) cross-validation
D) sensitivity analysis
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Multiple Choice
Q 182Q 182
Which of the following statements most accurately captures the opinion of most psychologists in the context of the use of deception?
A) It is integral to the conduct of scientifically valid research.
B) It is often necessary in psychological research.
C) It is sometimes necessary to safeguard the study's true purpose.
D) It has absolutely no place in psychological research.
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Multiple Choice
Q 183Q 183
Before participating in an experiment,the participants must sign a document affirming that they have been told the basic outlines of the study and are aware of what their participation will involve,what risks the experiment may hold,and the fact that their participation is purely voluntary and they may terminate it at any time.This refers to which ethical principle of research?
A) Informed consent
B) Debriefing
C) Experimental manipulation
D) Significant outcome
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Multiple Choice
Q 184Q 184
Which of the following is not a component of informed consent?
A) A detailed explanation of the study and its procedures.
B) A statement of the potential risks of participating in the study.
C) An assurance that participation is completely voluntary.
D) The knowledge that a participant can terminate his/her participation at any time.
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Multiple Choice
Q 185Q 185
Dr.O'Connor is telling his participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time.Dr.O'Connor is:
A) debriefing his participants.
B) obtaining informed consent.
C) using experimental manipulation.
D) assuring confidentiality.
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Multiple Choice
Q 186Q 186
When a researcher debriefs her participants,she:
A) reveals the outcome of the study.
B) provides a detailed explanation of the study.
C) tells them they can stop taking part at any time.
D) assures the participants of confidentiality.
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Multiple Choice
Q 187Q 187
Dr.O'Malley is informing participants before he begins the experiment that their participation is completely voluntary and that they can stop taking part at any time.Dr.Hensley is providing a detailed explanation of the study to participants who have just completed participating in the study.Which of the following statements is true?
A) Dr.O'Malley is obtaining informed consent from his participants.Dr.Hensley is debriefing her participants.
B) Dr.O'Malley is debriefing his participants.Dr.Hensley is obtaining informed consent from her participants.
C) Dr.O'Malley and Dr.Hensley are obtaining informed consent from their participants.
D) Dr.O'Malley and Dr.Hensley are debriefing their participants.
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Multiple Choice
Q 188Q 188
Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of events in an experiment?
A) Informed consent experiment debriefing
B) Informed consent debriefing experiment
C) Debriefing informed consent experiment
D) Experiment informed consent debriefing
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Multiple Choice
Q 189Q 189
Which of the following is not one of the reasons that college students are so often used as participants in psychological research?
A) They are representative of the population at large.
B) They are generally readily available to researchers.
C) They are inexpensive.
D) Most research occurs in university settings.
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Multiple Choice
Q 190Q 190
A college student sample differs from the population it is implicitly intended to represent-that is,people in general,in each of the following ways except that:
A) they tend to come from industrialized cultures.
B) they tend to come from Western cultures.
C) they are better educated.
D) they tend to be poor.
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Multiple Choice
Q 191Q 191
Which of the following guidelines is true regarding the use of nonhuman animals in experiments?
A) Researchers must minimize discomfort,illness,and pain for the animals.
B) Researchers must house,feed,and care for the animals properly.
C) Researchers must promote the animals' well-being,at least for some species.
D) Research with animals has failed to provide psychologists with valuable information.
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Multiple Choice
Q 192Q 192
Factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable are referred to as:
A) double-blinds.
B) placebo effects.
C) experimental bias.
D) participant bias.
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Multiple Choice
Q 193Q 193
To guard against participant expectations biasing the results of an experiment,the experimenter may:
A) disclose to participants how earlier participants tested.
B) explain to the participant what the desired outcome should be.
C) try to disguise the true purpose of the experiment.
D) allow the participant to interact with people who have already been part of the experiment.
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Multiple Choice
Q 194Q 194
When cues are transmitted to participants about how they are expected to behave in particular experimental conditions,the research results may reflect _____ expectations.When people develop their own ideas about the topic of the research,the investigation's outcomes may be biased by _____.
