Quiz 6: Learning
Psychology
Q 1Q 1
Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.
A)growth
B)maturation
C)cognition
D)learning
Free
Multiple Choice
D
Q 2Q 2
Learning reflects _____.Maturation reflects _____.
A)nurture; nature
B)nature; nurture
C)nature; nature as well
D)nurture; nurture as well
Free
Multiple Choice
A
Q 3Q 3
_____ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
A)Sensation
B)Disinhibition
C)Habituation
D)Conservation
Free
Multiple Choice
C
Q 4Q 4
You toss a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor; your cat chases it excitedly,clutches it in her paws,and rolls around with it.Several tosses later,your cat yawns pointedly and settles herself for a nap.The change in your cat's behavior illustrates:
A)adaptation.
B)habituation.
C)conditioning.
D)maturation.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 5Q 5
_____ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly,whereas _____ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.
A)Extinction; habituation
B)Habituation; extinction
C)Habituation; adaptation
D)Adaptation; habituation
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 6Q 6
_____ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.
A)Thorndike
B)Skinner
C)Pavlov
D)Watson
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 7Q 7
_____ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.
A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Instrumental conditioning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 8Q 8
_____ stimulus is a stimulus that does not naturally bring about the response of interest.
A)Reflexive
B)Unconditioned
C)Neutral
D)Normative
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 9Q 9
_____ stimulus is a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned.
A)Conditioned
B)Unconditioned
C)Neutral
D)Normative
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 10Q 10
In Pavlov's study,the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)was _____; the neutral stimulus was _____; and,finally,the conditioned stimulus (CS)was _____.
A)meat; the bell; meat
B)meat; the bell; the bell
C)the bell; meat; meat
D)meat; meat; the bell
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 11Q 11
Tim loves dill pickles.Now,the sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water.In the terminology of classical conditioning,the sight of the jar is a(n)_____.
A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)neutral stimulus
D)conditioned response
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 12Q 12
Alexis uses cocaine,which activates her sympathetic nervous system.Expecting her dealer,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door.Which alternative below correctly identifies the neutral stimulus,the CS,and the UCS?
A)Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-cocaine; UCS-cocaine
B)Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; UCS-pounding heart
C)Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; UCS-cocaine
D)Neutral stimulus-cocaine; CS-knock on the door; UCS-cocaine
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 13Q 13
In classical conditioning,how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?
A)They are not related; they are completely different stimuli.
B)They are the same thing; the terms are interchangeable.
C)The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.
D)The conditioned stimulus becomes the neutral stimulus.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 14Q 14
Nature is to nurture what _____ is to _____.
A)conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned response; unconditioned response
C)neutral stimulus; conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned response; conditioned response
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 15Q 15
Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus begins:
A)just before the unconditioned stimulus begins.
B)at exactly the same time that the unconditioned stimulus begins.
C)long before the unconditioned stimulus begins.
D)immediately after the unconditioned stimulus begins.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 16Q 16
Which pair below correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?
A)Unconditioned stimulus-noise
B)Conditioned stimulus- fear
C)Unconditioned response-rat
D)Neutral stimulus-fear
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 17Q 17
Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq.He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Now,back home in a quiet California neighborhood,he jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire.In the terminology of classical conditioning,these sounds are best thought of as _____ stimuli.
A)neutral
B)unconditioned
C)conditioned
D)normative
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 18Q 18
_____ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.
A)Extinction
B)Habituation
C)Adaptation
D)Deconditioning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 19Q 19
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies extinction?
A)Alexis is a former cocaine user.Now that she no longer uses cocaine,her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive,like her dealer used to do in his car.
B)Alexis uses cocaine.She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using.
C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse,though,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive,like her dealer used to do in his car.
D)Alexis uses cocaine.She finds that she is slowly losing her sense of smell.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 20Q 20
Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process,from first to last?
A)Acquisition spontaneous recovery extinction
B)Acquisition extinction spontaneous recovery
C)Spontaneous recovery acquisition extinction
D)Extinction acquisition spontaneous recovery
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 21Q 21
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is known as _____.
