Deck 1: Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

Question 1

Interactive dualism is the idea that:

A)all living organisms must interact and perform dual functions to survive.
B)most severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, involve a splitting of the mind.
C)mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences.
D)people with very diverse qualities and beliefs are most likely to be attracted to each other.

Answer 1

mind and body are separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences.

Question 2

How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?

A)In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study of mental processes and behavior.
B)Physiologists in the late nineteenth century proposed that psychology should be a separate subdiscipline of philosophy.
C)Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes.
D)Physiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable to apply scientific methods to the study of human behavior and thinking, and consequently psychology was no longer part of that discipline.

Answer 2

Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes.

Question 3

"What are the most basic units or structures of conscious thought?" This is a question that would MOST likely be of interest to a follower of:

A)humanism.
B)behaviorism.
C)functionalism.
D)structuralism.

Answer 3

structuralism.

Question 4

Structuralism:

A)promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brain functions.
B)ended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consisted of multiple structures, not one.
C)was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic elemental structures of sensations and feelings.
D)contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structures that are passed from generation to generation.

Question 5

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as:

A)a new branch of physiology.
B)the study of the behavior of humans and other animals.
C)a branch of philosophy, not science.
D)the study of consciousness.

Question 6

Which early approach or school of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener?

A)behaviorism
B)humanistic psychology
C)functionalism
D)structuralism

Question 7

The early psychological school of thought called structuralism emphasized the study of:

A)habits and adaptive behavior.
B)physiology.
C)the relative importance of nature versus nurture.
D)the elemental component parts of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience.

Question 8

For centuries philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _____ of an individual or the environmental influences that _____ the individual.

A)nature; nurture
B)nurture; naturalize
C)dualism; condition
D)monism; condition

Question 9

French philosopher René Descartes:

A)strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science.
B)promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism.
C)was the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate in psychology.
D)was a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory more than 2,000 years ago.

Question 10

Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena?

A)nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism
B)fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli
C)mental disorders and abnormal behavior
D)damaged areas of the human brain

Question 11

Physiology is:

A)a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans.
B)the idea that mind and body are separate entities.
C)the first major school of thought in psychology.
D)sometimes referred to as the "third force" in American psychology.

Question 12

You are a subject in an experiment, and you are told: "Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them." The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology?

A)psychoanalysis
B)functionalism
C)structuralism
D)behaviorism

Question 13

It took more than ten years to write and was 1,400 pages long when it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbook Principles of Psychology?

A)John B. Watson
B)Margaret Floy Washburn
C)B) F. Skinner
D)William James

Question 14

Wilhelm Wundt:

A)was a German physiologist who established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig.
B)was a French philosopher who proposed the idea of interactive dualism.
C)is credited with the discovery of unconscious mental processes.
D)was an Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology.

Question 15

Which early school of psychology relied on a method called introspection?

A)functionalism
B)humanism
C)behaviorism
D)structuralism

Question 16

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)The Greek philosopher Aristotle first defined psychology as the "scientific study of behavior and mental processes."
B)In contemporary psychology, the nature-nurture issue explores the relative influences of heredity versus environmental factors on behavior.
C)The mind-body issue has now been settled, and psychologists no longer explore the relationship between mental activity and the brain.
D)The principle of interactive dualism was formulated by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago.

Question 17

In thinking about psychology and consciousness the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view is MOST likely the view of the French philosopher:

A)Aristotle.
B)Descartes.
C)Watson.
D)Skinner.

Question 18

Which of the following was the first school of thought or approach in psychology?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 19

Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, and memory?

A)Aristotle
B)Descartes
C)Calkins
D)James

Question 20

Which of the following events do most historians consider as the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline?

A)Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C. entitled On the Soul
B)the 1924 publication of John Watson's book entitled Behaviorism
C)the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879
D)Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in the early twentieth century

Question 21

Who would have been MOST likely to say: "You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness"?