A) experimenter;participant expectations
B) experimenter;experimenter expectations
C) participant;participant expectations
D) participant;experimenter expectations
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Multiple Choice
Q 195Q 195
In Dr.Suarez's social psychology lab,some college students taking part in the research suspect that interpersonal attraction processes are under study.This knowledge influences the way they interact with each other.In a play session during a child development study,Dr.Thomas' research assistants are more likely to unconsciously reinforce aggressive behavior among children who view a violent video clip than among children viewing a nonviolent clip.Dr.Suarez's research is susceptible to _____ expectations.Dr.Thomas' work is prone to _____.
A) experimenter;participant expectations
B) experimenter;experimenter expectations
C) participant;participant expectations
D) participant;experimenter expectations
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Multiple Choice
Q 196Q 196
What is a placebo?
A) A small marsupial
B) A Japanese "hybrid" car
C) A false experimental treatment
D) A sac that contains and nourishes a fetus
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Multiple Choice
Q 197Q 197
A _____ is a false treatment,such as a pill,"drug," or other substance,without any significant chemical properties or active ingredients.
A) double-blind procedure
B) correlation coefficient
C) placebo
D) single-blind procedure
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Multiple Choice
Q 198Q 198
A team of researchers conduct an experiment to test the effectiveness of a new drug in treating anxiety disorders.The participants in the control group receive sugar pills without active ingredients,while those in the experimental group receive the new,anti-anxiety drug.In this example,the researchers use a:
A) double-blind procedure.
B) correlation coefficient.
C) placebo.
D) single-blind procedure.
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Q 199Q 199
In an experiment involving a placebo:
A) all the participants receive a treatment.
B) the participants in the control group aware of the purpose of the research.
C) the experimenter who interacts with the participant is unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered.
D) the participants belong to diverse ethnicities.
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Q 200Q 200
A placebo is intended to minimize _____ expectations;a double-blind procedure minimizes _____.
A) participant;experimenter expectations
B) participant;participant expectations
C) experimenter;experimenter expectations
D) experimenter;participant expectations
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Q 201Q 201
In a _____,both the participant and the experimenter who interacts with the participant is unaware of the nature of the drug that is being administered.
A) double-blind procedure
B) control treatment
C) placebo experiment
D) single-blind procedure
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Q 202Q 202
A pharmaceutical company is conducting an experiment to test the effectiveness of a tricyclic antidepressant.Which of the following,if true,would indicate that the experimenters used a placebo?
A) The participants were assigned to the experimental or control groups by drawing lots.
B) The participants were informed about the medication they would be taking and its possible side effects before starting the treatment.
C) The participants in both groups did not know if they were getting a real or a false treatment.
D) The research assistants who administered the drugs were asked to establish rapport with the participants.
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Q 203Q 203
A double-blind procedure is administered to overcome _____.
A) participant expectations
B) memory bias
C) reporting bias
D) experimenter expectations
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Q 204Q 204
A pharmaceutical company wishes to test the efficacy of a new antidepressant using a double-blind procedure.Which alternative correctly describes the procedure the company would use?
A) The research assistants would know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill.Each patient would also know which type of pill he or she was taking.
B) The research assistants would know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill.Each patient,though,would not know which type of pill he or she was taking.
C) The research assistants would not know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill.Each patient,though,would know which type of pill he or she was taking.
D) The research assistants would not know which participants were receiving the new drug and which were receiving an inert pill.Also,each patient would not know which type of pill he or she was taking.
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Q 207Q 207
Ursula is interested in helping students develop effective study practices and manage test anxiety.Her advisor suggests that she consider a career in psychology.
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Q 208Q 208
Consider the fields of evolutionary psychology,behavioral genetics,and clinical neuropsychology.Of these three fields,is the least specific in its focus.
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Q 217Q 217
Many psychologists who adhere to the cognitive perspective compare human thinking to the workings of a(n).
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Q 218Q 218
Wanda is a humanistic psychologist who believes that behavior reflects an individual's own choices-that is,she endorses the notion of .
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Q 219Q 219
The humanistic perspective is explicit in its rejection of ,the notion that behavior is caused by factors outside the individual's control.
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Q 220Q 220
psychologists adopting a psychodynamic perspective argue that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors.
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Q 221Q 221
While neuroscientists tend to seek universal principles of behavior,humanistic psychologists are more interested in .