A)extinction
B)habituation
C)spontaneous recovery
D)deconditioning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 22Q 22
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies spontaneous recovery?
A)Alexis is a former cocaine user.Now that she no longer uses cocaine,her hands no longer shake and her heart no longer pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive,like her dealer used to do in his car.
B)Alexis uses cocaine.She no longer feels quite the same rush as she did when she first started using.
C)Alexis is a former cocaine user in recovery.After a relapse,though,her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a car pull into her drive,like her dealer used to do in his car.
D)Alexis uses cocaine.She finds that she is slowly losing her sense of smell.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 23Q 23
_____ is a process in which,after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response,stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.
A)Stimulus location
B)Stimulus generalization
C)Stimulus reflexive
D)Stimulus discrimination
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 24Q 24
Which of the following is TRUE of stimulus generalization?
A)It is the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another.
B)The greater the similarity between two stimuli,the greater the likelihood of stimulus generalization.
C)The conditioned response elicited by the new stimulus is usually more intense than the original conditioned response.
D)Stimulus generalization provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 25Q 25
Rosa becomes anxious when she enters the examination room at the clinic before a blood test.She also squirms when she views injections on television.This illustrates:
A)observational learning.
B)stimulus generalization.
C)spontaneous recovery.
D)stimulus discrimination.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 26Q 26
_____ occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not.
A)Stimulus location
B)Stimulus generalization
C)Stimulus diffusion
D)Stimulus discrimination
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 27Q 27
Which of the following terms best expresses the relationship between stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination?
A)They are unrelated.
B)They are opposites.
C)They are the same thing.
D)Stimulus discrimination is a type of stimulus generalization.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 28Q 28
June's cat runs to the kitchen at the sound of the electric can opener,which she has learned is used to open her food when her dinner is about to be served.The cat does not run when a blender is used,although it sounds similar.June's cat is demonstrating stimulus:
A)control.
B)discrimination.
C)generalization.
D)diffusion.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 29Q 29
Janine completed several tours of duty in Afghanistan.She suffers from PTSD.Now,back home in Texas,she is frightened by firecrackers and cars backfiring.The fact that these sounds scare her reflects a process of stimulus:
A)diffusion.
B)discrimination.
C)generalization.
D)control.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 30Q 30
Stimulus _____ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.
A)control
B)discrimination
C)generalization
D)diffusion
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 31Q 31
In what way does learned taste aversion seem to contradict the basic principles of classical conditioning?
A)In learned taste aversion,the CS and the unconditioned response (UCR)are separated by only a brief interval.
B)Learned taste aversion can occur after only a single CS-UCR pairing.
C)Learned taste aversion takes longer to develop than do most classical conditioning processes.
D)Learned taste aversion is subject to biologically based constraints while,classical conditioning is not.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 32Q 32
_____ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened,depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.
A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Instrumental conditioning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 33Q 33
Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:
A)neutral and unconditioned stimuli.
B)stimuli and involuntary behavior.
C)behavior and consequences.
D)conditioned response and reflex.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 34Q 34
Classical conditioning applies mostly to _____.Operant conditioning applies mainly to _____.
A)biological responses; voluntary responses
B)voluntary behavior; involuntary behavior
C)voluntary behavior; biological behavior
D)involuntary response; involuntary behavior
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 35Q 35
The root of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.
A)Skinner
B)Thorndike
C)Watson
D)Pavlov
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 36Q 36
"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of:
A)consequences.
B)reward.
C)effect.
D)reinforcement.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 37Q 37
The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was:
A)Freud.
B)Watson.
C)Pavlov.
D)Skinner.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 38Q 38
The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called:
A)habituation.
B)reinforcement.
C)learning.
D)spontaneous recovery.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 39Q 39
Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is/are correctly matched with the type of learning it reflects?
