Quiz 7: Thinking,Language,and Intelligence

_____ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes,including thinking,language,memory,problem solving,knowing,reasoning,and judging. A) Clinical B) Developmental C) Cognitive D) Evolutionary

Which of the following is true about mental images? A) They refer only to visual representations. B) They have only a few of the properties of the actual stimuli they represent. C) They are representations in the mind of an object or event. D) They cannot be rotated.

Which of the following statements best expresses the nature of mental images? A) They are binary in format. B) They are always auditory in format. C) They may be produced by any sensory modality. D) They are linguistic.

Dr.Randazza shows participants a stylized map of a fictitious city.The map includes landmarks,such as a post office,a library,a shopping mall,a bus depot,and an airport.Some of the landmarks are close together,such as the library and the post office.Others are far apart,such as the airport and the shopping mall.Dr.Randazza removes the map.Participants are asked to imagine walking from one landmark to another,either a nearby one or a more distant one.Participants press a key when they have reached the destination in their minds.Based on mental imagery,what do you think Dr.Randazza should find? What would such a result say about mental imagery? A) Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant as between close landmarks.This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects. B) Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant as between close landmarks.This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects. C) Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant than between close landmarks.This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects. D) Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant than between close landmarks.This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects.

Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swing in his mind's eye.Based on mental imagery,which of the following statements is most accurate? A) Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing.Performing the task involves the same network of brain cells as the network used in mentally rehearsing it. B) Clint's mental rehearsal should do little to improve his golf swing.The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be the same as those active when Clint actually swings the golf club. C) Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing.The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be different than those active when Clint actually swings the golf club. D) Clint's mental rehearsal should do little to improve his golf swing.The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be different than those active when Clint actually swings the golf club.

Mental representations of objects are called _____;mental grouping of similar objects,events,or people are called _____. A) images;concepts B) images;images as well C) concepts;concepts as well D) concepts;images

Which of the following is most nearly synonymous with the term concept,as it is used by cognitive psychologists? A) Idea B) Relationship C) Category D) Image

Mental groupings of objects,events,or people that share common features are called: A) concepts. B) ideas. C) heuristics. D) algorithms.

A prototype is: A) the most typical or highly representative example of a concept. B) the first example of a concept that one encounters. C) the least frequent example of a concept. D) the most unusual or distinctive example of a concept.

Which of the following is most likely the prototype of the concept "fruit"? A) Carrot B) Apple C) Tomato D) Blueberry

_____ is the process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions. A) Reasoning B) Negotiating C) Predicting D) Conceptualizing

doesn't understand why it works. A) heuristic. B) algorithm. C) premise. D) syllogism.

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed as a(n): A) heuristic. B) algorithm. C) premise. D) syllogism.

Which of the following is TRUE of algorithms? A) In cases where heuristics are not available,we may use algorithms. B) Even if it is applied appropriately,an algorithm cannot guarantee a solution to a problem. C) Algorithms may sometimes lead to errors. D) We can use an algorithm even if we cannot understand why it works.

Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics? A) In cases where algorithms are not available,we may use heuristics. B) If applied appropriately,a heuristic guarantees a solution to a problem. C) Heuristics never lead to errors. D) Heuristics decrease the likelihood of success in finding a solution.

Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of the term heuristic,as cognitive psychologists use it? A) Principle B) Formula C) Strategy D) Program

When you play tic-tac-toe using certain mental shortcuts,you are using cognitive strategies psychologists called: A) algorithms. B) mental sets. C) heuristics. D) syllogistic reasoning.

Matt picks up a pamphlet at a counseling center titled How to Succeed at College Course Work.Which type of problem-solving strategies is most likely offered in this pamphlet? A) Algorithms B) Insights C) Heuristics D) Syllogisms

Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics? A) A chemical equation for the synthesis of sulfuric acid B) A recipe for making cookies on the back of a box of cornflakes C) An article by a Nobel Prize winner titled "How to Succeed in Science" D) A computer program for keeping track of inventory at a department store

Which of the following is an advantage of the use of heuristics? A) A heuristic will present a clearly defined solution to a problem. B) A heuristic is often efficient. C) A heuristic is guaranteed to result in a correct response. D) A heuristic results in only one possible solution to a problem.

Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics? A) Heuristics always lead to correct solutions of a problem. B) Heuristics are a slower way to solve problems than are other strategies. C) Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem. D) Heuristics are used by computers but not by humans as problem-solving tools.

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket.They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans will be the better buy.Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each can contains.Monica suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy." Lori is using a(n)____,whereas Monica is using a(n)_____. A) heuristic;algorithm B) algorithm;heuristic C) prototype;algorithm D) heuristic;prototype

_____ may sometimes lead to errors. A) Theorems B) Heuristics C) Algorithms D) Statements

When you use the availability heuristic,you are: A) making frequency estimates based on the ease with which things come to mind. B) overcoming mental set. C) mistaking visual images and other forms of mental representations for reality. D) assuming that something is typical of its class.

Suppose you meet a woman who killed her stepdaughter,and then later when you meet another woman who is having trouble with her stepdaughter,you are most likely to think that this woman too will kill her stepdaughter.You come to this conclusion as a result of: A) functional fixedness. B) the representativeness heuristic. C) the availability heuristic. D) confirmation bias.

Carl is the only person from New Zealand that Craig has ever met.Carl strikes Craig as being quite friendly and funny.When Carl asks Craig what he would expect to find if he went to New Zealand,Craig says that he would expect the people to be quite friendly and funny.What might Craig have used to make this judgment? A) The familiarity heuristic B) Confirmation bias C) Functional fixedness D) The availability heuristic

The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory. A) availability B) representativeness C) confirmation D) frequency

According to the _____ heuristic,we assume that events we remember easily are likely to have occurred more frequently in the past-and are more likely to occur in the future-than events that are harder to remember. A) availability B) representativeness C) confirmation D) frequency

Following the September 11,2001,Twin Towers attacks,many Americans opted to drive rather than fly.The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to overestimate the danger of flying.As it was an event they remember easily,they assumed it could occur frequently.This example illustrates: A) the availability heuristic. B) the representativeness heuristic. C) confirmation bias. D) stereotypic bias.

When people are asked which is more common,death by homicide or death by stroke,they often choose homicide because they hear more about murders than they do about strokes.In this instance,people are led astray in their judgments by: A) the representativeness heuristic. B) stereotypic bias. C) confirmation bias. D) the availability heuristic.

Last week,Mike heard about five separate airplane crashes on the news.Even though,in general,motorcycle accidents account for more accidents than plane crashes do,Mike decides to ride his motorcycle from Washington to Atlanta instead of flying.Which bias is reflected in Mike's decision? A) The availability heuristic B) Confirmation bias C) Syllogistic error D) The representativeness heuristic

Joanne does not go out at night because she hears from her local news station about the large number of muggings and robberies that occur in her city.However,crime in Joanne's city has actually gone down in the past few years.Joanne falling victim to: A) the representativeness heuristic. B) functional fixedness. C) the availability heuristic. D) confirmation bias.

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend.Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend would not tell her what was bothering him.Iris is using the _____ heuristic. A) representativeness B) availability C) functional D) frequency

In a(n)_____ heuristic,known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown. A) representativeness B) availability C) functional D) familiarity

When you go to the supermarket,you see the brand of cookies you usually buy,and settle for it.Usually it is a good rule of thumb because it saves a lot of time.You do not ponder over every type of cookie available in the store.This is an example of a(n)_____. A) representativeness heuristic B) syllogistic reasoning C) algorithm D) familiarity heuristic

_____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking,problem solving,and creative activities. A) Artificial B) Bodily-kinesthetic C) Spatial D) Existential

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of the three broad phases of the problem-solving process,from first to last? A) Preparation  judgment  production B) Judgment  production  preparation C) Preparation  production  judgment D) Judgment  preparation  production

In _____ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear.In _____ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear. A) well-defined;ill-defined B) algorithmic;heuristic C) arrangement;inducing structure D) transformation;arrangement

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem? A) Navigating to a museum in a nearby city B) Composing a good concerto C) Finding out where several well-known authors were born D) Playing Scrabble

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem in a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n)_____ problem.It is best solved through the application of _____. A) well-defined;algorithms B) well-defined;heuristics C) ill-defined;algorithms D) ill-defined;heuristics

Dr.Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives,whereas Dr.Jamison's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician.Which of the following statements is MOST likely TRUE? A) Dr.Ireland's class is solving a well-defined problem. B) Dr.Jamison's class is solving a well-defined problem. C) Dr.Ireland's class is using syllogistic reasoning. D) Dr.Jamison's class is using familiarity heuristic.

_____ problems require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion. A) Arrangement B) Inducing structure C) Transformation D) Prescriptive

In problems of _____,a person must identify the existing relationships among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship among them. A) arrangement B) inducing structure C) transformation D) prescription

_____ problems consist of an initial state,a goal state,and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state. A) Arrangement B) Inducing structure C) Transformation D) Prescriptive

Which of the following problem types is correctly matched with its description? A) Arrangement-moving from an initial to a goal state according to a specific method B) Inducing structure-identifying relationships among problem elements and constructing new relationships C) Transformation-rearranging or recombining elements to satisfy a particular criterion D) Transformation-identifying relationships among problem elements and constructing new relationships

Janelle is solving anagrams;Kamika is puzzling over verbal analogies;Lamar is playing chess with a friend.Which alternative below correctly matches each individual with the type of problem he or she is solving? A) Janelle-arrangement;Kamika-transformation;Lamar-inducing structure B) Janelle-transformation;Kamika-inducing structure;Lamar-arrangement C) Janelle-arrangement;Kamika-inducing structure;Lamar-transformation D) Janelle-transformation;Kamika-arrangement;Lamar-inducing structure

Thomas Edison invented the light-bulb only because he experimented with thousands of different kinds of materials for a filament before he found one that worked (carbon).This shows that at the most basic level,we can solve problems through _____. A) the availability heuristic B) means-ends analysis C) insight D) trial and error

_____ involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists. A) Forming subgoals B) Means-ends analysis C) Insight D) Trial and error

In the context of problem solving,the most frequently used problem-solving heuristic is: A) forming subgoals. B) means-ends analysis. C) insight. D) trial and error.

Millie is stumped by a problem in her pre-calculus text.She furtively glances at the answer provided in the back of the text to get an idea of how the solution should look before she returns to the problem.Millie's strategy most closely resembles the problem-solving heuristic of: A) forming subgoals. B) trial and error. C) working backward. D) insight.

A political science professor attempts to facilitate her students' completion of a term paper assignment by requiring to first submit a topic statement,then a list of references,then a draft of the introduction,then,finally,the completed paper.The professor is encouraging her students to use the problem-solving strategy of: A) forming subgoals. B) working backward. C) means-ends analysis. D) trial and error.

Which problem-solving strategy or method is correctly matched with its definition? A) Means-ends analysis: dividing a problem into intermediate steps B) Forming subgoals: focusing on a problem's goal rather than its starting point C) Working backward: reducing the apparent difference between the current state of the problem and the goal D) Insight: experiencing a sudden awareness of the relationships among a problem's components

Kent and Kirsten are both trying to reduce their consumer debt.Kent isolates several more concrete problems he can solve to achieve his goal,such as paying the highest-interest debts first and freezing credit card spending.Kirsten simply pays her largest debt first because this would seem to be the fastest way to move her debt as close to zero as possible.Kent's plan reflects the problem-solving strategy of _____,while Kirsten's method illustrates the strategy of _____. A) forming subgoals;trial and error B) means-end analysis;trial and error C) working backward;means-end analysis D) forming subgoals;means-end analysis

The study of insight is associated with the German psychologist _____;he studied problem solving among _____. A) Kohler;chimpanzees B) Kohler;humans C) Wundt;cats D) Wundt;humans

_____ is defined as a sudden awareness of the relationship among problem elements;it is thought to lead rapidly to the problem's solution. A) Convergent thinking B) Divergent thinking C) Insight D) Creativity

Which of the following is a key characteristic of insight? A) Brevity B) Complexity C) Uniqueness D) Suddenness

The apparent suddenness of insightful problem solutions: A) may rest in part on the foundation of trial and error. B) may be based on the availability heuristic. C) has been affirmed by empirical research. D) requires the application of confirmation bias.