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Q 222Q 222
Dr.Young activates social stereotypes his participants might hold;simultaneously,he records changes in the brain's electrical activity.Dr.Young is part of an evolving field known as .
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Q 223Q 223
The approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest is called the .
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Q 224Q 224
Alyssa predicts that caffeine will improve her participants' performance on a visual tracking task.Alyssa has formed a(n).
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Q 225Q 225
A(n)is the translation of a hypothesis into specific,testable procedures that can be measured and observed.
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Q 227Q 227
research includes archival research,naturalistic observation,survey research,and the case study method.
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Q 228Q 228
Dr.Leblanc is examining interactions among primates in the wild;he does not intervene.Dr.Leblanc is performing a .
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Q 229Q 229
In ,a sample of people chosen to represent a larger group of interest is asked a series of questions about their behavior,thoughts,or attitudes.
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Q 231Q 231
One disadvantage of using surveys to collect data is that participants may be unaware of their feelings or attitudes.
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Q 232Q 232
is a procedure in which a carefully designed set of questions is used to gain some insight into the personality of the individual or group.
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Q 234Q 234
The strength and direction of the relationship between the two variables are represented by a mathematical statistic formally known as a(n).
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Q 235Q 235
In an experiment,a researcher manipulates participants' exposure to a stimulus.Exposure is a(n)variable in this example.
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Q 237Q 237
Miranda is statistically combining the results of all the published studies on the effects of the presence of a weapon on eyewitness accuracy.Miranda is performing a(n).
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Q 238Q 238
Sometimes,to prevent participants from being influenced by what they think a study's true purpose is,investigators must engage in .
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Q 239Q 239
Before the outset of a study,participants must give ,indicating that they know the potential risks of the study and are aware that their participation is voluntary.
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Q 240Q 240
At the conclusion of an experimental session,Nia tells her participants the purpose of the study and explains the procedures she used.Nia is her participants.
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Q 241Q 241
refers to factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
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Q 242Q 242
In a test of a new antianxiety medication,participants are given either the medication or a placebo;the personnel administering the study,moreover,do not know which participants receive the medication and which receive the placebo.This experiment may be described as a(n)study.
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Q 243Q 243
Dr.MacGyvers is a developmental psychologist;Dr.Cooper is a cross-cultural psychologist;and Dr.Breaux is a cognitive psychologist.For each of these psychologists,briefly define the subfield in which he or she specializes and suggest one issue or question in which he or she might be especially interested.
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Q 244Q 244
Evolutionary psychology,behavioral genetics,and clinical neuropsychology are three growing fields on the frontiers of today's psychology.Briefly describe each of these fields and suggest a topic that a psychologist in each might investigate.
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Q 245Q 245
Briefly,in 1-2 paragraphs,discuss the under representation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists in the United States and the significance this may have on the field as a whole.Please provide one possible example that illustrates the effects this may have.
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Q 246Q 246
Briefly discuss what types of education level,or degree,different types of psychologists have and how many years one might expect to invest earning said degrees.Does the area of psychology one is interested in working in dictate the level of schooling required? Please provide two examples that relate area of work interest and degree necessary to illustrate your statements.
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Q 248Q 248
Briefly describe Gestalt psychology and functionalism in one paragraph each Also,compare and contrast these two approaches.
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Q 249Q 249
You have been invited to participate in a program aimed at encouraging high school girls to pursue scientific careers.You wish to tell the girls that despite formidable obstacles,women made many important contributions to the science of psychology in its earliest days.Outline several points you might make in support of your argument.
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Q 250Q 250
List and briefly describe three major perspectives in contemporary psychology.Identify one or two prominent psychologists associated with each of the perspectives you list.
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Q 251Q 251
Describe a behavioral or mental phenomenon in which you are especially interested.Discuss how the phenomenon might be approached from at least two of the following perspectives: neuroscientific,psychodynamic,behavioral,cognitive,and humanistic.
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Q 252Q 252
Describe a current event or topic of public interest.Suggest how at least two of the major perspectives in contemporary psychology might shed light on the topic.
