Quiz 8: Motivation and Emotion

_____ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. A) Development B) Intelligence C) Cognition D) Motivation

Dr.Schmidt studies the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.Dr.Schmidt studies: A) personality. B) intelligence. C) cognition. D) motivation.

Declan,a Ph.D candidate,tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation.Declan is investigating: A) the ability to generate new solutions to problems. B) the way behavior changes as a result of experience. C) the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms. D) the processes whereby information is encoded,stored,and retrieved.

When psychologists first tried to explain motivation,they turned to _____. A) notions B) instincts C) incitements D) stimulants

Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined are called: A) desires. B) instincts. C) notions. D) motives.

With which of the following early psychologists is instinct theory most strongly associated? A) James B) Thorndike C) McDougall D) Watson

Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation? A) Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations,not psychological ones. B) Instinct theorists identified too many different instincts for the theory to be useful. C) Instinct theorists disagreed on the precise instincts guiding behavior. D) Instinct theorists fail to explain why certain specific patterns of behavior have evolved in a given species.

Which of the following statements best expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology? A) Instinct approaches to motivation are gaining strength in psychology,as they reflect the cutting-edge perspective of cognitive psychology. B)Instinct approaches to motivation still play a role in certain theories,especially those based on evolutionary approaches that focus on our genetic inheritance. C) Instinct approaches to motivation have been abandoned and are really of only historical interest in psychology. D) Instinct approaches have always been influential in the psychology of motivation.

The first two theoretical approaches to motivation that attained prominence in the history of modern psychology were: A) the instinct approach and then the incentive approach. B) the incentive approach and then the drive-reduction approach. C) the drive-reduction approach and then the instinct approach. D) the instinct approach and then the drive-reduction approach.

Drive-reduction approaches first appeared in the psychology of motivation in the: A) 1920s. B) 1940s. C) 1960s. D) 1980s.

Drive-reduction approaches to motivation are: A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity. C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals. D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goal.

Which approach to motivation is correctly paired with a behavior to which it is especially appropriate? A) Drive-reduction-eating B) Arousal-studying C) Cognitive-riding roller coasters D) Incentive-sleeping

Motivational tension or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is termed a(n): A) drive. B) reflex. C) incentive. D) instinct.

Why do drive-reduction approaches fail to offer a complete account of human motivation? A) Homeostasis does not accurately describe the mechanism by which primary drives operate. B) Drive-reduction approaches offer much better explanations of behaviors motivated by secondary drives than of behaviors motivated by primary drives. C) People are sometimes motivated to increase rather than decrease their level of stimulation. D) Drive-reduction approaches are vague about what,or even how many,primary drives exist.

Dr.LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation.Which of the following behaviors is he most likely to cite to justify his skepticism? A) Bungee jumping B) Engaging in sexual intercourse C) Eating a quick meal D) Pursuing a stranger with a knife

To which of the following behaviors is the drive-reduction approach least applicable? A) Sleeping extra hours after having disturbed sleep the previous day B) Drinking a cola on a hot day C) Having a snack D) Studying long hours

Does the drive-reduction approach offer a comprehensive account of motivation? Which of the following explains it? A) No.The drive-reduction approach explains how primary drives motivate behavior but fails to satisfactorily explain a behavior in which the goal is to increase arousal level. B) No.The drive-reduction approach fails to account for many motives,including physiological ones. C) Yes.The drive-reduction approach offers a satisfactory explanation of not only physiological motives,but also offers a satisfactory explanation for more psychologically oriented ones. D) Yes.The drive-reduction approach has been empirically supported.

What is homeostasis? A) A theory of need reduction B) The body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state C) The psychological representation of primary needs D) The diffusion of fluids into a cell

When blood pH becomes overly acidic,respiration and kidney function change to bring the acidity back to its normal pH level of 7.4.What does this process best exemplify? A) Metabolism B) Acclimatization C) Homeostasis D) An opponent-process system

The arousal approach to motivation suggests that: A) a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. B) if levels of stimulation and activity are too low,people will try to increase them by seeking stimulation. C) motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals. D) motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goals.