A)William James
B)John B. Watson
C)Sigmund Freud
D)G) Stanley Hall

Question 22

The founder of psychoanalysis was:

A)American psychologist B. F. Skinner.
B)American psychologist Carl Rogers.
C)German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt.
D)Austrian physician Sigmund Freud.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE?

A)He was the first African American president of the American Psychological Association.
B)He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.
C)He was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduate studies at Harvard University because he was African American.
D)He chaired a psychology department at Howard University and was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.

Question 24

"I believe that consciousness should be studied to help us understand the adaptive and practical functions of human behavior." Such a statement is MOST likely to have been made by:

A)William James.
B)Sigmund Freud.
C)B) F. Skinner.
D)John B. Watson.

Question 25

Psychoanalysis emphasized:

A)the role of unconscious factors in behavior.
B)overt behavior and principles of learning.
C)the role of conscious thoughts in psychological growth
D)the perception of whole figures.

Question 26

The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was:

A)Francis C. Sumner.
B)Abraham Maslow.
C)G) Stanley Hall.
D)Margaret Floy Washburn.

Question 27

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in psychology at Harvard University?

A)Her research was in an area called comparative psychology that was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time.
B)At the time Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research.
C)William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application despite the fact that she was his most brilliant student.
D)She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

Question 28

Both the structuralists and the functionalists agreed that:

A)psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors.
B)psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings.
C)psychology should study conscious experience.
D)psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness, health, and child rearing.

Question 29

Which school of psychology would agree with the statement that "psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes function to allow people and animals to adapt to their environments"?

A)structuralism
B)behaviorism
C)functionalism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 30

Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:

A)studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University.
B)were students of G. Stanley Hall.
C)were elected president of the American Psychological Association.
D)were students of Francis C. Sumner.

Question 31

The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:

A)Mary Whiton Calkins.
B)Margaret Floy Washburn.
C)Sandra Bem.
D)Leta Hollingworth.

Question 32

Who was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?

A)Margaret Floy Washburn
B)Sandra Bem
C)Mary Whiton Calkins
D)Rebecca Snyder

Question 33

_____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.

A)Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener
B)William James; Mary Whiton Calkins
C)Edward Titchener; William James
D)Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt

Question 34

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE?

A)She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Leipzig University.
B)She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research in dreams, memory, and personality.
C)In 1908 she published an influential textbook titled The Animal Mind.
D)She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the giant panda.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE?

A)Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association.
B)Calkins conducted research in dreams, memory, and personality.
C)Calkins established one of the first psychology laboratories in the United States.
D)Calkins founded behaviorism as one of the early schools of psychology.

Question 36

Which of the following early psychologists wrote The Animal Mind and strongly advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species?

A)Margaret Floy Washburn
B)John B. Watson
C)Mary Whiton Calkins
D)Edward B. Titchener

Question 37

Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Association and established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States?

A)William James
B)G) Stanley Hall
C)John B. Watson
D)Mary Whiton Calkins

Question 38

Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States?

A)B) F. Skinner
B)John B. Watson
C)Francis C. Sumner
D)G) Stanley Hall

Question 39

Which of the early schools of psychology was the first to disappear?

A)psychoanalysis
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)structuralism

Question 40

Sigmund Freud:

A)believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in the formation of adult personality.
B)promoted functionalism during his lecture series at Clark University in 1909.
C)stated that psychology should be the study of overt measurable behavior, especially as it pertains to learning.
D)founded humanistic psychology.

Question 41

Key figures in the development of behaviorism include:

A)Wundt, Titchener, and James.
B)James, Watson, and Calkins.
C)Maslow, Freud, and Rogers.
D)Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner.

Question 42

While psychoanalysis focuses on _____ conflicts, humanistic psychology emphasizes _____ experiences.

A)observable; unconscious
B)unconscious; conscious
C)external; internal
D)physiological; observable

Question 43

Neuroscience refers to the study of the:

A)endocrine system.
B)immune system.
C)nervous system.
D)genome.

Question 44

Between John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner which of the following approaches dominated American psychology for almost half a century?

