Quiz 6: Learning

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience. A)growth B)maturation C)cognition D)learning

Learning reflects _____.Maturation reflects _____. A)nurture; nature B)nature; nurture C)nature; nature as well D)nurture; nurture as well

_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. A)Sensation B)Disinhibition C)Habituation D)Conservation

You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws,and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates: A)adaptation. B)habituation. C)conditioning. D)maturation.

_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented. A)Extinction; habituation B)Habituation; extinction C)Habituation; adaptation D)Adaptation; habituation

_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology. A)Thorndike B)Skinner C)Pavlov D)Watson

_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response. A)Classical conditioning B)Operant conditioning C)Observational learning D)Instrumental conditioning

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest. A)Reflexive B)Unconditioned C)Neutral D)Normative

_____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned. A)Conditioned B)Unconditioned C)Neutral D)Normative

In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS)was _____. A)meat; the bell; meat B)meat; the bell; the bell C)the bell; meat; meat D)meat; meat; the bell

Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n)_____. A)conditioned stimulus B)unconditioned stimulus C)neutral stimulus D)conditioned response

Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS? A)Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-cocaine; UCS-cocaine B)Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; UCS-pounding heart C)Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; UCS-cocaine D)Neutral stimulus-cocaine; CS-knock on the door; UCS-cocaine

In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related? A)They are not related; they are completely different stimuli. B)They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable. C)The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus. D)The conditioned stimulus becomes the neutral stimulus.

Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____. A)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus B)conditioned response; unconditioned response C)neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus D)unconditioned response; conditioned response

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins: A)just before the unconditioned stimulus begins. B)at exactly the same time that the unconditioned stimulus begins. C)long before the unconditioned stimulus begins. D)immediately after the unconditioned stimulus begins.

Which pair below correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study? A)Unconditioned stimulus-noise B)Conditioned stimulus- fear C)Unconditioned response-rat D)Neutral stimulus-fear

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli. A)neutral B)unconditioned C)conditioned D)normative

_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears. A)Extinction B)Habituation C)Adaptation D)Deconditioning

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction? A)Alexis is a former cocaine user.Now that she no longer uses cocaine,her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive,like her dealer used to do in his car. B)Alexis uses cocaine.She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using. C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse,though,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive,like her dealer used to do in his car. D)Alexis uses cocaine.She finds that she is slowly losing her sense of smell.

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last? A)Acquisition  spontaneous recovery  extinction B)Acquisition  extinction  spontaneous recovery C)Spontaneous recovery  acquisition  extinction D)Extinction  acquisition  spontaneous recovery

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is known as _____. A)extinction B)habituation C)spontaneous recovery D)deconditioning

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery? A)Alexis is a former cocaine user.Now that she no longer uses cocaine,her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive,like her dealer used to do in his car. B)Alexis uses cocaine.She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using. C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse,though,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive,like her dealer used to do in his car. D)Alexis uses cocaine.She finds that she is slowly losing her sense of smell.

_____ is a process in which,after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response,stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response. A)Stimulus location B)Stimulus generalization C)Stimulus reflexive D)Stimulus discrimination

Which of the following is TRUE of stimulus generalization? A)It is the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another. B)The greater the similarity between two stimuli,the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization. C)The conditioned response elicited by the new stimulus is usually more intense than the original conditioned response. D)Stimulus generalization provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.

Rosa becomes anxious when she enters the examination room at the clinic before a blood test.She also squirms when she views injections on television.This illustrates: A)observational learning. B)stimulus generalization. C)spontaneous recovery. D)stimulus discrimination.

_____ occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not. A)Stimulus location B)Stimulus generalization C)Stimulus diffusion D)Stimulus discrimination

Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination? A)They are unrelated. B)They are opposites. C)They are the same thing. D)Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.

June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener,which she has learned is used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served.The cat does not run when a blender is used,although it sounds similar.June's cat is demonstrating stimulus: A)control. B)discrimination. C)generalization. D)diffusion.

Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan.She suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in Texas,she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring.The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus: A)diffusion. B)discrimination. C)generalization. D)control.

Stimulus _____ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli. A)control B)discrimination C)generalization D)diffusion

In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning? A)In learned taste aversion,the CS and the unconditioned response (UCR)are separated by only a brief interval. B)Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing. C)Learned taste aversion takes longer to develop than do most classical conditioning processes. D)Learned taste aversion is subject to biologically based constraints while,classical conditioning is not.