How do arousal approaches to motivation differ from drive-reduction approaches? A) Arousal approaches suggest that if our stimulation and activity levels become too low,we try to increase them. B) Arousal approaches suggest that if our stimulation and activity levels become too high,we try to reduce them by seeking stimulation. C) Arousal approaches emphasize the desirable qualities of internal stimuli to a greater extent than do drive-reduction approaches. D) Arousal theories place greater emphasis on physiological needs than do drive theories.

"Human behavior is varied and often seems unpredictable;also,people sometimes seek out extremely stimulating situations and activities." This statement is most likely that of a proponent of the _____ theory of motivation. A) instinct B) incentive C) arousal D) cognitive

Of the following individuals,whose behavior may most easily be explained using the arousal approach to motivation? A) Artie,who loves to bungee jump B) Barry,who buys an expensive watch he can't resist C) Callista,who studies long hours to earn good grades D) Brooke,who sleeps extra hours after having had a tiring week at work

Incentive approaches to motivation are: A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity. C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards. D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,expectations,and goals.

Motivation theorists refer to external rewards people seek to obtain as: A) stimulants. B) incentives. C) drives. D) reinforcers.

In _____ approaches to motivation,the desirable properties of external stimuli account for a person's motivation. A) drive-reduction B) arousal C) incentive D) cognitive

Which approach to motivation is incorrectly paired with its description? A) Drive-reduction-Motivation reflects the lack of basic biological necessity. B) Arousal-Motivation reflects the attempt to maintain a certain level of stimulation. C) Incentive-Motivation reflects the desire to attain external rewards. D) Cognitive-Motivation reflects the role of instincts.

Cognitive approaches to motivation are: A) theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need. B) theories suggesting that we try to maintain certain levels of stimulation and activity. C) theories suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to obtain valued external goals. D) theories suggesting that motivation is a product of people's thoughts,beliefs,expectations,and goals.

Which of the following refers to the cause that pushes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us? A) Intrinsic motivation B) Extrinsic motivation C) External factors D) Observable factors

Which of the following is an example of extrinsic motivation? A) An athlete practices for long hours because she loves to run. B) A doctor sees more patients to make more money. C) A social worker spends more time with the elderly because she likes to be with them. D) A student reads many books on religion because she is very interested in religious studies.

Shellie takes college courses that interest her and enjoys learning for its own sake.Tori takes courses in which she is fairly certain she'll do well and studies mainly to ensure good grades.Shellie is _____ motivated,whereas Tori is _____ motivated. A) intrinsically;extrinsically B) internally;externally C) extrinsically;intrinsically D) externally;internally

"Dance like no one's watching.Work like you don't need the money.Love like you've never been hurt," exhorts a sign on Dr.Elliott's office door.This sign underscores the importance of _____ motivation. A) explicit B) intrinsic C) implicit D) external

Dr.Fiore conducts a study in which two groups of participants work on challenging puzzles: one group is extrinsically motivated whereas the other is intrinsically motivated.Thus,one group is paid for its participation,while the other is not.Dr.Fiore records the length of time each participant spent working on the puzzle and how enjoyable each participant rated the puzzle.Based on the theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation,what might you expect? A) The paid group would work harder on the puzzle but enjoy it less than the unpaid group. B) The paid group would not work as hard on the puzzle and enjoy it less than the unpaid group. C) The paid group would work harder on the puzzle and enjoy it more than the unpaid group. D) The paid group would not work as hard on the puzzle but enjoy it more than the unpaid group.

Which of the following is true of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation? A) Intrinsic motivation causes us to do something for money,a grade,or some other concrete,tangible reward. B) Extrinsic motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any concrete,tangible reward that it will bring us. C) In some cases,providing rewards for desirable behavior actually may decrease intrinsic motivation. D) We are more apt to persevere,work harder,and produce work of higher quality when motivation for a task is extrinsic rather than intrinsic.

Which of the following sequences best expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled from the first to the last? A) Physiological,safety,love and belongingness,esteem,and self-actualization B) Physiological and safety,esteem,love and belongingness,self-actualization C) Self-actualization,esteem,love and belongingness,and physiological and safety D) Self-actualization,love and belongingness,esteem,and physiological and safety

According to Abraham Maslow,a major prerequisite for becoming self-actualized is having: A) all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled. B) a major altruistic streak. C) a very selfless nature. D) suffered in the past so one can truly appreciate the good aspects of life.

According to Maslow,our highest-level need is the need for: A) self-esteem. B) self-efficacy. C) self-love. D) self-actualization.

A state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potentials in their own unique way is known as _____ in Maslow's model. A) self-reliance B) self-actualization C) self-efficacy D) self-regulation

Which approach to motivation is correctly matched with one or more psychologists? A) Instinct theory-Horney B) Drive-reduction approach-Maslow C) Hierarchy of needs-Hull D) Self-determination theory- Deci and Ryan

According to the self-determination theory,_____ is the need to produce desired outcomes. A) development B) autonomy C) relatedness D) competence

According to the self-determination theory,_____ is the perception that we have control over our own lives. A) reliance B) autonomy C) relatedness D) competence

According to the self-determination theory,_____ is the need to be involved in close,warm relationships with others. A) significance B) autonomy C) relatedness D) competence

Which of the following is TRUE about approaches to motivation? A) A large number of approaches are contradictory rather than complementary. B) Employing more than one approach to motivation in a given situation can prevent us from understanding motivation in a particular instance. C) Even specific behaviors like the need for food can be drawn on several approaches for the fullest account of what motivates one's behavior. D) A maximum of two approaches should be used to study any behavior.

Which figure best approximates the number of women in the United States who suffer from an eating disorder? A) 100,000 B) 1 million C) 5 million D) 10 million

Which figure best approximates the number of people in the United States who are overweight? A) 50 million B) 100 million C) 150 million D) 200 million

In the United States,about _____ of the population is overweight;more than _____ are obese. A) one-thirds;half B) two-thirds;half C) one-thirds;a quarter D) two-thirds;a quarter

People with a body mass index (BMI)greater than 30 are considered: A) overweight. B) obese. C) normal. D) underweight.

People with a body mass index (BMI)between 25 and 30 are considered: A) overweight. B) obese. C) normal. D) underweight.

Natalie's body mass index (BMI)is 26.She is best described as: A) overweight. B) obese. C) normal. D) underweight.

Misty's body mass index (BMI)is 27 and Marnie's is 31.Misty is considered _____.Marnie is _____. A) overweight;overweight as well B) overweight;obese C) obese;obese as well D) normal weight;overweight

People's perceptions of what an ideal body looks like: A) have always emphasized thinness. B) vary from one culture to another. C) have remained constant over time. D) emphasize the perfect ratio of height and weight.

_____ leads the body to store excess sugar in the blood as fats and carbohydrates. A) Cortisol B) Serotonin C) Insulin D) Estrogen

Which of the following biological hunger regulators is correctly identified and described? A) Ghrelin-communicates hunger to the brain B) Glucose-works to excite the CNS C) Insulin-regulates feelings of hunger D) Endorphin-stored in the body as fat

Which of the following brain structures has been implicated in monitoring glucose levels and food intake? A) The amygdala B) The hypothalamus C) The hippocampus D) The thalamus

Dr.DeRidder lesions,or damages,the ventromedial hypothalamus in one group of rats and the lateral hypothalamus in another group.What effect might he expect on the eating behavior of each group of rats? A) Both groups should stop eating and perhaps eventually starve to death. B) Both groups should begin overeating and become grossly obese. C) Rats with ventromedial lesions should stop eating;rats with lateral lesions should begin overeating. D) Rats with ventromedial lesions should begin overeating;rats with lateral lesions should stop eating.

