Question 1

Who would have been MOST likely to say: "You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness"?
A)William James
B)John B. Watson
C)Sigmund Freud
D)G. Stanley Hall

Accepted Answer

This statement is consistent with Sigmund Freud's theory of the unconscious mind and his emphasis on the importance of unconscious motivations in shaping behavior. William James and G. Stanley Hall were influential early psychologists but did not focus extensively on unconscious processes. John B. Watson, a founder of behaviorism, emphasized observable behavior and rejected the notion of unconscious mental processes.

Question 2

The founder of psychoanalysis was:
A)American psychologist B. F. Skinner.
B)American psychologist Carl Rogers.
C)German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt.
D)Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.

Accepted Answer

The founder of psychoanalysis was Austrian physician Sigmund Freud. He developed this theory in the early 1900s, which focuses on the unconscious mind, the role of childhood experiences, and the importance of dreams in revealing underlying psychological conflicts. B.F. Skinner and Carl Rogers were influential psychologists, but they did not develop psychoanalysis. Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founder of psychology, but his ideas and methods differed from those of Freud.

Question 3

Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE?
A)He was the first African American president of the American Psychological Association.
B)He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.
C)He was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduate studies at Harvard University because he was African American.
D)He chaired a psychology department at Howard University and was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.

Accepted Answer

Francis C. Sumner is recognized as the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States, and he indeed chaired the psychology department at Howard University.

Question 4

"I believe that consciousness should be studied to help us understand the adaptive and practical functions of human behavior." Such a statement is MOST likely to have been made by:
A)William James.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)B. F. Skinner.
D)John B. Watson.

Accepted Answer

William James was a psychologist who believed in the practical and functional aspects of behavior. He emphasized the study of consciousness and how it helps humans adapt to their environment. Freud focused more on unconscious motives, Skinner on behaviorism, and Watson on observable behavior.

Question 5

Psychoanalysis emphasized:
A)the role of unconscious factors in behavior.
B)overt behavior and principles of learning.
C)the role of conscious thoughts in psychological growth
D)the perception of whole figures.

Accepted Answer

Psychoanalysis is a theory of psychology that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors, such as early childhood experiences and repressed emotions, in shaping behavior and personality. Sigmund Freud is considered the founder of psychoanalysis.

Question 6

The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was:
A)Francis C. Sumner.
B)Abraham Maslow.
C)G. Stanley Hall.
D)Margaret Floy Washburn.

Accepted Answer

Francis C. Sumner was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States, which he earned from Clark University in 1920. He became a prominent figure in the field, advocating for the use of psychology to address issues of racial discrimination and inequality. Choices B, C, and D do not accurately represent the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology. Abraham Maslow and G. Stanley Hall were both important figures in the development of psychology, but they were not the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in the field. Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology, but she was not the first African American.

Question 7

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in psychology at Harvard University?
A)Her research was in an area called comparative psychology that was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time.
B)At the time Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research.
C)William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application despite the fact that she was his most brilliant student.
D)She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins was denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in psychology at Harvard University because she was a woman, and at the time, Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

Question 8

Both the structuralists and the functionalists agreed that:
A)psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors.
B)psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings.
C)psychology should study conscious experience.
D)psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness, health, and child rearing.

Accepted Answer

Both the structuralists and functionalists agreed that psychology should study conscious experience, but differed in their approaches and beliefs about how this should be done.

Question 9

Which school of psychology would agree with the statement that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?
A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)functionalism
D)psychoanalysis

Accepted Answer

Functionalism is a school of psychology that emphasizes the study of the function and purpose of behavior and mental processes in adapting to the environment. Therefore, it would agree with the statement in the question. Structuralism emphasizes the components of consciousness, while behaviorism focuses on observable behavior and psychoanalysis emphasizes unconscious processes.

Question 10

Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:
A)studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University.
B)were students of G. Stanley Hall.
C)were elected president of the American Psychological Association.
D)were students of Francis C. Sumner.

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn were both elected president of the American Psychological Association, marking significant achievements for women in the field of psychology during their time.