For which of the following types of problems is the evaluation of solutions LEAST likely to prove difficult? A) Well-defined problems B) Ill-defined problems C) Divergent thinking problems D) Associative thinking problems

Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is incorrectly matched with an illustrative problem? A) Confirmation bias-problem of security in the Middle East B) Functional fixedness-water jar problem C) Mental set-water jar problem D) Functional fixedness-candle problem

_____ refers to the tendency of old patterns of problem solving to persist. A) Mental set B) Representativeness heuristic C) Availability heuristic D) Syllogistic frame

Zelma is asked to think of all the words beginning with the letters "squ," such as squeak.She is then given a fill-in-the-blank task where one of the items is "s _ _ o n g." Zelma keeps trying to make "squong" a word,and she has trouble thinking of the common word "strong." Zelma's ability to solve this problem has been hampered by: A) syllogistic reasoning. B) mental set. C) the confirmation bias. D) the representativeness heuristic.

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between mental and functional fixedness? A) Functional fixedness is an example of a broader phenomenon known as mental set. B) Mental set is actually a specific instance of functional fixedness. C) Mental set and functional fixedness are the same thing. D) Functional fixedness and mental set are distinct problem-solving impediments.

Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver while making several minor household repairs.Which of the following statements best characterizes Alyssa's problem solving? A) She is constrained by a powerful mental set. B) She has been released from functional fixedness. C) She is taking advantage of the representative heuristic. D) She is forming subgoals.

A jeweler is unable to fix a particular mounting in a ring because she can imagine only the conventional uses of her tools.Which of the following does this best demonstrate? A) Syllogistic reasoning B) Functional fixedness C) Algorithmic thinking D) Means-end analysis

Henry's dog Sparky has been rolling in the mud.Henry must bathe Sparky before the dog gets mud all over the carpet.However,Henry is unable to find the plug for the tub.Sitting on the counter right beside the tub is a fifty-cent piece.In his frustration,Henry fails to see that the coin could be used as an emergency plug for the tub.What happened to Henry? A) He took a heuristic approach. B) He fell prey to confirmation bias. C) He suffered from mental set. D) He employed representational thought.

_____ is the tendency to seek out and give greater weight to information that supports one's initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions. A) Functional fixedness B) A mental set C) Confirmation bias D) Representativeness heuristic

Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is correctly matched with its definition? A) Functional fixedness-the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist B) Mental set-the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its customary use C) Confirmation bias-the tendency to favor existing hypotheses and to ignore evidence favoring alternatives D) Representative heuristic-involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory

Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports.He appears to ignore editorials' criticism of the candidate.Nigel appears to be prone to: A) functional fixedness. B) mental set. C) the confirmation bias. D) the representativeness heuristic.

Sandy,a true believer in astrology,reads in her horoscope that today is her lucky day.She gets so excited that she spills coffee all over herself,necessitating a change of clothes.As a result,she is late for work and for a very important meeting,which in turn gets her into serious trouble with her boss.In the evening,her brother is taken to the emergency room.On her way to visit him,Sandy finds a dime in the hospital parking lot.What will Sandy do based on the research on confirmation bias? A) Sandy will renounce astrology as completely wrong because of all the horrible things that happened on her "lucky day." B) Sandy will begin to question her belief in astrology because of all the horrible things that happened on her "lucky day." C) Sandy will seize on the dime she found as evidence of astrology's accuracy. D) Confirmation bias has little or no relevance to how Sandy will think about astrology in the future.

The ability to generate original ideas or develop novel solutions to problems is known as: A) convergent thinking. B) insight. C) creativity. D) syllogistic reasoning.

Which of the following statements accurately expresses one failing of cognitive psychologists' study of problem solving? A) Cognitive psychologists have failed to identify the strategies people use in solving problems. B) Cognitive psychologists have failed to explain why some people generate better solutions than others do. C) Cognitive psychologists have failed to specify how people represent problems in their minds. D) Cognitive psychologists have failed to identify the barriers to effective problem solving that people face.

Someone relying on convergent thinking would answer _____ to the query "What can you do with a toothbrush?" A) "You brush your teeth with it" B) "You use it for painting" C) "You use it for cleaning tools" D) "You use it to make toys"

Someone relying on divergent thinking would answer _____ to the query "What can you do with a pencil?" A) "You write with it" B) "You use it for sketching" C) "You use it when you can't find a pen" D) "You use it for making toys"

Compared to less creative individuals,creative persons: A) prefer more complex stimuli. B) are more dependent. C) are more interested in concrete problems. D) have a narrower range of interests.

Which of the following is true of creativity? A) One factor that is closely related to creativity is intelligence. B) Traditional tests are a good way to gauge an individual's creativity. C) Highly creative individuals show signs of convergent thinking. D) Cognitive complexity is an important aspect of creativity.

Which of the following factors is NOT closely related to creativity? A) Cognitive complexity B) Abstract problems C) Range of interests D) Intelligence

Traditional intelligence tests tend to assess _____ thinking;tests of creativity tap into _____. A) divergent;convergent thinking B) divergent;divergent thinking as well C) convergent;divergent thinking D) convergent;convergent thinking as well

Critical or creative thinking may be enhanced by each of the following strategies EXCEPT: A) using analogies. B) considering opposites. C) avoiding heuristics. D) experimenting with solutions.

Phonology is the study of the _____ in a language. A) combination of words B) speech sounds C) order of words D) meaning of words

Linguists have identified more than _____ different phonemes among all the world's languages. A) 26 B) 800 C) 52 D) an infinite number

Approximately how many phonemes are found in English? A) 26 B) more than 800 C) 52 D) an infinite number

Dr.Salim is a linguist studying the rules that guide the order of words and phrases in several of the world's languages.Dr.Salim is a(n): A) syntactician. B) semanticist. C) phonologist. D) translator.

In written language,letters most closely represent _____,whereas sentences may be said to reflect _____. A) syntax;semantics B) syntax;phonemes C) phonemes;syntax D) phonemes;semantics

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the components of a language,from the smallest or most specific to the broadest? A) Phoneme  syntax  semantics B) Syntax  semantics  phoneme C) Phoneme  semantics  syntax D) Syntax  phoneme  semantics

Which of the following language acquisition stages or phenomena is correctly matched with an illustrative example? A) Babbling-"Goo goo,ga ga." B) Telegraphic speech-"I ran from the library to the bus stop." C) Overgeneralization-"Daddy has come home." D) Overgeneralization-"Drawing house"

What is meant by the notion of a critical period for language acquisition? A) It is the period of transition between one-word and two-word utterances. B) It is the time in one's childhood in which one is particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquires language. C) It is the period isolated children spend by themselves before someone teaches them a language. D) It is the period between six and ten years of age in which certain complex aspects of syntax are learned.