_____ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened,depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences. A)Classical conditioning B)Operant conditioning C)Observational learning D)Instrumental conditioning

Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between: A)neutral and unconditioned stimuli. B)stimuli and involuntary behavior. C)behavior and consequences. D)conditioned response and reflex.

Classical conditioning applies mostly to _____.Operant conditioning applies mainly to _____. A)biological responses; voluntary responses B)voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior C)voluntary behavior; biological behavior D)involuntary response; involuntary behavior

The root of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages. A)Skinner B)Thorndike C)Watson D)Pavlov

"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of: A)consequences. B)reward. C)effect. D)reinforcement.

The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was: A)Freud. B)Watson. C)Pavlov. D)Skinner.

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called: A)habituation. B)reinforcement. C)learning. D)spontaneous recovery.

Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is/are correctly matched with the type of learning it reflects? A)Conditioning client to associate a response of relaxation rather than anxiety to the feared object-observational learning B)Reinforcing client directly by interacting with the feared object-operant conditioning C)Exposing client to a model interacting successfully with the feared object-classical conditioning D)A new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it-perceptual learning

A _____ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again. A)catalyst B)rejoinder C)reinforcer D)stimulant

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called _____ reinforcers. A)primary B)positive C)unconditioned D)reflexive

Nature is to nurture what _____ reinforcers are to _____ reinforcers. A)positive; negative B)secondary; primary C)unconditioned; conditioned D)primary; secondary

Which of the following reinforcers is incorrectly categorized? A)Food-primary reinforcer B)Money-primary reinforcer C)Praise-secondary reinforcer D)Relief-primary reinforcer

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer? A)Food B)Sex C)Money D)Relief

As part of a behavior modification program,Kendra and her partner each agree to praise the other if she completes her assigned household chores by the end of the day.Such praise is an example of: A)primary reinforcement B)tertiary reinforcement C)positive reinforcement D)negative reinforcement

The term reward is synonymous with: A)positive reinforcement only. B)reinforcement generally. C)negative reinforcement only. D)primary reinforcement only.

A(n)_____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment,like getting paid to work,that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response. A)primary B)positive C)unconditioned D)neutral

A(n)_____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus,putting on a sweater when you're cold for example,which leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future. A)negative B)secondary C)unconditioned D)neutral

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks.Carlos' paycheck is a _____ reinforcer. A)neutral B)primary C)secondary D)negative

Dr.DiFonzo notices several students nodding in agreement as he lectures.Subsequently,his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate.The students have provided _____ reinforcement. A)positive B)secondary C)conditioned D)neutral

Negative reinforcement: A)is the same thing as punishment. B)increases the likelihood that preceding behaviors will be repeated. C)decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be performed. D)is a stimulus whose removal leads to a decrease in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated.

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement? A)Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound. B)Drake no longer cuts class,now that his parents confiscated his iPod. C)Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one. D)Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.

_____ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus. A)Negative reinforcement B)Negative punishment C)Positive punishment D)Normative reinforcement

_____ punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant. A)Prescriptive B)Negative C)Positive D)Normative

Which of the following scenarios exemplify negative punishment? A)Astrid tells her daughter she is grounded for misbehaving and cannot meet her friends for a week. B)Carly yells at her husband when he comes home drunk. C)Jim makes his middle-schoolers run extra laps when they are unruly in gym class. D)Joanie takes several ibuprofen tablets when she has a headache.

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? A)You fight with your significant other and walk away B)Getting a speeding ticket C)Grounding a child for misbehaving and not letting him/her watch television D)Giving your dog a treat for rolling over

Sheryl's parents have told her that she is "grounded" and will not be allowed to watch any television for a week,because she is not completing her assignments on time.This is an example of: A)negative punishment. B)negative reinforcement. C)positive punishment. D)positive reinforcement.

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment? A)You fight with your significant other and walk away. B)Spanking a child for misbehaving. C)Yelling at your spouse for being irresponsible. D)Informing an employee that he has been demoted because of a poor job evaluation.

Which of the following types of consequences is correctly matched with an example? A)Positive reinforcement-Vickie applies lotion to lessen the discomfort of a small burn B)Negative reinforcement-Ella's parents confiscate her car keys for breaking curfew C)Positive punishment-Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse D)Negative punishment-Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance

Which of the following types of consequences is correctly matched with an example? A)Positive reinforcement-Harvey is suspended when he vandalizes school property. B)Negative reinforcement-Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet. C)Positive punishment-Jacqueline's teacher puts a cute sticker on an arithmetic exercise completed without mistakes. D)Negative punishment-Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints.

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of punishment? A)It is ineffective if it is not delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior. B)Physical punishment sends the message that aggressive behavior is appropriate. C)It tends to change behavior very slowly. D)Punishment does not suggest which alternative behaviors might be more desirable.

Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n)_____ reinforcement schedule. A)secondary B)positive C)intermittent D)continuous

You don't receive a smile or a "thank you" each time you hold a door for the person behind you.It is acknowledged sometimes.Door-holding is reinforced on a(n)_____ reinforcement schedule. A)continuous B)partial C)regular D)fixed

Vending machine is to slot machine what _____ reinforcement is to _____ reinforcement. A)secondary; primary B)continuous; intermittent C)partial; intermittent D)variable; fixed

A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule: A)by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. B)by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. C)that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low. D)by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement? A)A café prints "You are a winner" on a random one-twelfth of its coffee lids; patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage. B)A café offers its customers a punch card.Each time a patron purchases a beverage,a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched,the patron receives a free beverage. C)A café offers each patron an early morning two-for-one free-beverage-with-purchase deal from 5 to 6 a.m.on Monday mornings. D)Now and then,a café announces a two-for-one deal.

Dr.Arceneaux wants his students to take advantage of online practice quizzes on his course site.Which of the following is the most effective plan to increase the number of practice quizzes completed? A)1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed B)5 points deducted from course total if no quizzes are completed C)1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if 2 or more quizzes have been completed D)1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average)if 2 or more quizzes have been completed recently

A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule: A)by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. B)by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number. C)that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low. D)by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.

Dr.Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students complete.Which plan below is incorrectly matched with the related schedule? A)1 bonus point for every two online practice quizzes completed-fixed-ratio B)1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if two or more quizzes have been completed-fixed-interval C)1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average)if two or more quizzes have been completed recently-variable-ratio D)1 bonus point awarded randomly,either for every 2 online quizzes taken or 2 bonus points for all those students taken within the first week-variable-interval

Imagine that you graphed the cumulative number of bar-press responses over time of four rats,each reinforced on a different one of the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement.Each rat's behavior is graphed on a separate line.The line with the greatest slope should be that displaying the behavior of the rat reinforced on the _____ schedule. A)fixed-ratio B)fixed-interval C)variable-interval D)variable-ratio

In general,_____ schedules of reinforcement yield high response rates. A)variable-interval B)fixed-interval C)variable-ratio D)fixed-ratio

Typically long pauses in responding are found in _____ schedules. A)fixed-interval B)fixed-ratio C)variable-interval D)variable-ratio

A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period.This incentive illustrates a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A)fixed-interval B)fixed-ratio C)variable-interval D)variable-ratio

A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule: A)by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. B)by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. C)that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low. D)by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being constant.

Paychecks and semester grades are delivered on a _____ schedule of reinforcement. A)fixed-ratio B)fixed-interval C)variable-ratio D)variable-interval

A variable-interval schedule is a schedule: A)by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made. B)by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number. C)that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low. D)by which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed.

Which of the following is TRUE about stimulus control training? A)In stimulus control training,a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus. B)In stimulus control training,a behavior is reinforced in the absence of a specific stimulus. C)Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. D)Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a simple behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." A learning theorist would term such signals: A)conditioned stimuli. B)discriminative stimuli. C)positive reinforcers. D)intermittent reinforcers.

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a personal day,because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses.This example most clearly illustrates: A)stimulus generalization. B)stimulus control. C)stimulus discrimination. D)shaping.

The process of teaching a complex behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called: A)stimulus control training. B)discrimination training. C)shaping. D)behavior modification.

Mrs.Martin,a third-grade teacher,is instructing cursive writing.At first,she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on,though,she reinforces only well-formed letters.By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters,Mrs.Martin is using: A)discrimination training. B)shaping. C)stimulus control training. D)behavior modification.

Which of the following does NOT accurately reflect a distinction between classical and operant conditioning? A)Classical conditioning entails forming an association between stimuli; operant conditioning involves forming an association between a behavior and its consequences. B)Classical conditioning applies to voluntary behavior,while operant conditioning applies to involuntary behavior. C)In the case of classical conditioning,before conditioning,an unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response; in operant conditioning reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior. D)In the case of classical conditioning,after conditioning,a conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response; in operant conditioning punishment leads to a decrease in behavior.

Which of the following is TRUE of classical conditioning? A)Its basic principle is that reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior preceding it; punishment decreases the frequency of the behavior preceding it. B)It applies to involuntary behavior. C)According to classical conditioning,reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior. D)According to classical conditioning,organism voluntarily operates on its environment to produce a desirable result.After behavior occurs,the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is increased or decreased by the behavior's consequences.