Question 11

The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:
A)Mary Whiton Calkins.
B)Margaret Floy Washburn.
C)Sandra Bem.
D)Leta Hollingworth.

Accepted Answer

Margaret Floy Washburn was the first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in 1894 from Cornell University.

Question 12

Who was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?
A)Margaret Floy Washburn
B)Sandra Bem
C)Mary Whiton Calkins
D)Rebecca Snyder

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association in 1905. Margaret Floy Washburn also made significant contributions to psychology, but she was not elected president of the APA. Sandra Bem and Rebecca Snyder are not known for their involvement in the APA.

Question 13

_____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.
A)Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener
B)William James; Mary Whiton Calkins
C)Edward Titchener; William James
D)Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt

Accepted Answer

Wilhelm Wundt is considered the founder of structuralism, and Edward Titchener was one of his key followers who helped to develop the approach. Similarly, William James is considered the founder of functionalism, and Edward Titchener was a critic of James and his approach. Mary Whiton Calkins was a student of William James and an important figure in the early history of psychology, but she is not directly associated with either structuralism or functionalism.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE?
A)She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Leipzig University.
B)She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research in dreams, memory, and personality.
C)In 1908 she published an influential textbook titled The Animal Mind.
D)She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the giant panda.

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins was indeed the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and her research focused on areas such as dreams, memory, and personality.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE?
A)Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.
B)Calkins conducted research in dreams, memory, and personality.
C)Calkins established one of the first psychology laboratories in the United States.
D)Calkins founded behaviorism as one of the early schools of psychology.

Accepted Answer

Mary Whiton Calkins did not found behaviorism as one of the early schools of psychology. This is actually attributed to John B. Watson.

Question 16

Which of the following early psychologists wrote The Animal Mind and strongly advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species?
A)Margaret Floy Washburn
B)John B. Watson
C)Mary Whiton Calkins
D)Edward B. Titchener

Accepted Answer

Margaret Floy Washburn wrote The Animal Mind and was a strong advocate for the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species. John B. Watson is known for his behaviorist theories, Mary Whiton Calkins was a pioneering female psychologist who studied memory and self-psychology, and Edward B. Titchener was a structuralist who focused on the conscious experience of individuals.

Question 17

Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Association and established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States?
A)William James
B)G. Stanley Hall
C)John B. Watson
D)Mary Whiton Calkins

Accepted Answer

G. Stanley Hall founded the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892 and served as its first president. He also established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States, called the American Journal of Psychology, in 1887.

Question 18

Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States?
A)B. F. Skinner
B)John B. Watson
C)Francis C. Sumner
D)G. Stanley Hall

Accepted Answer

G. Stanley Hall was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States, receiving his degree from Harvard University in 1878.

Question 19

Which of the early schools of psychology was the first to disappear?
A)psychoanalysis
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)structuralism

Accepted Answer

Structuralism was the first school of psychology to emerge in the late 1800s, but it quickly disappeared by the turn of the century due to criticisms of its methodology and focus on introspection.

Question 20

Sigmund Freud:
A)believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality.
B)promoted functionalism during his lecture series at Clark University in 1909.
C)stated that psychology should be the study of overt measurable behavior, especially as it pertains to learning.
D)founded humanistic psychology.

Accepted Answer

Sigmund Freud believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality, and this idea became a cornerstone of his psychoanalytic theory.

Quiz 1: Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

Who would have been MOST likely to say: "You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness"?

The founder of psychoanalysis was:

Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE?

"I believe that consciousness should be studied to help us understand the adaptive and practical functions of human behavior." Such a statement is MOST likely to have been made by:

Psychoanalysis emphasized:

The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was:

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in psychology at Harvard University?

Both the structuralists and the functionalists agreed that:

Which school of psychology would agree with the statement that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?

Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:

The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:

Who was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?

_ is to structuralism as _ is to functionalism.

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE?

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE?

Which of the following early psychologists wrote The Animal Mind and strongly advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species?

Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Association and established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States?

Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States?

Which of the early schools of psychology was the first to disappear?

Sigmund Freud: