Quiz 10: Personality

_____ refers to the pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person. A) Personality B) Maturation C) Development D) Cognition

Ashworth is interested in the pattern of enduring characteristics of people that produce consistency and individuality in them.Ashworth is interested in people's _____. A) personality B) perception C) emotions D) cognitive growth

_____ approaches to personality are approaches that assume that personality is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control. A) Humanistic B) Behavioral C) Evolutionary D) Psychodynamic

Dr.Chase believes that one's personality largely reflects inner forces over which one has no control.Dr.Chase appears to take a(n)_____ approach to personality. A) humanistic B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) evolutionary

According to Freud's theory,_____ is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience. A) unconscious conflict B) preconscious process C) conscious experience D) instinctual drive

According to Freud,much of our behavior is motivated by: A) the unconscious. B) semiconscious processes. C) conscious experiences. D) the subconscious mind.

The _____ is the part of the personality that contains the memories,knowledge,beliefs,feelings,urges,drives,and instincts of which the individual is not aware. A) semiconscious B) conscious C) subconscious D) unconscious

In the view of psychoanalytic psychologists,why do dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue offer important data? A) Dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the conscious mind. B) Dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue allow us to observe the contents of the unconscious mind directly. C) Dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue allow us to observe the contents of the preconscious mind directly. D) Dreams,fantasies,and slips of the tongue offer clues to the contents of the unconscious mind.

To Freud,much of our personality is determined by the _____. A) unconscious B) semiconscious C) conscious D) subconscious

Which of the following alternatives best expresses the relationship between the preconscious and the unconscious in Freud's theory? A) The preconscious contains the most threatening material in the unconscious mind. B) The preconscious is the largest portion of the unconscious mind. C) The preconscious is a small portion of the unconscious mind. D) The preconscious mind is separate from the unconscious mind.

The _____ contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind,such as the knowledge that 2 + 2 = 4. A) preconscious B) semiconscious C) conscious D) subconscious

The _____ provides a "safe haven" for our recollections of threatening events. A) semi-conscious B) unconscious C) conscious D) subconscious

Which of the following statements best describes the nature of the id,ego,and superego in Freud's psychoanalytic theory? A) The id,ego,and superego correspond to specific structures in the brain. B) The id,ego,and superego are abstract conceptions of a general model of personality and do not correspond to physical parts of the brain. C) The id,ego,and superego correspond to broad,distributed networks of structures in the brain. D) The id,ego,and superego relate to specific structures in the unconscious,preconscious,and conscious parts of the mind.

The _____ is the raw,unorganized,inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger,sex,aggression,and irrational impulses. A) ego B) id C) superego D) conscience

Which of Freud's personality structures is correctly described? A) The ego represents the rights and wrongs of society. B) The id consists of primitive and instinctual urges. C) The superego is the raw and inborn part of personality. D) The id balances inner desires with the demands of the outside world.

The id operates according to the _____ principle in which the goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction. A) pleasure B) reciprocity C) attitude D) reality

Which of Freud's personality structures is correctly matched with a descriptive term? A) Id-pleasure principle B) Ego-conscience C) Superego-reality principle D) Ego-psychic energy

The _____ is the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world. A) ego B) alter ego C) superego D) conscience

The ego operates according to the _____ principle in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the individual's safety and to help integrate the person into society. A) pleasure B) reciprocity C) attitude D) reality

Which of the following components of personality is related to the reality principle? A) Ego B) Id C) Superego D) Conscience

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which Freud's personality structures develop during infancy and childhood,from first to last? A) Superego  ego  id B) Id  superego  ego C) Id  ego  superego D) Superego  id  ego

The _____ is the final personality structure to develop in childhood that represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents,teachers,and other significant individuals. A) ego B) alter ego C) superego D) id

The _____ includes the conscience,which prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong. A) ego B) alter ego C) superego D) id

What do the id and the superego have in common? A) They both reflect society's rules and constraints. B) They are both unrealistic. C) They are both motivated by primitive drives. D) They are direct opposites.