A girl named Genie was exposed to virtually no language from the age of 20 months till the age of 13.In what way does Genie's case offer support for the notion of a critical period in language acquisition? A) With intensive instruction,Genie acquired a sizeable vocabulary after the age of 13;moreover,she eventually mastered the rules of syntax. B) Even with intensive instruction,Genie acquired only a very small vocabulary after the age of 13;furthermore,she never mastered the complexities of a language. C) Once she was no longer isolated,Genie acquired a sizeable vocabulary and eventually mastered the rules of syntax,even without intensive formal instruction. D) Genie's case is irrelevant to the notion of a critical period.

Tina is 6 months old,Vincenzo is 2 years and 7 months old,and Wayne is 3 years and 6 months old.Which alternative below correctly pairs each child with the appropriate language acquisition stage or phenomenon? A) Tina-overgeneralization;Vincenzo-babbling;Wayne-telegraphic speech B) Tina-babbling;Vincenzo-telegraphic speech;Wayne-overgeneralization C) Tina-telegraphic speech;Vincenzo-babbling;Wayne-overgeneralization D) Tina-babbling;Vincenzo-overgeneralization;Wayne-telegraphic speech

You are creating a language development timeline for a class presentation.Along the top of a display board,you write the following ages in sequence: 6 months  1 year  2 years 3 years How should you label these ages,from youngest to oldest? A) Babbling  first words  telegraphic speech  overgeneralization B) Babbling  overgeneralization  first words  telegraphic speech C) Babbling  first words  overgeneralization  telegraphic speech D) Overgeneralization  babbling  first words  telegraphic speech

Dorian is 2 years old.Constance is 2 years and 5 months old.Dorian's vocabulary probably contains _____ words,while Constance's vocabulary contains _____ words. A) about 100;several hundred B) about 50;about 100 C) about 50;several hundred D) several hundred;about 1000

"All gone milk," says two-year-old Wesley,placing the empty glass on the table.Wesley's remark exemplifies the language acquisition phenomenon termed: A) babbling. B) telegraphic speech. C) holographic speech. D) agrammatism.

Ricky tells his grandmother,"Momma holded the rabbit." In the context of language,Ricky's statement exemplifies: A) idiomatic speech. B) telegraphic speech. C) babbling. D) overgeneralization.

Connie is telling her mother a story about a scary dog she encountered in the neighbor's yard."Then I runned away," Connie concludes.Which language acquisition phenomenon is Connie demonstrating? How old is Connie likely to be? A) Connie is babbling.She is probably about 2 years old. B) Connie is overgeneralizing.She is probably 3 to 4 years old. C) Connie is babbling.She is probably about 4 years old. D) Connie is overgeneralizing.She is probably 5 to 6 years old.

The theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning is known as the _____ approach. A) learning-theory B) nativist C) interactionist D) prescriptive

The theory that a genetically determined,innate mechanism directs language development is known as the _____ approach. A) learning-theory B) nativist C) interactionist D) prescriptive

The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help to teach language is known as the _____ approach. A) learning-theory B) nativist C) interactionist D) prescriptive

Theorists taking an interactionist approach to language acquisition: A) reject both the learning theory and nativist approaches. B) agree that the brain is hardwired to acquire language. C) downplay the role of the environment in language acquisition. D) remain unconvinced by the idea of a language-acquisition device.

The notion that language shapes and determines the way people in a particular culture perceive and understand the world is known as the _____ hypothesis. A) output B) interaction C) linguistic-relativity D) monitor

The _____ hypothesis suggests that language leads to thought. A) output B) interaction C) linguistic-relativity D) monitor

Which figure best approximates the number of Americans for whom English is a second language? A) 13 million B) 25 million C) 55 million D) 100 million

In seven states,including Texas and Colorado,more than _____ of the students are not native English speakers. A) 5% B) 10% C) 15% D) 25%

Students are educated in their native language and in English simultaneously in _____,whereas they are educated only in English in _____. A) immersion programs;bilingual education B) bilingual education;immersion programs C) an alternation approach;immersion programs D) immersion programs;alternation programs

In the introduction to its discussion of intelligence,your text suggests that conceptions of intelligence vary cross-culturally.To the Trukese of the South Pacific,for example,intelligence may mean the ability to navigate on the open water without technological assistance;to a Westerner,traveling along the most direct and quickest route by using a sextant and other navigational tools is likely to represent the most "intelligent" kind of behavior.Nevertheless,one element of the understanding of intelligence that is consistent across culture is: A) the ability to use the resources provided by one's environment. B) the ability to understand and relate to others. C) to think rationally;that is,with one's head rather than one's heart. D) to solve abstract,complex problems.

Psychologists define _____ as the capacity to understand the world,think rationally,and use resources effectively when faced with challenges. A) cognition B) intelligence C) sensation D) perception

Ashley,a psychology major,remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence.In other words,Ashley is interested in: A) the capacity to understand the world,think rationally,and use resources effectively. B) how behavior changes as a result of past experience. C) the factors directing behavior toward a goal. D) the ability to generate novel solutions to problems.

The g-factor is: A) the factor that helps us reason abstractly. B) a general intelligence factor that was thought to underlie performance in every aspect of intelligence. C) a score derived from one of several standardized tests that are designed to assess the overall intelligence. D) the same thing as crystallized intelligence.

_____ is the single factor for mental ability assumed to underlie intelligence in some early theories of intelligence. A) The g-factor B) The p-factor C) The i-factor D) The m-factor

Laverne's scores on different parts of an IQ test are very different from one another.Laverne's profile of scores on the test: A) contradicts the view of intelligence offered by early psychologists. B) supports the view of intelligence offered by early psychologists. C) contradicts the view of intelligence offered by contemporary psychologists. D) supports the g-factor theory of mental ability.