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Q 253Q 253
The text describes the role of psychology in addressing such current social concerns as a)the fallibility of eyewitness memory;b)economic recession;c)obesity;and d)terrorism.Select two of these issues and describe how psychologists in several different subfields might approach them.In your answer,make explicit reference to at least three of the following subfields: cognitive psychology,social psychology,personality psychology,and cross-cultural psychology.
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Q 254Q 254
Identify and briefly describe any two of the key issues or controversies in psychology discussed in the text.Suggest how each of the issues or controversies you describe might surface in one or more areas of study in today's psychology.
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Q 255Q 255
Compare and contrast several major perspectives in contemporary psychology with respect to at least three of the key issues or controversies in psychology that your text outlines.
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Q 256Q 256
It is the year 2031,ten years since you received a doctorate in psychology,and twenty since you took that first test in introductory psychology.Now a professor yourself,you wish to tell your own students how the field has changed since you began your study of psychology.Based on your text's discussion,which developments in the science might you highlight?
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Q 257Q 257
You wish to help an aging family friend who is showing early signs of Alzheimer's disease.You hear about an inexpensive nutritional supplement that is supposed to slow or even reverse some of the memory losses associated with the onset of the disorder.Describe some of the steps you might take in thinking critically about the potential value of the supplement.
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Q 258Q 258
The text opens the research methods chapter by recounting Kitty Genovese's rape and murder,in which not a single neighbor came to her aid.Describe how each step of the scientific method might be applied to better understand such a phenomenon.
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Q 259Q 259
Distinguish between a hypothesis and a theory.Provide an example of a hypothesis,along with operational definitions of the variables included in your hypothesis.
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Q 260Q 260
Select two of the following aphorisms: (1)Birds of a feather flock together; (2)Opposites attract; (3)The more the merrier; (4)Two heads are better the one; (5)Two's company;three's a crowd.Translate each aphorism that you select into a testable hypothesis.Provide operational definitions of each of the variables in each hypothesis.
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Q 261Q 261
Select and describe a behavioral or mental phenomenon of particular interest to you.Describe how one might use descriptive,correlational,and experimental techniques to shed light on the phenomenon.
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Q 262Q 262
List and briefly describe three descriptive research methods.Provide an original example of each.Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of each of the methods you describe.
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Q 265Q 265
Naturalistic observation:
Description: thought or behavior is systematically examined in the environment in which it typically occurs
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Q 266Q 266
Survey
Description: participants are asked a set of questions about their thought and behavior
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Q 267Q 267
Describe survey research,highlighting not only its advantages,but also several issues that researchers must consider when designing survey research.
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Q 268Q 268
Describe what a case study is including both the advantages and disadvantages of this method.
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Q 269Q 269
A researcher finds a correlation of -.45 between the amount of stress participants report having experienced recently and participants' scores on an index of physical health.What does this mean? Provide a one-sentence interpretation of this correlation coefficient.Provide three distinct cause-and-effect mechanisms that might explain this correlation.
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Q 270Q 270
Suggest (a)two variables that are most likely positively correlated;two variables that are most likely negatively correlated;and (c)two variables that are probably uncorrelated.
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Q 271Q 271
How is it that the experimental method allows researchers to draw cause-and-effect conclusions? Identify the critical elements of the experimental method and explain how each helps enable the development of valid causal conclusions.
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Q 272Q 272
Suggest one variable other than the presence and number of bystanders that you think might influence the likelihood that an individual will come to someone's aid.State a hypothesis and explain how you might test it experimentally.Specify the independent and dependent variables,making sure to provide an operational definition of each.Describe the experimental and control groups and briefly outline the procedure.
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Q 273Q 273
Define the terms replicated research and meta-analysis.Identify the role of replicated research and meta-analysis in hypothesis testing and theory building.
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Q 274Q 274
Occasionally,psychology has been described as the science of the behavior of college sophomores.Discuss some of the specific criticisms of psychology implied by this charge.How might these shortcomings be rectified?
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Q 275Q 275
A pharmaceutical company has developed a new ADHD medication and wishes to test its effectiveness.Identify the threats that validity researchers might face in an experimental test of the medication's efficacy and suggest how these threats may be overcome.
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Q 276Q 276
Imagine that you must read several research articles for a term paper assignment in a psychology course.Identify the critical-thinking questions you should keep in mind as you read each article.
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