A)Conditioning client to associate a response of relaxation rather than anxiety to the feared object-observational learning
B)Reinforcing client directly by interacting with the feared object-operant conditioning
C)Exposing client to a model interacting successfully with the feared object-classical conditioning
D)A new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it-perceptual learning
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 40Q 40
A _____ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.
A)catalyst
B)rejoinder
C)reinforcer
D)stimulant
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 41Q 41
Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called _____ reinforcers.
A)primary
B)positive
C)unconditioned
D)reflexive
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 42Q 42
Nature is to nurture what _____ reinforcers are to _____ reinforcers.
A)positive; negative
B)secondary; primary
C)unconditioned; conditioned
D)primary; secondary
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 43Q 43
Which of the following reinforcers is incorrectly categorized?
A)Food-primary reinforcer
B)Money-primary reinforcer
C)Praise-secondary reinforcer
D)Relief-primary reinforcer
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 44Q 44
Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
A)Food
B)Sex
C)Money
D)Relief
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 45Q 45
As part of a behavior modification program,Kendra and her partner each agree to praise the other if she completes her assigned household chores by the end of the day.Such praise is an example of:
A)primary reinforcement
B)tertiary reinforcement
C)positive reinforcement
D)negative reinforcement
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 46Q 46
The term reward is synonymous with:
A)positive reinforcement only.
B)reinforcement generally.
C)negative reinforcement only.
D)primary reinforcement only.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 47Q 47
A(n)_____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment,like getting paid to work,that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response.
A)primary
B)positive
C)unconditioned
D)neutral
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 48Q 48
A(n)_____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus,putting on a sweater when you're cold for example,which leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.
A)negative
B)secondary
C)unconditioned
D)neutral
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 49Q 49
One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks.Carlos' paycheck is a _____ reinforcer.
A)neutral
B)primary
C)secondary
D)negative
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 50Q 50
Dr.DiFonzo notices several students nodding in agreement as he lectures.Subsequently,his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate.The students have provided _____ reinforcement.
A)positive
B)secondary
C)conditioned
D)neutral
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 51Q 51
Negative reinforcement:
A)is the same thing as punishment.
B)increases the likelihood that preceding behaviors will be repeated.
C)decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be performed.
D)is a stimulus whose removal leads to a decrease in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 52Q 52
Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?
A)Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.
B)Drake no longer cuts class,now that his parents confiscated his iPod.
C)Maria now buys a different brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one.
D)Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 53Q 53
_____ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.
A)Negative reinforcement
B)Negative punishment
C)Positive punishment
D)Normative reinforcement
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 54Q 54
_____ punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.
A)Prescriptive
B)Negative
C)Positive
D)Normative
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 55Q 55
Which of the following scenarios exemplify negative punishment?
A)Astrid tells her daughter she is grounded for misbehaving and cannot meet her friends for a week.
B)Carly yells at her husband when he comes home drunk.
C)Jim makes his middle-schoolers run extra laps when they are unruly in gym class.
D)Joanie takes several ibuprofen tablets when she has a headache.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 56Q 56
Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?
A)You fight with your significant other and walk away
B)Getting a speeding ticket
C)Grounding a child for misbehaving and not letting him/her watch television
D)Giving your dog a treat for rolling over
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 57Q 57
Sheryl's parents have told her that she is "grounded" and will not be allowed to watch any television for a week,because she is not completing her assignments on time.This is an example of:
A)negative punishment.
B)negative reinforcement.
C)positive punishment.
D)positive reinforcement.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 58Q 58
Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?
A)You fight with your significant other and walk away.
B)Spanking a child for misbehaving.
C)Yelling at your spouse for being irresponsible.
D)Informing an employee that he has been demoted because of a poor job evaluation.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 59Q 59
Which of the following types of consequences is correctly matched with an example?
A)Positive reinforcement-Vickie applies lotion to lessen the discomfort of a small burn
B)Negative reinforcement-Ella's parents confiscate her car keys for breaking curfew
C)Positive punishment-Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse
D)Negative punishment-Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 60Q 60
Which of the following types of consequences is correctly matched with an example?
A)Positive reinforcement-Harvey is suspended when he vandalizes school property.
B)Negative reinforcement-Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet.
C)Positive punishment-Jacqueline's teacher puts a cute sticker on an arithmetic exercise completed without mistakes.
D)Negative punishment-Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 61Q 61
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of punishment?
A)It is ineffective if it is not delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior.
B)Physical punishment sends the message that aggressive behavior is appropriate.
C)It tends to change behavior very slowly.
D)Punishment does not suggest which alternative behaviors might be more desirable.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 62Q 62
Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n)_____ reinforcement schedule.
A)secondary
B)positive
C)intermittent
D)continuous
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 63Q 63
You don't receive a smile or a "thank you" each time you hold a door for the person behind you.It is acknowledged sometimes.Door-holding is reinforced on a(n)_____ reinforcement schedule.
A)continuous
B)partial
C)regular
D)fixed
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 64Q 64
Vending machine is to slot machine what _____ reinforcement is to _____ reinforcement.
A)secondary; primary
B)continuous; intermittent
C)partial; intermittent
D)variable; fixed
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 65Q 65
A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule:
A)by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B)by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
C)that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low.
D)by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 66Q 66
Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?
A)A café prints "You are a winner" on a random one-twelfth of its coffee lids; patrons receiving such a lid can redeem it for a free beverage.
B)A café offers its customers a punch card.Each time a patron purchases a beverage,a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched,the patron receives a free beverage.
C)A café offers each patron an early morning two-for-one free-beverage-with-purchase deal from 5 to 6 a.m.on Monday mornings.
D)Now and then,a café announces a two-for-one deal.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 67Q 67
Dr.Arceneaux wants his students to take advantage of online practice quizzes on his course site.Which of the following is the most effective plan to increase the number of practice quizzes completed?
A)1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed
B)5 points deducted from course total if no quizzes are completed
C)1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if 2 or more quizzes have been completed
D)1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average)if 2 or more quizzes have been completed recently
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 68Q 68
A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule:
A)by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B)by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
C)that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low.
D)by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 69Q 69
Dr.Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes his students complete.Which plan below is incorrectly matched with the related schedule?
A)1 bonus point for every two online practice quizzes completed-fixed-ratio
B)1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if two or more quizzes have been completed-fixed-interval
C)1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average)if two or more quizzes have been completed recently-variable-ratio
D)1 bonus point awarded randomly,either for every 2 online quizzes taken or 2 bonus points for all those students taken within the first week-variable-interval
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 70Q 70
Imagine that you graphed the cumulative number of bar-press responses over time of four rats,each reinforced on a different one of the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement.Each rat's behavior is graphed on a separate line.The line with the greatest slope should be that displaying the behavior of the rat reinforced on the _____ schedule.
A)fixed-ratio
B)fixed-interval
C)variable-interval
D)variable-ratio
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 71Q 71
In general,_____ schedules of reinforcement yield high response rates.
A)variable-interval
B)fixed-interval
C)variable-ratio
D)fixed-ratio
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 72Q 72
Typically long pauses in responding are found in _____ schedules.
A)fixed-interval
B)fixed-ratio
C)variable-interval
D)variable-ratio
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 73Q 73
A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period.This incentive illustrates a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A)fixed-interval
B)fixed-ratio
C)variable-interval
D)variable-ratio
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 74Q 74
A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule:
A)by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B)by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
C)that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low.
D)by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being constant.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 75Q 75
Paychecks and semester grades are delivered on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
A)fixed-ratio
B)fixed-interval
C)variable-ratio
D)variable-interval
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 76Q 76
A variable-interval schedule is a schedule:
A)by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B)by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number.
C)that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low.
D)by which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 77Q 77
Which of the following is TRUE about stimulus control training?
A)In stimulus control training,a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus.
B)In stimulus control training,a behavior is reinforced in the absence of a specific stimulus.