Charlotte meets Will,an old high school friend,at a party and is startled to learn his weight increased from 150 to 280 pounds in the year since his automobile accident.Damage to which of the following might account for his weight gain? A) Mediotemporal hypothalmus B) Hypermedial hypothalmus C) Ventromedial hypothalmus D) Lateral hypothalmus

_____ is the rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body. A) Neutralization B) Phagocytosis C) Metabolism D) Emulsification

Carrie's body rapidly converts food into energy.Mandy's body converts food into energy more slowly.Carrie and Mandy have different: A) metabolic rates. B) eating disorders. C) homeostatic ratios. D) g factors.

The hormone _____ appears to be designed,from an evolutionary standpoint,to protect the body against weight loss. A) oxytocin B) leptin C) ghrelin D) glucose

When does one's body start storing fat either by increasing the number of fat cells or by increasing the size of existing fat cells? A) Starts at birth B) During the first year of life C) During adulthood D) Starts by the end of adolescence

Anorexia nervosa is among the _____ most frequent causes of disability in young women. A) three B) five C) ten D) two

Approximately _____ of those who suffer from anorexia nervosa literally starve themselves to death. A) 1% B) 5% C) 10% D) 15%

_____ is a severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying that their behavior and appearance-which can become skeleton-like-are unusual. A) Anorexia nervosa B) Compulsive eating C) Bulimia D) Binge eating

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of anorexia nervosa? A) Eating a large amount of food in a single setting B) An interest in cooking for others C) Serious dieting which somehow gets out of control D) Going shopping for food frequently

Which of the following is TRUE of anorexia nervosa? A) People suffering from this eating disorder binge on large quantities of food. B) This mainly afflicts females between the ages of 12 and 40. C) The weight of the person suffering from this disorder remains normal. D) People suffering from this eating disorder induce vomiting or take laxatives to rid themselves of the food.

_____ is a disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food,followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means. A) Anorexia nervosa B) Compulsive eating C) Bulimia D) Binge-eating disorder

Meghan is bulimic.Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate? A) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight. B) Meghan is more likely than other individuals of her age to be underweight. C) Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight. D) Meghan is probably seriously underweight.

As many as _____ of women suffer from bulimia at some point in their lives. A) 50% B) 35% C) 5% D) 10%

What is TRUE of brain scans of people with bulimia? A) They show that those with bulimia have the same level of connectivity in those areas of the brain associated with eating behaviors when compared to those of healthy individuals. B) They show that those with bulimia have a lower level of connectivity in those areas of the brain associated with eating behaviors when compared to those of healthy individuals. C) They show that those with bulimia do not process information about food when compared to healthy individuals. D) They show that those with bulimia process information about food differently from healthy individuals.

Which figure best approximates the percentage of Americans who say they want to lose weight? A) 40% B) 50% C) 60% D) 75%

How often should you exercise? A) At least 30 consecutive minutes three times each week B) At least seven hours a week C) At least 100 minutes every other day D) At least two hours every day

Male sex hormones secreted by the testes at puberty are known as _____. A) estrogen B) genitals C) androgens D) progesterone

The male and female sex organs are known as _____. A) genitals B) androgens C) progesterone D) estrogen

Men are capable of sexual activities without any regard to biological cycles because: A) they are able to develop an erection even during the refractory period of sexual responsiveness. B) all areas of their body automatically produce sexual arousal when touched. C) they have the ability to cycle back to the orgasm phase and experience repeated orgasms. D) the level of androgen production by the testes is fairly constant.

Which of the following statements is true of the production of androgen and estrogen? A) Androgen is produced by testes,and estrogen is produced by ovaries. B) The production of androgen follows a cyclical pattern,whereas the production of estrogen follows a noncyclical pattern. C) Androgen is produced from birth,whereas estrogen is produced after menopause. D) In nonhumans,the production of androgens decreases the male sex drive,whereas the production of estrogens increases the female sex drive.