Developmental periods that children pass through during which they encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges are known as _____ stages. A) psychosexual B) behavioral C) cognitive D) socio-cultural

In Freud's theory,concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur are termed: A) fixations. B) defense mechanisms. C) complexes. D) conflicts.

Which of the following sequences indicates the order of the first three stages in Freud's theory of psychosexual development,from first to last? A) Oral  phallic  anal B) Anal  oral  phallic C) Anal  phallic  oral D) Oral  anal  phallic

According to Freud,the _____ stage is a stage from birth to age 12 to 18 months in which an infant's center of pleasure is the mouth. A) oral B) phallic C) anal D) genital

Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is correctly matched with a key task or term? A) Oral-weaning B) Anal-Oedipal conflict C) Phallic-toilet training D) Genital-identification

Which of the following stages of psychosexual development is correctly matched with an age range? A) Oral - 3-6 years B) Phallic - 0-1 years C) Anal - 1-3 years D) Genital - 6-12 years

From around age 12 to 18 months until 3 years of age-a period when the emphasis in Western cultures is on toilet training-a child enters the _____ stage. A) oral B) phallic C) anal D) genital

According to Freud,a period beginning around age 3 during which a child's pleasure focuses on the genitals is known as the _____ stage. A) oral B) phallic C) anal D) genital

According to Freud,the developing child must negotiate the Oedipal conflict during _____ stage of psychosexual development. A) oral B) genital C) anal D) phallic

Young children resolve the Oedipus conflict by wanting to be as much like the same-sex parent as possible,a process termed: A) identification. B) projection. C) reflection. D) sublimation.

_____ is the process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible,imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values. A) Identification B) Projection C) Reflection D) Sublimation

After the resolution of the Oedipal conflict,typically around age 5 or 6,children move into the _____ period,which lasts until puberty. A) oral B) genital C) anal D) latency

According to Freud,the _____ stage is the period from puberty until death,marked by mature sexual behavior (that is,sexual intercourse). A) oral B) genital C) anal D) phallic

In Freud's theory of psychosexual development,mature adult sexuality develops during the: A) latency period. B) genital stage. C) phallic stage. D) oral stage.

Which component of the personality uses defense mechanisms,and why? A) The id uses defense mechanisms to express its impulses. B) The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the id express its impulses. C) The superego uses defense mechanisms to help the individual conform to society. D) The ego uses defense mechanisms to prevent excessive anxiety.

In order to protect herself from experiencing anxiety,Nancy is attributing her own unacceptable aggressive impulses to another individual.Nancy is using a(n): A) self-actualization principle. B) fixation process. C) defense mechanism. D) preconscious process.

Probably the most primary of the defense mechanisms is that of: A) denial. B) repression. C) projection. D) sublimation.

_____ is the primary defense mechanism in which unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back into the unconscious. A) Denial B) Repression C) Projection D) Sublimation

The study of defense mechanisms is associated not only with Sigmund Freud but also with: A) Bertha Pappenheim. B) Alfred Adler. C) David Buss. D) Anna Freud.

When regression is used as a defense mechanism people,_____. A) divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts,feelings,or behaviors B) behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development C) provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual,but threatening,reason for their behavior D) attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else

In order to protect herself from unconscious anxiety,Susie convinces herself that she hates action movies,whereas on an unconscious level she actually loves them.This illustrates the defense mechanism known as: A) repression. B) reaction formation. C) projection. D) rationalization.

Which defense mechanism is correctly matched with a definition? A) Displacement-an unwanted feeling is redirected from a threatening individual to a less threatening one B) Reaction formation-unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable activities C) Projection-unacceptable impulses are expressed as their opposites D) Sublimation-unacceptable impulses are attributed to another person

Read the following: (1)Liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since a really beautiful woman moved in next door; (2)Unable to accept his desire for other young men,15-year-old Juan immerses himself into his studies; (3)Shauntel tells people that her coworker Mary dislikes her;though if she were honest,Shauntel would realize that it is actually she who dislikes Mary; (4)"Ben's nasty;he's disgusting," says Renee;but Renee secretly finds Ben attractive.Which individual is correctly matched with the defense mechanism he or she is using? A) Liz-projection B) Juan-sublimation C) Shauntel-repression D) Renee-displacement

Which of the following defense mechanisms is used when people provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual,but threatening,reason for their behavior? A) Rationalization B) Reaction formation C) Projection D) Sublimation

Which of the following Freudian notions appears to have been supported in current research? A) Unconscious processes contribute to dreams and implicit memory. B) Much of our behavior reflects an attempt to guard against unacceptable sexual and aggressive impulses. C) Adult personality reflects fixation at particular childhood psychosexual development. D) None of these ideas have received much empirical support.