Early psychologists argued that g represented general intelligence.According to these psychologists,individuals good at numerical tests: A) are generally good on all tests. B) are generally poor on all other tests. C) excel at visual but not verbal tasks. D) excel at verbal tasks but not visual ones.

Early theorists inferred the existence of a general intelligence factor or g-factor from: A) the high reliability coefficients of the results of individual tests. B) the low correlations among tests of different intellectual skills. C) the negative correlations among tests of different intellectual skills. D) the correlation between performances among tests of different intellectual skills.

In what way do more recent theories of intelligence differ from those offered earlier in psychology's history? A) More recent theories propose that there may be multiple forms of intelligence,rather than just one. B) More recent theories propose that there may be a single broad factor underlying every aspect of intelligence. C) More recent theories tend to dismiss the notion that cultural differences are important to the definition of intelligence. D) More recent theories claim that people who did poorly on one test tended to do poorly on others as well.

Intelligence that reflects the ability to reason abstractly is termed _____ intelligence. A) fluid B) reflexive C) spatial D) crystallized

Janet has a knack for figuring things out.When faced with puzzles and problems she has never seen before,Janet always manages to find a solution.Janet has a high _____ intelligence. A) spatial B) flexible C) fluid D) crystallized

_____ intelligence is the accumulation of information,knowledge,and skills that people have learned through experience and education. A) Fluid B) Reflexive C) Spatial D) Crystallized

Which of the following is most likely to draw on fluid intelligence? A) Solving a new kind of puzzle B) Answering trivia questions C) Figuring out how to fix a familiar appliance D) Participating in a discussion about the solution to the causes of poverty

In contrast to _____,_____ is more a reflection of the culture in which a person is raised. A) existential intelligence;fluid intelligence B) crystallized intelligence;existential intelligence C) fluid intelligence;crystallized intelligence D) existential intelligence;kinesthetic intelligence

Jody is completing a test in which she has to name as many state capitals as she can in one minute;Alex is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams.Jody is taking a test of _____,whereas Alex,a test of _____. A) fluid intelligence;crystallized intelligence B) fluid intelligence;fluid intelligence as well C) crystallized intelligence;crystallized intelligence as well D) crystallized intelligence;fluid intelligence

Bonnie studied car mechanics in high school and spent a lot of time helping out at her father's garage.Her ability to replace a blown gasket relies primarily on her _____ intelligence. A) fluid B) flexible C) kinesthetic D) crystallized

According to Gardner's view of different forms of intelligence,each of the multiple intelligences: A) links to an independent system in the brain. B) involves identifying the fundamental question of human existence. C) operates in isolation and not together. D) depends on the fluid intelligence of an individual.

_____ is Gardner's intelligence theory that proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence. A) The triarchic theory of intelligence B) The theory of primary mental abilities C) The theory of multiple intelligences D) The theory of general intelligence

_____ involves identifying and thinking about the fundamental questions of human entity. A) Emotional intelligence B) Analytical intelligence C) Crystallized intelligence D) Existential intelligence

According to the text,a positive feature of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences is: A) the empirical support it has received. B) the intuitive appeal of the underlying concept. C) that it has led to the development of intelligence tests that allow test takers to be creative. D) that it focuses on cases of brain damage,as well as of mental retardation and giftedness.

Which of the following is one of Gardner's forms of intelligence? A) General intelligence B) Analytical intelligence C) Crystallized intelligence D) Musical intelligence

Gardner's theory includes each of the following types of intelligence EXCEPT: A) tacit intelligence. B) musical intelligence. C) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. D) interpersonal intelligence.

Bodily kinesthetic intelligence refers to skills: A) in problem solving,scientific thinking,logical thinking,and interacting with others. B) in using the whole body or various portions of it in the solution of problems. C) involving spatial configurations. D) involved in the production and use of language.

Dancers,athletes,actors,and surgeons display: A) bodily kinesthetic intelligence. B) naturalist intelligence. C) intrapersonal intelligence. D) spatial intelligence.

Which of the following professionals would most likely display spatial intelligence? A) A dancer B) An actor C) A social worker D) An architect

Logical-mathematical intelligence refers to skills: A) in problem solving and scientific thinking. B) in using the whole body or various portions of it in the solution of problems or in the construction of products or displays. C) involved in the ability to identify patterns in nature. D) involved in the production and use of language.

Knowledge of the internal aspects of oneself is termed as _____. A) naturalistic intelligence B) interpersonal intelligence C) intrapersonal intelligence D) spatial intelligence

_____ refers to skills involved in the production and use of language. A) Naturalistic intelligence B) Linguistic intelligence C) Intrapersonal intelligence D) Spatial intelligence

Kyana is an excellent salesperson because she can always find a way of connecting with a potential client.Based on this information,in which kind of intelligence would Gardner expect Kyana to be high? A) Analytic B) Bodily kinesthetic C) Interpersonal D) Spatial

Collectivist cultures,such as Taiwan's,place a high priority on how individuals relate to each other.It might be reasonable to hypothesize that Taiwanese adults might outscore American adults on a test of Gardner's _____ intelligence. A) naturalistic B) intrapersonal C) practical D) interpersonal

Which of the following alternatives does NOT correctly use Gardner's terminology to identify the type of intelligence with the characteristic of a well-known individual? A) Babe Ruth - athletic B) Barbara McClintock - numerical C) T.S.Eliot - linguistic D) Virginia Wolf - naturalistic

Etta is taking an intelligence test based on Gardner's multiple intelligences theory.How is Etta's performance likely to be scored? A) She will receive a score for each of eight types of intelligence. B) She will receive a score for each of three types of intelligence. C) She will be classified as having one of eight types of intelligence. D) She will receive an overall intelligence score,like an IQ.

According to Sternberg,intelligence related to overall success in living is known as _____ intelligence. A) practical B) crystallized C) emotional D) creative

The notion of practical intelligence is associated with: A) Gardner. B) Sternberg. C) Wechsler. D) Spearman.

Traditional tests were designed to relate to _____. A) academic success B) career success C) spiritual success D) familial success

People who are high in _____ intelligence are able to learn general norms and principles and apply them appropriately. A) practical B) crystallized C) emotional D) linguistic

Which of the following is true of academic success and career success? A) Academic success and career success both rely on the sort of intelligence assessed by traditional intelligence tests. B) Academic success and career success are based on two different types of intelligence. C) Traditional tests were designed to relate to career success,while contemporary tests are designed to relate to academic success. D) Both academic and career success relate to practical intelligence.