Dr.Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst.What does she do? A)She helps clients explore the unconscious motivations behind their behaviors. B)She helps clients change how they think about their own behavior and that of others. C)She specializes in behavior modification techniques. D)She conducts basic research into conditioning mechanisms and principles.

_____ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. A)Functional modification B)Genetic modification C)Posttranslational modification D)Behavior modification

The cognitive learning concept of _____ learning is associated most prominently with _____. A)latent; Tolman B)latent; Thorndike C)implicit; Tolman D)implicit; Thorndike

The _____ is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning. A)transformative learning theory B)behavioral learning theory C)cognitive learning theory D)constructivism learning theory

Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective: A)deny the importance of classical and operant conditioning. B)go beyond classical and operant conditioning. C)perform research essentially identical to that conducted by more traditional learning theorists. D)have probably never heard of classical and operant conditioning.

Which of the following does the cognitive learning theory emphasize? A)Expectations B)Imitation C)Consolidation D)Associations

The focus of classical and operant conditioning is on _____; the focus of the cognitive learning approach is on _____. A)external stimuli,responses,and reinforcement; internal thoughts and expectations of learners B)external stimuli,responses,and reinforcement; external stimuli,responses,and reinforcement as well C)internal thoughts and expectations of learners; external stimuli,responses,and reinforcement D)internal thoughts and expectations of learners; internal thoughts and expectations of learners as well

Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it is known as _____ learning. A)tangential B)latent C)perceptual D)spatial

Which theorist is correctly matched with the concept with which he is associated? A)Bandura-classical conditioning B)Tolman-latent learning C)Pavlov-observational learning D)Watson-associative learning

_____ learning occurs without reinforcement. A)Latent B)Operant C)Subliminal D)Manifest

Recall Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze.What was the critical result? A)Rats that were never given an incentive never learned to run the maze. B)Rats that were never given an incentive still learned to run the maze. C)Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment. D)Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment never learned to run the maze.

A(n)_____ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions. A)algorithm B)prototype C)cognitive map D)perceptual blueprint

You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown,a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks,like rivers,buildings,freeways,and parks.This representation is called a(n): A)internal navigator. B)mental GPS. C)cognitive map. D)perceptual blueprint.

Learning by watching the behavior of another person,or model is known as _____. A)perceptual learning B)observational learning C)latent learning D)tangential learning

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment was intended to demonstrate: A)shaping. B)observational learning. C)latent learning. D)stimulus control training.

Observational learning is based in part on the activity of _____ neurons in the brain. A)mirror B)reflexive C)imitative D)modeling

Which of the following statements incorrectly describes the effects on observational learning of the reinforcement or punishment of the model? A)We are more likely to imitate reward models than we are to imitate non-reward models. B)Observational learning does not occur when the model is punished. C)Observing the punishment of a model does not stop observers from learning the behavior. D)Observational learning is likely to occur when the model is rewarded.

_____ is associated with the Fearless-Peer experiment.The experiment demonstrates _____. A)Pavlov; classical conditioning B)Bandura; observational learning C)Skinner; operant conditioning D)Thorndike; latent learning

Based on your reading of the text,the average child in the United States has viewed more than _____ murders on network TV by the time he or she graduates from elementary school. A)12 B)500 C)8,000 D)6,000

According to one survey,approximately one-_____ of violent young male offenders in Florida had attempted to commit a media-inspired copycat crime. A)fifth B)fourth C)third D)half

Based on your reading of the text,exposure to actual firearm violence increases by a factor of _____ the likelihood that an adolescent will commit serious violence within the succeeding two years. A)1.5 B)2 C)3 D)4

Travis is an intuitive thinker with a highly developed ability to remember verbal material,especially if it is highly relevant.Janet is detail-oriented,with an excellent memory for abstract material.She is not easily dissuaded by dull tasks.Which of the following statements best identifies the learning styles of these two individuals? A)Travis has an analytical learning style.Janet's learning style is relational. B)Travis has a relational learning style.Janet's learning style is analytical. C)Both Travis and Janet have analytical learning styles. D)Both Travis and Janet have relational learning styles.

Which alternative below correctly pairs a learning style described in your text with one of its characteristics? A)Relational style-shows intuitive thinking B)Relational style-able to focus on details C)Analytical style-displays improvisational,intuitive thinking D)Analytical style-displays good memory for relevant,verbal material

Neal,an Asian-American student,would most likely: A)focus on detail. B)have a good memory for verbally presented ideas and information. C)learn materials that have a human,social content. D)perceive information as part of total picture.