How do neo-Freudians' thought differ from Freud's original theory? A) The neo-Freudians placed even more emphasis on sex than did Freud himself. B) The neo-Freudians tended to emphasize the importance of the ego rather than that of the id. C) The neo-Freudians paid less attention to cultural influences on behavior. D) The neo-Freudians focused less on the social environment.

Which of the following is NOT one of the neo-Freudian psychoanalysts? A) Alfred Adler B) Raymond Cattell C) Carl Jung D) Erik Erikson

Which neo-Freudian psychoanalytic theorist is correctly matched with a key concept? A) Carl Rogers;inferiority complex psychology B) Alfred Adler;unconditional positive regard C) Karen Horney;archetype D) Carl Jung;collective unconscious

According to Carl Jung,_____ are universal symbolic representations of a particular person,object,or experience (such as good and evil). A) prototypes B) archetypes C) stereotypes D) subtypes

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is a personality assessment widely used in business,industry,and education.Ultimately,it stems from _____ theory. A) Sigmund Freud's B) Carl Jung's C) Alfred Adler's D) Erik Erikson's

_____ is often considered the first feminist psychologist. A) Karen Horney B) Mary Calkins C) Bertha Pappenheim D) Anna Freud

Karen Horney's conceptualizations were developed in the: A) 1920s. B) 1930s and 1940s. C) 1950s. D) 1960s and 1970s.

According to Adler,parents can facilitate their children's development by: A) helping them overcome feelings of personal inferiority. B) helping them master key tasks like weaning and toilet training. C) providing consistently and adequately for their needs. D) helping them master key tasks like weaning and toilet training.

Dr.Montgomery,a personality theorist,seeks to identify the basic attributes necessary to describe personality and consistencies in individuals' behavior.Dr.Montgomery is a(n)_____ theorist. A) trait B) psychosexual C) humanistic D) cognitive

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges Gordon Allport's trait categories from the most specific to the broadest? A) Secondary  central  cardinal B) Secondary  cardinal  central C) Cardinal  secondary  central D) Cardinal  central  secondary

A _____ trait is a single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities. A) secondary B) central C) primary D) cardinal

In Gordon Allport's view,how many central traits do most people possess? A) 5 to 10 B) 20 to 25 C) 0 or 1 D) Dozens

An all-consuming need for power is sometimes known as Machiavellianism.Because the trait is named in his honor,it would be reasonable to suppose that the need for power was a(n)_____ trait for the Italian prince. A) secondary B) auxiliary C) peripheral D) cardinal

_____ traits are characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than other traits. A) Secondary B) Central C) Primary D) Cardinal

A graduate student is using a statistical method of identifying associations among a large number of variables to reveal more general patterns.She is performing a _____ analysis. A) trend B) matrix C) factor D) correlation

Which trait theorist is correctly matched with the number of basic personality dimensions proposed in his theory? A) Gordon Allport;16 B) Raymond Cattell;5 C) Hans Eysenck;3 D) Raymond Cattell;10

Which of the following is NOT one of Hans Eysenck's major personality dimensions? A) Extraversion B) Agreeableness C) Neuroticism D) Psychoticism

Which of the following phrases is correctly labeled with one of Hans Eysenck's major personality dimensions? A) Distorted reality - psychoticism B) Degree of sociability - openness C) Emotional stability - conscientiousness D) Distorted reality - neuroticism

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality dimensions? A) Extraversion B) Openness to experience C) Neuroticism D) Psychoticism

Which of the following specific traits is correctly paired with a description in terms of the Big Five dimensions? A) Kind - high extraversion B) Impulsive - low conscientiousness C) Calm - high agreeableness D) Imaginative - high openness

Garner is imaginative,independent,and prefers variety.Brandy is conventional,down-to-earth,and has limited interests.It is likely that Garner scores high,while Brandy scores low on the Big Five personality dimension of: A) neuroticism. B) openness. C) extraversion. D) agreeableness.