The three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg include each of the following EXCEPT _____ intelligence. A) analytical B) practical C) logical D) creative

_____ intelligence is the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment,evaluation,expression,and regulation of one's mental state. A) Emotional B) Practical C) Fluid D) Crystallized

Which of the major intelligence concepts is correctly matched with a description? A) Practical intelligence - intelligence attuned to the feelings and needs of oneself or others B) Crystallized intelligence - information,skills,and knowledge learned through experience C) Gardner's theory - intelligence related to reasoning,memory,and information-processing capabilities D) Information-processing approach - eight independent forms of intelligence

The first real intelligence tests were developed by: A) Galton. B) Binet. C) Spearman. D) Wechsler.

Intelligence quotient (IQ)is a measure of intelligence that takes into account an individual's: A) mental age alone. B) physical age alone. C) physical and developmental ages. D) mental and chronological ages.

The age for which a given level of performance is average or typical is known as _____. A) mental age B) societal age C) chronological age D) behavioral age

Imagine that six-year-olds can complete a particular block design puzzle in five minutes.It takes Bailey almost eight minutes to complete the same task.In Binet's terms,Bailey's _____ age is _____ than six. A) chronological;higher B) chronological;lower C) mental;higher D) mental;lower

If MA stands for mental age and CA for chronological age,then the formula for the intelligence quotient score as Binet defined it is: A) CA/MA x 100. B) MA/CA x 100. C) CA/(MA x 100). D) MA/(CA x 100).

Laura is eight;her performance on a series of tasks is equivalent to that of the average ten year old.Her intelligence quotient is: A) 125. B) 80. C) 110. D) 150.

If we were to plot the IQ scores of every person living in the United States on a graph,we would end up with: A) a downward sloping curve. B) a vertical line. C) a uniform distribution-that is,a straight horizontal line. D) a bell-shaped curve.

Approximately _____ of the population have an IQ score between 85 and 115. A) 52% B) 68% C) 77% D) 85%

About 95% of the population have IQ scores that are within _____ points above or below 100. A) 30 B) 10 C) 50 D) 70

Below are several statements about the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.Which statement is correctly identified as FALSE? A) The test is administered orally - False B) The test includes verbal and nonverbal assessments - False C) The same items are used for test-takers of different ages - False D) The test yields separate subscores that provide clues to a test-taker's particular strengths and weaknesses - False

Which of the following statements best describes the fate of Binet's intelligence test within psychology? A) It really has had little lasting influence on contemporary intelligence testing. B) It is still used,and it is in virtually the same form as Binet's original test. C) It was used for a number of decades but was then abandoned. D) It is still used but in a heavily revised form.

The most commonly used IQ test in the United States is the: A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. B) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV. C) Spearman G Scale. D) Terman Intelligence Scale.

Which of the following best expresses the distinction between the WAIS-IV and WISC-IV? A) The WAIS-IV is for use on males only,whereas the WISC-IV is used on females only. B) The WAIS-IV is a test of verbal intelligence,whereas the WISC-IV is a test of nonverbal intelligence. C) The WAIS-IV is used to test adult intelligence,whereas the WISC-IV is used to test children's intelligence. D) The WAIS-IV is the current successor to the WISC-IV,an older test of intelligence.

Contemporary tests of intelligence are in widespread use in the United States EXCEPT the: A) WISC-IV. B) WAIS-IV. C) Spearman G Scale. D) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

Which of the following is NOT among the disadvantages of group IQ tests? A) Group IQ tests offer fewer types of questions than do individually administered tests. B) People may be less motivated to do their best work on a group-administered test than on an individually administered test. C) It is not always possible to employ group tests with young children. D) They are difficult to administer and score on a large-scale basis.

The property by which tests measure consistently what they are trying to measure is known as _____. A) specificity B) validity C) reliability D) sensitivity

A psychological test is reliable when it: A) measures what it is actually supposed to measure. B) has been normalized using samples representative of those for whom the test has been designed. C) yields consistent measurements. D) measures the positives in the test.

A psychological test is valid when it: A) actually measures what it is supposed to measure. B) has been normalized using samples representative of those for whom the test has been designed. C) yields consistent measurements. D) measures the positives in the test.

A researcher develops a questionnaire to assess the personality trait of impulsivity among adults.In a journal article,she presents evidence that college students tend to get essentially the same score if they take the test twice,two months apart.She also presents the average score,the highest score,and the lowest score obtained by two large samples: one of 2,000 college students and one of 750 community-dwelling non-college adults.However,when you look at the sample questionnaire items she included in the article,it seems to you that they relate more to whether a person is sociable,outgoing,and fun than to whether an individual is impulsive.In this scenario,you are questioning the _____ of the researcher's questionnaire. A) reliability B) validity C) sensitivity D) reliability and the validity

An online intelligence test yields a different IQ each time you take it.The test is: A) possibly reliable,but definitely not valid. B) not reliable and probably not valid either. C) not reliable,but still possibly valid. D) possibly reliable and potentially valid.

Which of the following is TRUE about tests? A) Even if a test is unreliable,it cannot be valid. B) Test validity and reliability are prerequisites for accurate assessment of intelligence. C) Test reliability and validity are highly desirable for an accurate assessment of intelligence. D) Knowing that a test is reliable guarantees that it is also valid.

Sir Francis Galton assumed that skull size is related to intelligence.This was _____ measure of intelligence. A) a reliable,but not a valid B) a valid,but not a reliable C) both a reliable and a valid D) neither a reliable nor a valid

Dr.Cavanaugh examines the relationship between the personality trait of resilience and senior citizens' compliance with medication regimes.However,the resilience measure he used was normed only on college students.Based on this information,which of the following is the most apparent weakness of Dr.Cavanaugh's study? A) The simplicity of the resilience measure B) The standardization of the resilience measure C) The specificity of the resilience measure D) The operationalization of compliance

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect a valid or empirically supported point in favor of or against adaptive or computerized testing? A) It is faster than traditional testing. B) It requires careful calibration of large number of items based on their difficulty. C) Some groups of test-takers may become more anxious than others during computerized test taking. D) Test-takers are forced to spend a great deal of time answering questions that are either much easier or much harder than they can handle.