C)Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
D)Stimulus control training is the process of teaching a simple behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 78Q 78
Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." A learning theorist would term such signals:
A)conditioned stimuli.
B)discriminative stimuli.
C)positive reinforcers.
D)intermittent reinforcers.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 79Q 79
Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a personal day,because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses.This example most clearly illustrates:
A)stimulus generalization.
B)stimulus control.
C)stimulus discrimination.
D)shaping.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 80Q 80
The process of teaching a complex behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called:
A)stimulus control training.
B)discrimination training.
C)shaping.
D)behavior modification.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 81Q 81
Mrs.Martin,a third-grade teacher,is instructing cursive writing.At first,she reinforces even crude attempts to reproduce letters with an encouraging word; as time goes on,though,she reinforces only well-formed letters.By reinforcing progressively better attempts at writing letters,Mrs.Martin is using:
A)discrimination training.
B)shaping.
C)stimulus control training.
D)behavior modification.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 82Q 82
Which of the following does NOT accurately reflect a distinction between classical and operant conditioning?
A)Classical conditioning entails forming an association between stimuli; operant conditioning involves forming an association between a behavior and its consequences.
B)Classical conditioning applies to voluntary behavior,while operant conditioning applies to involuntary behavior.
C)In the case of classical conditioning,before conditioning,an unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response; in operant conditioning reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior.
D)In the case of classical conditioning,after conditioning,a conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response; in operant conditioning punishment leads to a decrease in behavior.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 83Q 83
Which of the following is TRUE of classical conditioning?
A)Its basic principle is that reinforcement increases the frequency of the behavior preceding it; punishment decreases the frequency of the behavior preceding it.
B)It applies to involuntary behavior.
C)According to classical conditioning,reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior.
D)According to classical conditioning,organism voluntarily operates on its environment to produce a desirable result.After behavior occurs,the likelihood of the behavior occurring again is increased or decreased by the behavior's consequences.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 84Q 84
Dr.Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst.What does she do?
A)She helps clients explore the unconscious motivations behind their behaviors.
B)She helps clients change how they think about their own behavior and that of others.
C)She specializes in behavior modification techniques.
D)She conducts basic research into conditioning mechanisms and principles.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 85Q 85
_____ is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
A)Functional modification
B)Genetic modification
C)Posttranslational modification
D)Behavior modification
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 86Q 86
The cognitive learning concept of _____ learning is associated most prominently with _____.
A)latent; Tolman
B)latent; Thorndike
C)implicit; Tolman
D)implicit; Thorndike
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 87Q 87
The _____ is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.
A)transformative learning theory
B)behavioral learning theory
C)cognitive learning theory
D)constructivism learning theory
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 88Q 88
Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective:
A)deny the importance of classical and operant conditioning.
B)go beyond classical and operant conditioning.
C)perform research essentially identical to that conducted by more traditional learning theorists.
D)have probably never heard of classical and operant conditioning.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 89Q 89
Which of the following does the cognitive learning theory emphasize?
A)Expectations
B)Imitation
C)Consolidation
D)Associations
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 90Q 90
The focus of classical and operant conditioning is on _____; the focus of the cognitive learning approach is on _____.
A)external stimuli,responses,and reinforcement; internal thoughts and expectations of learners
B)external stimuli,responses,and reinforcement; external stimuli,responses,and reinforcement as well
C)internal thoughts and expectations of learners; external stimuli,responses,and reinforcement
D)internal thoughts and expectations of learners; internal thoughts and expectations of learners as well
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 91Q 91
Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it is known as _____ learning.
A)tangential
B)latent
C)perceptual
D)spatial
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 92Q 92
Which theorist is correctly matched with the concept with which he is associated?
A)Bandura-classical conditioning
B)Tolman-latent learning
C)Pavlov-observational learning
D)Watson-associative learning
Free
Multiple Choice
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 94Q 94
Recall Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze.What was the critical result?
A)Rats that were never given an incentive never learned to run the maze.
B)Rats that were never given an incentive still learned to run the maze.