Pearl is kind,cooperative,appreciative,and sympathetic.Ruby is outgoing,talkative,fun-loving,and sociable.Pearl probably scores high on the Big Five dimension of _____,whereas Ruby likely scores high on _____. A) openness;agreeableness B) eagerness;cheerfulness C) agreeableness;extraversion D) extraversion;openness

Carlos is emotionally unstable,insecure,anxious,and moody.Quinn is disorganized,careless,and impulsive.Johann is quiet,serious,and rather timid.Finally,Kristy is imaginative,independent,and fond of variety.Which of these individuals is correctly matched with a Big Five personality description? A) Quinn - low conscientiousness B) Carlos - low openness C) Kristy - high extraversion D) Johann - high agreeableness

Which of the following alternatives incorrectly identifies an advantage or disadvantage of the trait approach to personality? A) Con: Trait approaches are merely descriptions of personality,not explanations. B) Con: Trait approaches do not facilitate the objective comparison of one person with another. C) Pro: Trait approaches have led to many useful personality assessment inventories. D) Pro: Trait approaches provide a clear,straightforward explanation of people's behavioral consistencies.

Dr.Plater believes that personality is simply the sum of learned responses that have been reinforced by various situations.Dr.Plater endorses the _____ approach to personality. A) trait B) learning C) cognitive D) psychodynamic

One of the main proponents of the social cognitive approach to personality is: A) Gordon Allport. B) B.F.Skinner. C) Raymond Cattell. D) Albert Bandura.

Which approach to personality emphasizes the role played by self-efficacy? A) Bandura's social cognitive approach B) Skinner's behaviorist approach C) Gordon Allport's trait theory D) Rogers's humanistic theory

_____ is the belief that we have the personal capabilities to master a situation and produce positive outcomes. A) Self-efficacy B) Self-regulation C) Self-esteem D) Self-actualization

Rhiannon is confident she can complete a difficult problem set in one of her engineering courses.Rhiannon has high _____. A) self-esteem B) self-efficacy C) self-actualization D) self-awareness

Mrs.Linley is a middle school math teacher.She provides constant,consistent feedback on her students' math assignments.She wants her students to have faith in their abilities to produce positive outcomes.Mrs.Linley is trying to develop her students': A) self-awareness. B) self-regulation. C) self-efficacy. D) self-actualization.

_____ is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations. A) Self-regulation B) Self- esteem C) Self-actualization D) Self-awareness

Which of the following statements is TRUE about self-esteem? A) An individual's sense of self-esteem is one dimensional. B) Self-esteem is strongly affected by culture. C) Self-esteem is pretty much the same concept in every culture. D) Self-esteem underlies people's faith in their ability to carry out a specific task or produce a desired result.

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect a contribution of the learning approach to personality? A) Such approaches have increased the objectivity of personality psychology. B) Such approaches have generated a range of successful treatments for psychological disorders. C) Such approaches have increased our appreciation of individuals' complex inner lives. D) Learning approaches have had a major impact on the study of personality.

_____ approaches to personality are theories that suggest that important components of personality are inherited. A) Biological and evolutionary B) Trait and learning C) Humanistic and trait D) Learning and evolutionary

Tellegen's twin studies of the genetic basis of personality revealed that the trait of _____ has a larger genetic component than does the trait of _____. A) traditionalism;need for achievement B) need for achievement;traditionalism C) social potency;social closeness D) social closeness;traditionalism

The inborn behavioral style and characteristic way of responding that emerges early in life is known as: A) outlook. B) attachment style. C) trait. D) temperament.

Baby Celeste is busy,active,and sleeps fitfully;her sister,by contrast,was calm and placid as a baby.This vignette illustrates differences in: A) outlook. B) intelligence. C) temperament. D) attachment style.