Regarding standardized testing,which piece of advice is least likely to be right? A) Check your answers if you can. B) Time yourself carefully. C) Guess if you don't know. D) Practice makes you perfect.

Based on the text's discussion,which of the following alternatives best captures the difference,if any,between the terms mental retardation and intellectual disability? A) The terms are used interchangeably and equally. B) Intellectual disability is the term in use,while mental retardation is the traditional term. C) The term intellectual disability has replaced the term mental retardation. D) The terms refer to different types of deficits in functioning.

Of those who are mentally retarded,what percentage are classified as mildly retarded? A) 90% B) 75% C) 65% D) 50%

Peyton has an IQ score of 60.Although her development was typically slower than that of her peers,she is now able to hold a job and will soon start a family of her own.Peyton is most probably: A) mildly retarded. B) moderately retarded. C) severely retarded. D) profoundly retarded.

People whose IQ score range from 40 to 54 are most probably: A) mildly retarded. B) moderately retarded. C) severely retarded. D) profoundly retarded.

People who are _____ have deficits in their language and motor skills.Although these individuals can hold simple jobs,they need to have a certain degree of supervision throughout their lives. A) mildly retarded B) moderately retarded C) severely retarded D) profoundly retarded

Anita is mildly retarded;Brady is moderately retarded;Candace is severely retarded;and Denny is profoundly retarded.Which of these individuals can probably hold a job? Which of these individuals is probably unable to care for himself or herself? A) Anita;Denny B) Anita;Brady C) Candace;Anita D) Candace;Denny

People with severe retardation have an IQ: A) of 40 to 54. B) of 25 to 39. C) of 55 to 69. D) below 25.

Which of the following alternatives correctly identifies the range of IQ scores encompassed by the terms profound,severe,moderate,and mild retardation,respectively? A) 0-29;30-49;50-64;65-79 B) 0-19;20-39;40-59;60-79 C) 0-24;25-39;40-54;55-69 D) 0-19;20-34;35-49;50-69

In approximately _____ of the cases of mental retardation there is an identifiable cause related to biological or environmental factors;the most common of these is _____. A) one-third;fetal alcohol syndrome B) one-third;Down syndrome C) one-quarter;fetal alcohol syndrome D) one-quarter;Down syndrome

Which of the following alternatives offers the most accurate assessment of the origin of familial retardation in nature on the one hand or nurture on the other? A) Familial retardation is almost always genetic in origin,thereby reflecting nature. B) About 1/3 of the cases of familial retardation have a known basis in biology,or nature. C) Familial retardation is most often environmental in origin,such as extreme continuous poverty leading to malnutrition. D) Whether familial retardation is caused by environmental factors or some genetic factor is usually impossible to determine.

Intellectual disability in which no apparent biological defect exists but there is a history of it in the family is known as _____ retardation. A) syndromic B) cultural C) familial D) non-syndromic

The inclusive philosophy behind the educational mainstreaming of people with intellectual disabilities reflects federal laws passed in the: A) late 1960s. B) mid-1970s. C) late 1970s. D) early 1980s.

Regarding the integration of mentally retarded students into regular classrooms,which of the following statements is TRUE? A) In full inclusion programs,students with educational disabilities are integrated into regular classroom activities to a greater extent than in the case of mainstreaming. B) In full inclusion programs,students with educational disabilities are integrated into regular classroom activities to a somewhat lesser extent than in the case of mainstreaming. C) Full inclusion is widely applied today. D) Schools with full inclusion have separate special education classes.

The IQ scores of intellectually gifted individuals is _____. A) between 100-110 B) 75 C) 130 or above D) 90 or below

The study of the intellectually gifted is associated with Terman,who began studying high-IQ children in the: A) 1920s. B) 1930s. C) 1940s. D) 1950s.

Terman's long-term study of the intellectually gifted found that they tend to be: A) social misfits. B) physically gifted. C) awkward. D) outgoing.

As compared to more typical individuals,the intellectually gifted are characterized by being all of the following EXCEPT: A) outgoing. B) well-adjusted. C) awkward. D) healthy.

Which of the following is TRUE of people with high intelligence or intellectually gifted individuals? A) High intelligence is a homogeneous quality. B) A person with a high overall IQ is gifted in every academic subject. C) Intellectually gifted individuals account for 2%-4% of the population. D) A high IQ is a universal guarantee of success.

It has been found that in traditional IQ tests,blacks tend to score _____. A) 30 points lower than whites B) 10-15 points lower than whites C) 5 points higher than whites D) the same as whites

A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group is termed as a _____ IQ test. A) culture-neutral B) culture-fair C) culture-free D) culture-liberated

Imagine that American children and African children are asked to memorize the locations of objects on a chessboard.In one condition,the objects are rocks;in the other,they are household objects common in the West.What might you predict regarding the children's performance? A) The performance of the American children will exceed that of the African children in both conditions. B) The performance of the African children will exceed that of the American children in both conditions. C) The performance of the African children will be equivalent to that of the American children in both conditions. D) The performance of the African children will exceed that of the American children when the objects are rocks but not when they are Western household objects.

In The Bell Curve,Herrnstein and Murray argued that: A) intelligence is a product of nurture alone. B) intelligence is a product of environmental differences alone. C) the IQ gap between Caucasians and African Americans reflects genetically based differences in intelligence. D) both environmental factors and nurture do not play any role in the IQ gap between Caucasians and African Americans.

Which of the following statements is true about Herrnstein and Murray's arguments in The Bell Curve? A) Whites score lower than blacks on traditional IQ tests when socioeconomic status (SES)is taken into account. B) An analysis of IQ differences between whites and blacks demonstrated that there were basic genetic differences between the two races. C) Middle- and upper-SES blacks score higher than middle- and upper-SES whites. D) Intelligence differences between blacks and whites can be attributed to environmental differences alone.

Which of the following findings supports the position Herrnstein and Murray outlined in The Bell Curve? A) Middle- and upper-socioeconomic status blacks score the same as middle- and upper-socioeconomic status whites B) The black-white IQ gap remains,even when socioeconomic status is controlled. C) Lower-socioeconomic status blacks score higher on average than lower-socioeconomic status whites D) Whites score 35 points higher than blacks on traditional IQ tests even when socioeconomic status is taken into account.