An analytic learning style is most likely to be displayed by: A)Caucasian males. B)Asian-American females. C)Hispanic-American females. D)Native-American males.

Which of the following students is most likely to display an analytical learning style? A)Jamal,an African-American male B)Lee,an Asian-American male C)Mona,a Caucasian female D)Nina,a Hispanic-American female

is a decline in the behavioral response following repeated exposure to the same stimulus.

In Pavlov's study,the bell is both a(n)stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.

A bright flash automatically causes us to blink.It is a(n)response.

are intense,irrational fears.

occurs when an extinguished conditioned response reappears after a period of rest.

Adam was badly stung by a bee when he was a child.Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects.This example illustrates .

Olympia consumed some poorly stored sushi on a hot day; she became violently ill.Now Olympia can't stand the sight of sushi.She has developed a(n).

A stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is termed a(n).

Money is an example of a reinforcer.

Positive punishment a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

A weekly paycheck is an example of a schedule.

When a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus,but not in its absence it is known as training.

When your partner says "I'm going up to bed early," you follow expectantly.When he or she says,"I'm tired," you stay behind and say you'll read in the living room for a while.This is an example of a stimulus.

Shaping is one way that organisms learn behavior.

Dr.Margate specializes in using behavior modification techniques to help adults engage in health-promoting behaviors,such as exercising,quitting smoking,and so forth.Dr.Margate is a behavior .

Dr.Tabachnik focuses on the expectations participants develop regarding the likelihood that a given behavior will be punished.Dr.Tabachnik might be described as a(n)theorist.

In the latent learning study described in the text,the rats that were reinforced only during the latter portion of the experiment would be considered a(n)group.

In observational learning,the organism whose behavior is observed is termed the .

are neurons that fire when we observe another person's behavior.

Although a "phonics" approach to reading instruction might capitalize on an analytic learning style,the "whole-word" approach may be better suited to a(n)learning style.

Explain classical conditioning with a suitable example.

In the case of Pavlov and his dog,identify and describe the following: neutral stimulus,unconditioned stimulus,unconditioned response,conditioned stimulus,and conditioned response.

Making specific reference to such terms as UCS,CS,UCR,CR,and stimulus generalization,explain how classical conditioning may account for the development of a specific phobia.

Making reference to neutral,unconditioned,conditioned stimuli,unconditioned,and conditioned responses,distinguish between (a)extinction and spontaneous recovery and (b)stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.Give an original example of either extinction or spontaneous recovery,and of either stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.

How have psychologists challenged Pavlov's traditional account of classical conditioning?

Imagine that you are a parent,a teacher,or a supervisor in a workplace.Give specific examples of how you might use (a)positive reinforcement,(b)negative reinforcement,(c)positive punishment,and (d)negative punishment to bring about desirable changes in the behavior of a child,student,or subordinate worker.

Suppose that you are asked to lead a workshop for parents on the use of punishment and reinforcement to manage child and adolescent behavior.What might you tell the parents regarding the appropriate and inappropriate use of punishment? Provide concrete examples to support your points.Suggest how parents might use punishment more effectively and how they might substitute reinforcement for punishment.Provide concrete examples to support your points.

What are the pros and cons of punishment?

Draw on your knowledge of positive and negative reinforcement,punishment,schedules of reinforcement,stimulus control training,discriminative stimuli,shaping,and biological constraints on learning to describe how you might use operant conditioning to train domestic animals (e.g. ,dogs,cats,horses,etc. )to perform desired behaviors.

Identify and define the four schedules of intermittent or partial reinforcement.Provide day-to-day examples of each of the four schedules.Identify two specific ways that college professors might use our understanding of the schedules to increase the frequency with which students study course materials.

Identify a behavior of your own that you would like to perform more frequently (e.g. ,studying,completing household chores or yard work)or less frequently (e.g. ,snacking,smoking cigarettes).Outline a step-by-step behavior modification program that might help you achieve your goal.

How do the phenomena of latent and observational learning force a reconsideration of the view of learning offered by classical and operant conditioning theorists? Provide as thoughtful a response as you can.

Briefly describe observational learning and Bandura's Bobo doll research.Discuss how this research altered conventional views of learning.What role might mirror neurons play in observational learning?

Observational learning research suggests that seeing others reinforced for particular behaviors may encourage our own acquisition of similar behaviors.To what extent is exposure to media violence associated with the acquisition of aggressive behavior?

To what extent does culture influence learning style? Distinguish between analytic and relational learning styles and suggest how they might vary across sociocultural groups.How might they reflect cross-cultural differences in parenting or teaching practices?