Studies of the potential genetic basis of personality have identified a gene that may contribute to differences between people in the trait of: A) thrill-seeking. B) conscientiousness. C) intuitiveness. D) aggressiveness.

The neurotransmitter most closely related to individual differences in thrill- or sensation-seeking is: A) norepinephrine. B) serotonin. C) acetylcholine. D) dopamine.

_____ approaches to personality emphasize people's inherent goodness and their tendency to move toward higher levels of functioning. A) Evolutionary B) Humanistic C) Learning D) Biological

Which approach to personality takes the most optimistic view of people's nature-that individuals are essentially "good"? A) Evolutionary B) Humanistic C) Learning D) Biological

Humanistic psychologists suggest that people are consciously motivated to reach their maximum potential,each in a unique way;that is,people have a fundamental drive toward: A) self-regulation. B) self-esteem. C) self-actualization. D) self-efficacy.

According to Carl Rogers,people experience anxiety when: A) they feel inferior in the face of a challenging task. B) they become conscious of unacceptable sexual urges. C) they cannot satisfy their basic needs. D) their self-concept is at odds with their experience.

Humanistic approaches in psychology have been most influential in: A) business. B) academia. C) therapeutic settings. D) social service.

Which of the following approaches to personality is least likely to emphasize the stability of personality? A) Learning B) Psychodynamic C) Trait D) Biological/evolutionary

Proponents of which of the following approaches to personality are most likely to take an interactionist stand on the nature vs.nurture issue,rather than a strict "nature" or a strict "nurture" position? A) Psychodynamic B) Biological/evolutionary C) Humanistic D) Learning

A psychological test is reliable when it: A) measures what it is supposed to measure. B) has been normed using a sample representative of those for whom the test has been designed. C) yields consistent measurements. D) measures the positives.

Which term indicates the ability of a test to measure what it is actually designed to measure? A) Reliability B) Consistency C) Precision quotient D) Validity

A researcher develops a questionnaire to assess impulsiveness among adults.In a journal article,she presents evidence that college students tend to get essentially the same score if they take the test twice,two months apart.However,when you look at the sample questionnaire items she included in the article,it seems to you that they relate more to whether a person is sociable,outgoing,and fun than to whether an individual is impulsive.You are specifically questioning the _____ of the researcher's questionnaire. A) reliability B) validity C) norm D) generalizability

Dr.Cavanaugh examines the relationship between the trait of hardiness and senior citizens' compliance with medication regimes;however,the hardiness measure he uses was based on college students.Based on this information,which of the following is the most apparent weakness of Dr.Cavanaugh's study? A) The validity of the resilience measure B) The norming of the resilience measure C) The generalizability of compliance D) The reliability of the resilience measure

Because of federal legislation,race norming on tests such as the General Aptitude Test Battery: A) was discontinued in the 1970s. B) continues today. C) was discontinued in the early 1990s. D) was reinstated in the 1980s.

One of the best examples of a self-report measure,and one of the most frequently used personality tests,is the: A) TAT. B) NEO-PI-R. C) MMPI-2-RF. D) 16 PF.

The _____ is a widely used self-report test that identifies people with psychological difficulties and is employed to predict some everyday behaviors. A) TAT B) NEO-PI-R C) MMPI-2-RF D) 16 PF

Dr.Portillo's research team is using various methods to assess the trait of extraversion.Dr.Portillo interpreting participants' responses to TAT pictures.Her postdoctoral research fellow is recording the number and length of conversations participants initiate in a laboratory situation.Finally,Dr.Portillo's graduate student is examining her own extraversion scores on a test of the Big Five dimensions.Which research team member is correctly paired with the type of personality assessment he or she is using? A) Dr.Portillo - self-report measure B) Postdoctoral research fellow - projective test C) Graduate student - self-report measure D) Dr.Portillo - behavioral assessment

The TAT and the Rorschach are _____ tests of personality. A) objective B) reflective C) projective D) self-report

The best-known projective test of personality is the: A) MMPI-2-RF. B) TAT. C) NEO-PI-R. D) Rorschach.