C)Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment.
D)Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment never learned to run the maze.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 95Q 95
A(n)_____ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions.
A)algorithm
B)prototype
C)cognitive map
D)perceptual blueprint
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 96Q 96
You have a kind of picture in your head of your hometown,a mental representation of its layout and the location of key landmarks,like rivers,buildings,freeways,and parks.This representation is called a(n):
A)internal navigator.
B)mental GPS.
C)cognitive map.
D)perceptual blueprint.
Free
Multiple Choice
Q 97Q 97
Learning by watching the behavior of another person,or model is known as _____.
A)perceptual learning
B)observational learning
C)latent learning
D)tangential learning
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Q 98Q 98
Bandura's Bobo doll experiment was intended to demonstrate:
A)shaping.
B)observational learning.
C)latent learning.
D)stimulus control training.
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Q 99Q 99
Observational learning is based in part on the activity of _____ neurons in the brain.
A)mirror
B)reflexive
C)imitative
D)modeling
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Q 100Q 100
Which of the following statements incorrectly describes the effects on observational learning of the reinforcement or punishment of the model?
A)We are more likely to imitate reward models than we are to imitate non-reward models.
B)Observational learning does not occur when the model is punished.
C)Observing the punishment of a model does not stop observers from learning the behavior.
D)Observational learning is likely to occur when the model is rewarded.
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Multiple Choice
Q 101Q 101
_____ is associated with the Fearless-Peer experiment.The experiment demonstrates _____.
A)Pavlov; classical conditioning
B)Bandura; observational learning
C)Skinner; operant conditioning
D)Thorndike; latent learning
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Multiple Choice
Q 102Q 102
Based on your reading of the text,the average child in the United States has viewed more than _____ murders on network TV by the time he or she graduates from elementary school.
A)12
B)500
C)8,000
D)6,000
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Multiple Choice
Q 103Q 103
According to one survey,approximately one-_____ of violent young male offenders in Florida had attempted to commit a media-inspired copycat crime.
A)fifth
B)fourth
C)third
D)half
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Multiple Choice
Q 104Q 104
Based on your reading of the text,exposure to actual firearm violence increases by a factor of _____ the likelihood that an adolescent will commit serious violence within the succeeding two years.
A)1.5
B)2
C)3
D)4
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Multiple Choice
Q 105Q 105
Travis is an intuitive thinker with a highly developed ability to remember verbal material,especially if it is highly relevant.Janet is detail-oriented,with an excellent memory for abstract material.She is not easily dissuaded by dull tasks.Which of the following statements best identifies the learning styles of these two individuals?
A)Travis has an analytical learning style.Janet's learning style is relational.
B)Travis has a relational learning style.Janet's learning style is analytical.
C)Both Travis and Janet have analytical learning styles.
D)Both Travis and Janet have relational learning styles.
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Q 106Q 106
Which alternative below correctly pairs a learning style described in your text with one of its characteristics?
A)Relational style-shows intuitive thinking
B)Relational style-able to focus on details
C)Analytical style-displays improvisational,intuitive thinking
D)Analytical style-displays good memory for relevant,verbal material
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Multiple Choice
Q 107Q 107
Neal,an Asian-American student,would most likely:
A)focus on detail.
B)have a good memory for verbally presented ideas and information.
C)learn materials that have a human,social content.
D)perceive information as part of total picture.
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Q 108Q 108
An analytic learning style is most likely to be displayed by:
A)Caucasian males.
B)Asian-American females.
C)Hispanic-American females.
D)Native-American males.
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Multiple Choice
Q 109Q 109
Which of the following students is most likely to display an analytical learning style?
A)Jamal,an African-American male
B)Lee,an Asian-American male
C)Mona,a Caucasian female
D)Nina,a Hispanic-American female
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Q 115Q 115
Adam was badly stung by a bee when he was a child.Now he is frightened not only of bees but of all flying insects.This example illustrates .