The testes produce _____,and the ovaries produce _____. A) progesterone;androgen B) estrogen;progesterone C) progesterone;estrogen D) androgen;estrogen

When women reach maturity at puberty,the two ovaries begin to produce _____ and progesterone,the female sex hormones. A) androgen B) estrogen C) genitals D) ovaries

Which of the following is true of sexual patterns of women? A) The production of sex hormones in females follows a cyclical pattern. B) The level of estrogen and progesterone production in females is consistent. C) In humans,the period around ovulation is the only time the female is receptive to sex,whereas nonhumans are different. D) In females,all areas of the body automatically produce sexual arousal when touched.

The _____ is a stable,learned characteristic in which a person obtains satisfaction by striving for and meeting challenging goals. A) need for achievement B) need for survival C) need for affiliation D) need for power

Each semester,during advising week,Dylan asks his faculty advisor to identify the easiest courses and teachers that would satisfy his degree requirements.Dylan's need for achievement is probably: A) high. B) moderately high. C) medium. D) low.

The need for achievement is often assessed with the: A) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). B) Rorschach Inkblot Test. C) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. D) California Personality Inventory.

Mary Jo is taking the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT).She is looking at: A) inkblots. B) pictures. C) sentences. D) numerical problems.

The _____ is an interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people. A) need for achievement B) need for survival C) need for power D) need for affiliation

Larissa is highly invested in initiating and maintaining relationships.She is high in the need for: A) conformity. B) assembly. C) affiliation. D) approval.

Which of the following is TRUE of the need for affiliation? A) People who have higher affiliation needs desire to be alone more of the time than those who have lower affiliation needs. B) People who have lower affiliation needs desire to be with friends more than those who have higher affiliation needs. C) Regardless of their affiliative orientation,male students spend significantly more time with their friends. D) People who have higher affiliation needs are particularly sensitive to relationships with others.

The _____ is a tendency to seek impact,control,or influence over others and to be seen as an influential individual. A) need for achievement B) need for survival C) need for power D) need for affiliation

Men with high power needs tend to show high levels of: A) alcohol consumption. B) nurturing behavior. C) participation in cultural events. D) concern for others.

Women with high power needs display high levels of: A) alcohol consumption. B) nurturing behavior. C) aggression. D) sexually exploitative mannerisms.

"Fight-or-flight" responses entail activity of the _____ division of the autonomous nervous system. A) somatic B) parasympathetic C) asympathetic D) sympathetic

The physiological arousal sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system: A) prepares the body for rest. B) increases the count of Red Blood Cells (RBCs). C) prepares the body for action. D) aids digestion.

The functions of emotions include: A) preparing us for rest. B) facilitating learning. C) shaping our past behavior. D) helping us interact more effectively with others.

According to the approach which organizes emotions using hierarchy,which of the following is derived from a negative emotion? A) Guilt B) Infatuation C) Pride D) Contentment

What are schadenfreude,hagaii,and musu? A) Condiments used in other countries B) Highly specific emotions C) Speech disorders D) Grammar rules

Max,a German,reports experiencing schadenfreude.He is experiencing a: A) mood of vulnerable heartache colored by frustration. B) feeling of pleasure over another person's difficulties. C) mood of depression over his inability to reach his ideal weight. D) feeling of reluctance to yield to unreasonable demands made by one's parents.

Hakiro,a Japanese,reports experiencing hagaii.He is experiencing a: A) mood of vulnerable heartache colored by frustration. B) feeling of pleasure over another person's difficulties. C) feeling of achievement over reaching his ideal weight. D) feeling of reluctance to yield to unreasonable demands made by one's parents.

Sarah,from Tahiti,reports experiencing musu.She is experiencing a: A) mood of vulnerable heartache colored by frustration. B) feeling of pleasure over another person's difficulties. C) feeling of achievement over reaching her ideal weight. D) feeling of reluctance to yield to unreasonable demands made by one's parents.