A series of symmetrical stimuli is to picture what _____ is to _____. A) Rorschach;TAT B) TAT;Rorschach C) MMPI-2-RF;TAT D) Rorschach;MMPI-2-RF

Minnie is taking the TAT.Tammy is taking the Rorschach.Minnie is looking at _____.Tammy is examining _____. A) a series of symmetrical stimuli;pictures B) a series of symmetrical stimuli;a series of symmetrical stimuli,too C) pictures;pictures,too D) pictures;a series of symmetrical stimuli

Behavioral assessment relies most heavily on: A) the use of ambiguous stimuli. B) the observation of people in their own settings. C) the rigorous standardization of personality questionnaires. D) the interpretive skill of the examiner.

Which of the following is NOT one of the text's recommended strategies for being an informed consumer of psychological test data? A) Remember that test results are not always accurate. B) Be apprised of data on test popularity. C) Base no decision on the results of only one test. D) Understand what the test claims to measure.

The notion that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness and over which they have no control is the approach to personality.

The id is to the pleasure principle what the ego is to the principle.

Davina cannot bear to be late for anything.She is particular about how people have to do things "just right" for her to be satisfied.A psychodynamic theorist might suggest that Davina is fixated at the stage of development.

The primary defense mechanism is that of ,in which unacceptable feelings or impulses are pushed back into the unconscious.

Carl Jung might suggest that the questing hero figure prominent in many legends,stories,epic poems,and so forth represents a(n),a symbolic representation of a universal experience.

Adler proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for .

Neo-Freudian theorist is often termed the "first feminist psychologist."

The theory seeks to explain in a straightforward way the consistencies in individuals' behavior.

is a statistical method of identifying patterns among a large number of variables.

Your text offers the acronym OCEAN as a way to help you remember the "Big Five" personality dimensions.The A stands for .

Albert Bandura is one of the leading proponents of the approach to personality.

is a sense of success in forming close bonds with other people.

Learning approaches to personality suggest that much of behavior is shaped primarily by forces beyond the individual's control-that is,they are .

Annie is an extremely active baby;her activity level is a component of her .

According to Carl Rogers,people's contain the set of beliefs they hold about what they are like as individuals.

John's therapist strives to provide an atmosphere of acceptance and respect no matter what comes up during the sessions.In the context of humanistic approaches to personality,John's therapist is providing .

"Every time I take it,it comes up with something different!" remarks Rita,turning away from the online personality quiz she just completed.Rita is complaining about the test's .

The ,or MMPI-2-RF,is the most widely used self-report measure of personality.

Barry is trying to come up with an interpretation of an abstract collage of colors,lines,and shapes he is looking at.Barry is most probably taking some sort of personality test.

Direct measures of an individual's behavior used to describe personality characteristics are known as .

Describe in detail the id,ego,and superego in Freud's theory of personality.Be sure to mention the guiding principles of the id and the ego,the extent to which each of the three processes is conscious,and the point at which each of the three develops during infancy or childhood.

Identify and describe the first three stages of Freud's theory of psychosexual development and be sure to identify the key developmental task associated with each stage and the potential effects on adult personality of fixation at each stage.

How do the theories of the neo-Freudian psychodynamic theorists differ from Freud's pioneering views? Identify two neo-Freudians and describe some of their major contributions to psychological theory.

Describe trait approaches to personality.Briefly describe one of Gordon Allport's,Raymond Cattell's,or Hans Eysenck's trait theories of personality.Identify the Big Five personality dimensions central to contemporary trait approaches.Outline several ways in which the validity of the Big Five theory is supported.

Distinguish between self-efficacy and self-esteem.How do these concepts reflect their origins in social learning theory? Suggest how self-esteem may vary across cultures.

Evaluate the learning approaches to personality.

Define self-actualization.How is unconditional positive regard critical in supporting an individual's self-actualization?

Suppose you develop a new self-report measure of the broad personality trait of extraversion.Distinguish between reliability and validity.Describe how you would establish the reliability and validity of your new test.Outline how you would establish norms for the test.

Distinguish between self-report,projective,and behavioral assessment measures of personality.Provide an example of each measure.What are some criticisms of "projective" tests such as the Rorschach?