A)structuralism
B)functionalism
C)behaviorism
D)psychoanalysis

Question 45

Behaviorism was characterized by:

A)the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus on observable behavior.
B)a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience.
C)a focus on the importance of free will, self-determination, and psychological growth.
D)an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about behaviorism is TRUE?

A)B) F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique from structuralism for use in his methods for behaviorism.
B)Behaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animal research showing the importance of animal consciousness.
C)Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious influences on human behavior.
D)John B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usable concept and considered consciousness to be a concept related to superstition and magic.

Question 47

Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food?

A)American psychologist Margaret Washburn
B)Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov
C)Austrian physician Sigmund Freud
D)American psychologist B. F. Skinner

Question 48

Behaviorists viewed human behavior as being shaped and maintained by _____, Rogers emphasized _____.

A)unconscious processes; conscious processes
B)free will; both internal and external causes
C)external causes; self-determination, free will, and the importance of choice
D)self-determination, free will, and personal choice; external causes

Question 49

Which of the following people emphasized conscious experiences and each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction?

A)Carl Rogers
B)B) F. Skinner
C)Sigmund Freud
D)John B. Watson

Question 50

Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth?

A)John B. Watson
B)Abraham Maslow
C)G) Stanley Hall
D)Ivan Pavlov

Question 51

The founder of the school of behaviorism was:

A)G) Stanley Hall.
B)William James.
C)John Watson.
D)Carl Rogers.

Question 52

Which of the following approaches was referred to as the "third force" in American psychology?

A)psychoanalysis
B)functionalism
C)humanistic psychology
D)cognitive psychology

Question 53

_____ is to psychoanalysis as _____ is to humanistic psychology.

A)Freud; James
B)Skinner; Calkins
C)Freud; Rogers
D)Maslow; Pavlov

Question 54

Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, memory blocks, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy?

A)structuralism
B)psychoanalysis
C)behaviorism
D)functionalism

Question 55

Humanistic psychology was called the "third force" because it:

A)provided an alternative viewpoint to the two approaches that were dominant at the time, behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
B)was based upon the belief that there were three forces that motivated all human behavior.
C)proposed that there were three methods that could be used to scientifically study human behavior.
D)was composed of three separate branches, or schools.

Question 56

Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include:

A)Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
B)Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner.
C)Mary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn.
D)John Watson and B. F. Skinner.

Question 57

Who made the statement "Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic."?

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Edward B. Titchener
C)William James
D)John B. Watson

Question 58

Smith has used a relatively new technique called the fMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with aging. Dr. Smith is MOST likely to identify with the _____ perspective of psychology.

A)biological
B)psychodynamic
C)behavioral
D)humanistic

Question 59

The early school of psychology called behaviorism:

A)grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell.
B)was the first of the early schools to disappear.
C)was flatly rejected by John Watson and B. F. Skinner in the early 1900s.
D)was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

Question 60

The _____ perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.

A)psychodynamic
B)humanistic
C)behavioral
D)biological

Question 61

Ramen believes that, in order to effectively treat his clients' psychological disorders, it is essential to understand his clients' early life experiences. Dr. Ramen endorses the _____ perspective in psychological treatment.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)psychodynamic
D)humanistic

Question 62

Barongon is a counseling psychologist who emphasizes the importance of choices and self-direction to his clients so that they can strive to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.

A)cross-cultural
B)psychodynamic
C)cognitive
D)humanistic

Question 63

Theresa is interested in a relatively new area of psychology that focuses on the conditions and processes that contribute to optimal functioning of people, groups, and institutions. She believes that psychology should be concerned with topics such as personal happiness, optimism, creativity, wisdom, and the social institutions that foster these qualities in individuals and communities. Her views are MOST consistent with the _____ perspective in psychology.

A)biological
B)behavioral
C)positive psychology
D)psychodynamic

Question 64

In contemporary psychology, the psychodynamic perspective, the behavioral perspective, and the humanistic perspective:

A)are often emphasized among psychologists working in the mental health field.
B)are considered pseudosciences.
C)have been combined to form a new major perspective in modern psychology called comparative psychology.
D)focus on how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think.