According to William James and Carl Lange,which of the following leads one to label the emotional experience? A) Cognitive beliefs B) Overt behaviors C) A specific pattern of visceral response D) A set of related feelings and psychological responses

According to the _____ theory of emotion,emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation. A) James-Lange B) Maslow C) Schachter-Singer D) Cannon-Bard

In the James-Lange theory of emotion,physiological responses _____ emotional experiences. A) follow B) precede C) occur simultaneously with D) are unrelated to

The concept of visceral experience can be attributed to the _____ theory of emotion. A) James-Lange B) Maslow C) Schachter-Singer D) Cannon-Bard

Which of the following sequences reflects the order of the major theories of emotion from the earliest to the most recent? A) James-Lange,Cannon-Bard,and Schachter-Singer B) Cannon-Bard,Schachter-Singer,and James-Lange C) Cannon-Bard,James-Lange,and Schachter-Singer D) James-Lange,Schachter-Singer,and Cannon-Bard

According to the _____ theory of emotion,both physiological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus. A) James-Lange B) Maslow C) Schachter-Singer D) Cannon-Bard

One of Cannon's major objections to the James-Lange theory of emotion was that: A) physiological arousal alone does not lead to the perception of emotion. B) the sympathetic nervous system was not given a more prominent role. C) emotions have different intensities. D) motions are subjective experiences;therefore,no theory can be adequate in explaining them.

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,physiological reactions _____ emotional experiences. A) follow B) precede C) occur simultaneously with D) have little to do with

The Cannon-Bard theory states that after we perceive an emotion-producing stimulus,the _____ is the initial site of the emotional response. A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) hippocampus D) amygdala

In relation to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion,more recent research: A) supports the assumption that physiological arousal alone accounts for emotions. B) has disconfirmed the assumption that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously. C) supports the notion that emotional experiences are controlled by the thalamus. D) has disconfirmed the idea that emotional experiences are controlled by the thalamus.

According to the _____ theory of emotion,emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation,based on environmental cues. A) James-Lange B) Maslow C) Schachter-Singer D) Cannon-Bard

Which alternative below correctly identifies one of the results in Schachter and Singer's experiment? A) The injection of epinephrine had no effect on participants. B) The confederate's behavior had unanticipated effects on participants' emotional state. C) The confederate's behavior had no effect on participants' emotional state. D) The confederate's behavior had the expected effect on participants' emotional state.

The results of the Schachter-Singer experiment: A) indicate that emotional experience and visceral reaction are the same thing. B) indicate that emotions are actually the result of parasympathetic rebound. C) support a cognitive view of emotions. D) support the view that people can never experience "true" emotions.

Which of the following theories of emotion most explicitly recognizes the importance of the cognitive component of emotion? A) James-Lange B) Cannon-Bard C) Schachter-Singer D) Maslow

The _____,in the brain's temporal lobe,plays an important role in our experience of emotion. A) amygdala B) cerebellum C) corpus callosum D) medulla

In one study,participants undergoing positron emission tomography (PET)brain scans were asked to recall events that made them feel sad,or events that made them feel happy.What did the results of such studies show? A) The two emotions produced similar levels of activity in the same areas of the brain. B) Happiness showed a decrease in activity in certain areas of the cerebral cortex,whereas sadness showed increases in activity in particular portions of the cortex. C) The two emotions produced different patterns of activation in the same areas of the brain. D) Happiness showed an increase in activity in certain areas of the cerebellum and brain stem,whereas sadness showed decreases in activity in particular portions of the brain stem alone.