The term _____ refers to the degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic,inherited factors. A) heritability B) specificity C) concordance rate D) cohort effect

Estelle is playing with images and concepts in her mind.Her cognitive psychology professor would say that she is .

are representations in the mind of an object or event.

A researcher finds that her participants think most readily of a carrot when prompted with the category "vegetable." On this basis,the researcher might argue that a carrot is the vegetable.

A high school physics teacher reassures his class that no matter how confusing that week's word problems appear,they can be solved quite handily through the use of the formula F = MA.The teacher has offered his students a(n).

require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion.

A calculus problem has one correct answer and contains all the information necessary for its solution;thus,it is a(n)problem.

Because they involve rules for moving from an initial to a goal state,many board games may be seen as examples of problems.

Renee has an idea of how her living room ought to look.She is moving the furniture,paintings,and accessories to get closer to that picture in her head.Renee is using the problem-solving technique of .

"Eureka! I've got it!" That sudden awareness of the path toward a problem's solution is termed .

Functional fixedness may be seen as a particular example of .

People seek and remember evidence in support of their existing hypotheses;they ignore or discount contradictory evidence.In other words,people are prone to .

"How many uses can you think of for a brick?" asks the examiner.You are taking a test of thinking.

The process of forming subgoals is known as .

The rules indicating how words and phrases may be combined to form legitimate sentences are referred to as .

If children are not exposed to language during a(n)period early in life,they may never acquire it.

"Sophie kitty," Tara says,when her aunt asks her whether the stuffed animal belongs to her or to her sister.Tara's reply exemplifies speech.

In the context of language acquisition,Skinner is to learning theory,what is to nativism.

Chomsky suggested that the human brain has an inherited neural system that lets us understand the structure language provides.This is known as .

According to the ,language provides us with categories that we use to construct our view of people and events in the world around us.

In ,students are immediately plunged into English instruction in all subjects.

Jesse is very resourceful in the face of adversity;psychologists view this characteristic as one component of .

Early psychologists believed that a single,overarching factor called the influenced every aspect of intelligence.

The factor used by early psychologists viewed intelligence as a unitary entity.

Holly is attempting to put together a 3D puzzle.Holly is completing a test of intelligence.

Fernando is attempting to recall all the capitals of each state in the union.Fernando is completing a test of intelligence.

When compared to fluid intelligence,intelligence is more a reflection of the culture in which a person is raised.

is associated with a theory of intelligence proposing eight or more distinct forms of intelligence.

Gardner's proposes that there are eight distinct spheres of intelligence.

Mavis has advanced rapidly in the corporate world,despite her middling scores on such tests as the WAIS-IV,the SAT,and the GRE.Sternberg would suspect Mavis of high intelligence.

intelligence is the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment,evaluation,expression,and regulation of feelings.

Using Binet's formula,the IQ of a six-year-old child with a mental age of eight is .

A plot of the IQ scores of the entire population would yield a(n)distribution.

The Adult Intelligence Scale is the most commonly used intelligence test in the United States.

"Every time I take it,it tells me something different!" complains your friend,turning away from the online personality quiz she just completed.Your friend is complaining about the test's .

"That's so not true! This test can't have anything to do with my ability to attract women!" Ignacio protests.Ignacio is disputing the test's .

are standards of test performance that permit the comparison of one person's score on a test to the scores of others who have taken the same test.

Tests for which norms have been developed are known as tests.

Mental retardation was a more traditionally used term for .

Individuals who have IQ scores ranging from 55 to 69 are classified as having retardation.

is a process by which individuals with intellectual disabilities are integrated into regular classrooms as much as possible.

The IQ of an intellectually gifted person is greater than or equal to .

Psychologists continue to seek IQ tests that do not discriminate against the members of minority groups.

As recently as the mid-1990s,Herrnstein and Murray argued in their book that race differences in IQ are a matter of genetics and not the environmental factors alone.

The degree to which a characteristic is related to genetic,inherited factors is known as .

Describe in as much detail as you can the mental representation of objects and categories.Provide illustrative examples where appropriate.

Distinguish between an algorithm and a heuristic.Provide an example of each.

Can computers think? Provide as thoughtful an answer as you can,considering the ability of current computers to solve complex problems and to demonstrate creativity.

Distinguish between well-defined and ill-defined problems.Provide an example of each.

Identify and describe three different problem-solving strategies mentioned in your text.Suggest how each strategy might be fruitfully applied in one or more college courses.

How do psychologists define creativity? Identify some of the cognitive processes and personality characteristics that appear to be associated with creativity.How might you describe the relationship between creativity and intelligence? To what extent does this relationship reflect the traditional assessment of intelligence?

Describe several techniques that may improve critical or creative thinking.How might these techniques help problem solvers overcome some of the impediments to effective problem solving?

Your friend asks you,"So,what did you do last night?" Write two or three sentences in response to your friend;use your sentences to illustrate the three components of language described in your text.

Describe babbling,telegraphic speech,and overgeneralization.Provide an example of each.At which ages might you expect children to demonstrate each of these language development phenomena?

Contrast learning-theory and nativist approaches to language development.Describe the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.

Distinguish between crystallized and fluid intelligence.Provide an example of (a)an intellectual task that mainly reflects crystallized intelligence and (b)an intellectual task that mainly reflects fluid intelligence.

Outline Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.Make sure to list and describe each of the types Gardner argues for and provide an example to illustrate the construct.

Outline Sternberg's theory of intelligence.

Define (a)practical and (b)emotional intelligence.To what extent are these types of intelligence related to the sort of intelligence that is traditionally assessed by standardized tests?

Suppose you develop a new intelligence test.Distinguish between reliability and validity.Outline how you would standardize the test.

Identify the levels of mental retardation described in the text.Associate a range of IQ scores with each level.Review what is known about the causes of mental retardation.

"Nerds." "Geeks." Briefly describe Terman's pioneering study of the intellectually gifted and suggest how its results contradict popular stereotypes of the intellectually gifted.

"The discrepancy in IQ scores between whites and blacks in the United States has nothing to do with race." Support this reference using empirical data.