Question 65

The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences and early life experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

A)cognitive
B)positive psychology
C)humanistic
D)psychodynamic

Question 66

Which of the following statements about positive psychology is TRUE?

A)It emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships.
B)It focuses on observable behaviors that can be systematically tested through research.
C)It emphasizes the study of physical bases of both human and animal behavior.
D)It is focused on developing therapeutic techniques that increase personal well-being rather than just alleviating troubling symptoms.

Question 67

Psychologists following the _____ perspective have investigated the diversity of human behavior in different countries and have discovered that some well-established psychological findings are not as universal as once thought.

A)positive psychology
B)cross-cultural
C)evolutionary
D)cognitive

Question 68

Which of the following perspectives in psychology seeks to counterbalance psychology's traditional emphasis on psychological problems and disorders?

A)positive psychology
B)psychodynamic
C)evolutionary
D)cross-cultural

Question 69

"I hate doing group projects in my classes," Hillary, an American student, complained. "When we do a group project, people just don't work as hard as they do when they are working alone." Hillary's observation reflects a psychological phenomenon called:

A)an illusionary correlation.
B)ethnocentrism.
C)social loafing.
D)random selection.

Question 70

What is social loafing?

A)the tendency to reduce normal grooming behavior, which is often seen among captive animals, especially primates
B)a scientist's tendency to reduce productive behavior after receiving an award or recognition
C)the term used to refer to the typical group behavior of college students during spring break
D)the tendency for people from individualistic cultures to exert more effort on a task when working alone than when working as part of a group

Question 71

Jackson is interested in how stress affects the brain and examines PET scans of individuals before and after stressful situations. Dr. Jackson's approach is part of the _____ perspective.

A)behavioral
B)cross-cultural
C)biological
D)psychodynamic

Question 72

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

A)the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think.
B)how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences.
C)the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries.
D)the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential.

Question 73

The development of techniques such as PET, MRI, and fMRI scans to study the structure and function of the brain has enhanced the work of psychologists in the _____ perspective of psychology.

A)behavioral
B)biological
C)psychodynamic
D)humanistic

Question 74

During the 1960s the movement away from traditional behaviorism and toward the study of how mental processes influence behavior was called:

A)"the cognitive revolution" and was influenced by the development of the first computers.
B)the "third force" in American psychology.
C)the positive psychology perspective.
D)the humanistic perspective.

Question 75

The term cognitive revolution refers to:

A)the founding of humanistic psychology as the "third force" in psychology, which strongly opposed psychoanalysis and behaviorism.
B)a renewed emphasis upon the study of mental processes, which represented a break from traditional behaviorism.
C)the discovery of the role played by neurotransmitters in the brain during complex behaviors.
D)the revolt of research participants against unethical practices and experiments, which led to new ethical standards in psychology.

Question 76

May, who follows the _____ perspective, conceptualizes human thinking, memory, and perception in terms of an information-processing model.

A)positive psychology
B)behavioral
C)biological
D)cognitive

Question 77

Behaviorism focuses on _____.

A)unconscious influences
B)dreams
C)observable behaviors
D)early life experiences

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of collectivistic cultures?

A)A person's identity is closely tied to the identity of a larger group, such as a family or work group.
B)The needs and goals of the group are valued over the needs and goals of an individual.
C)They are more commonly found in Asia and South America than in North America and Europe.
D)The importance of self-reliance and individual achievement are emphasized.

Question 79

As a psychology researcher, you have found that the public expression of emotions differs among people in the United States, Japan, Switzerland, and Israel. This type of research fits BEST with which perspective in psychology?

A)evolutionary
B)cross-cultural
C)cognitive
D)humanistic

Question 80

Research on social loafing demonstrated that European participants worked harder on a task when working alone, whereas Chinese participants worked harder on a task when they were part of a group. These results illustrate the importance of the _____ perspective in psychology.

A)cross-cultural
B)cognitive
C)biological
D)humanistic