The _____ plays an important role in the consolidation of memories. A) hippocampus B) cerebellum C) corpus callosum D) medulla

Dr.Lynch shows (a)members of a preliterate Andean culture and (b)American college students a series of photos of either Andeans or Americans displaying emotional expressions.She asks Andeans and Americans to identify the emotion displayed in each photo.Based on previous research,what might Dr.Lynch predict? A) The Andeans should perform more poorly than the Americans overall. B) Participants should identify emotions accurately when they are displayed by members of their own cultural group,but not when they are displayed by members of the other group. C) Participants should identify emotions accurately both when they are displayed by members of their own cultural group and when they are displayed by members of the other group. D) The Americans should perform more poorly than the Andeans overall.

According to the facial-feedback hypothesis,_____. A) we pay close attention to others' facial expressions B) our emotions activate specific facial-affect patterns C) facial expressions can actually determine our emotional experience D) facial expressions are strongly influenced by our immediate environment and our larger cultures

Motivational tension,or arousal,that energizes behavior to fulfill a need is called a(n).

Many basic drives,such as hunger,thirst,sleep,and sex,are related to biological needs of the body or of the species as a whole.These are called .

is the body's tendency to maintain a steady internal state.

motivation causes us to participate in an activity for our own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring us.

Recall the disco era.Donna Summer's working-class heroine "work[ed] hard for the money." Most likely,this woman is driven by motivation.

"Be all that you can be," exhorted the U.S.Army in one of its recruitment campaigns.In Maslow's terms,the Army is promoting itself as the royal road to .

refers to body weight that is more than 20% above the average weight for a person of a particular height.

Valerie is obese-that is,her body mass index (BMI)exceeds .

An injury to the hypothalamus is likely to lead to the problem of extreme overeating.

The is the particular level of weight that the body strives to maintain.

The rate at which food is converted to energy and expended by the body is termed .

Gwen eats huge amounts of food in a single sitting,then vomits and uses laxatives to purge the excess food.Gwen appears to suffer from .

Testes are to ,as ovaries are to estrogen.

The female sex hormones include progesterone and .

The point at which an egg is released from the ovaries is called .

is sexual self-stimulation.

Rory and his friends are practicing free throws.They are goofing around,disregarding the line painted on the concrete.Although one friend stands quite close to the basket to practically guarantee sinking the ball,Rory stands at a more challenging intermediate distance.Rory has a(n)need for achievement than his friend.

The ,or TAT,is a projective test used to assess needs such as the need for achievement.

Establishing and maintaining relationships is very important to Amelia;she has a high need for .

Blaine's heart is pounding with fear;he has just heard a large "thump!" against the outside wall of his house in the middle of the night.The division of Blaine's autonomic nervous system is active.

The prominent early American psychologist argued that rather than crying because we feel hurt,"We feel sorry because we cry."

A "gut" reaction of internal organs is more formally termed a(n).

The plays an important role in the experience of emotions for it provides a link between the perception of an emotion-producing stimulus and the recall of that stimulus later.

Psychologist is known for early demonstrations among Americans and New Guineans which show that the expression of basic emotions are universal.

List three things you remember doing in the past day or two.Explain why you performed each behavior using one or more of the approaches to understanding motivation.

Briefly describe instinct,drive-reduction,arousal,incentive,and cognitive approaches to motivation.

Review the biological factors involved in the regulation of hunger.Make sure you discuss what areas of the brain may be involved with hunger and what blood chemicals are involved.

Review what is known regarding the roots of obesity.Distinguish between the set point and the settling point hypotheses.

Supply four of the pieces of advice for successful dieting and weight loss.How might you have to change your current routine to follow the advice if you wished to lose weight or prevent unwanted weight gain?

Describe the needs for achievement and affiliation.Identify some of the characteristics associated with each of these needs.How are these needs often assessed?

Identify the three functions of emotions.Provide original examples to illustrate each function.

Compare and contrast the James-Lange and Schachter-Singer theories of emotion.

Survey the evidence regarding cross-cultural universality in the experience and expression of emotion.

"Smile,even though your heart is breaking," suggests a standard in the American songbook.Is this good advice? Make reference to facial-affect programs and the facial-feedback hypothesis in your answer.