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Q 116Q 116
Olympia consumed some poorly stored sushi on a hot day; she became violently ill.Now Olympia can't stand the sight of sushi.She has developed a(n).
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Q 117Q 117
A stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is termed a(n).
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Q 121Q 121
When a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus,but not in its absence it is known as training.
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Q 122Q 122
When your partner says "I'm going up to bed early," you follow expectantly.When he or she says,"I'm tired," you stay behind and say you'll read in the living room for a while.This is an example of a stimulus.
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Q 124Q 124
Dr.Margate specializes in using behavior modification techniques to help adults engage in health-promoting behaviors,such as exercising,quitting smoking,and so forth.Dr.Margate is a behavior .
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Q 125Q 125
Dr.Tabachnik focuses on the expectations participants develop regarding the likelihood that a given behavior will be punished.Dr.Tabachnik might be described as a(n)theorist.
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Q 126Q 126
In the latent learning study described in the text,the rats that were reinforced only during the latter portion of the experiment would be considered a(n)group.
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Q 129Q 129
Although a "phonics" approach to reading instruction might capitalize on an analytic learning style,the "whole-word" approach may be better suited to a(n)learning style.
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Q 131Q 131
In the case of Pavlov and his dog,identify and describe the following: neutral stimulus,unconditioned stimulus,unconditioned response,conditioned stimulus,and conditioned response.
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Q 132Q 132
Making specific reference to such terms as UCS,CS,UCR,CR,and stimulus generalization,explain how classical conditioning may account for the development of a specific phobia.
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Q 133Q 133
Making reference to neutral,unconditioned,conditioned stimuli,unconditioned,and conditioned responses,distinguish between (a)extinction and spontaneous recovery and (b)stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.Give an original example of either extinction or spontaneous recovery,and of either stimulus generalization and stimulus discrimination.
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Q 135Q 135
Imagine that you are a parent,a teacher,or a supervisor in a workplace.Give specific examples of how you might use (a)positive reinforcement,(b)negative reinforcement,(c)positive punishment,and (d)negative punishment to bring about desirable changes in the behavior of a child,student,or subordinate worker.
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Q 136Q 136
Suppose that you are asked to lead a workshop for parents on the use of punishment and reinforcement to manage child and adolescent behavior.What might you tell the parents regarding the appropriate and inappropriate use of punishment? Provide concrete examples to support your points.Suggest how parents might use punishment more effectively and how they might substitute reinforcement for punishment.Provide concrete examples to support your points.
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Q 138Q 138
Draw on your knowledge of positive and negative reinforcement,punishment,schedules of reinforcement,stimulus control training,discriminative stimuli,shaping,and biological constraints on learning to describe how you might use operant conditioning to train domestic animals (e.g. ,dogs,cats,horses,etc. )to perform desired behaviors.
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Q 139Q 139
Identify and define the four schedules of intermittent or partial reinforcement.Provide day-to-day examples of each of the four schedules.Identify two specific ways that college professors might use our understanding of the schedules to increase the frequency with which students study course materials.
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Q 140Q 140
Identify a behavior of your own that you would like to perform more frequently (e.g. ,studying,completing household chores or yard work)or less frequently (e.g. ,snacking,smoking cigarettes).Outline a step-by-step behavior modification program that might help you achieve your goal.
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Q 141Q 141
How do the phenomena of latent and observational learning force a reconsideration of the view of learning offered by classical and operant conditioning theorists? Provide as thoughtful a response as you can.
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Q 142Q 142
Briefly describe observational learning and Bandura's Bobo doll research.Discuss how this research altered conventional views of learning.What role might mirror neurons play in observational learning?
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Q 143Q 143
Observational learning research suggests that seeing others reinforced for particular behaviors may encourage our own acquisition of similar behaviors.To what extent is exposure to media violence associated with the acquisition of aggressive behavior?
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Q 144Q 144
To what extent does culture influence learning style? Distinguish between analytic and relational learning styles and suggest how they might vary across sociocultural groups.How might they reflect cross-cultural differences in parenting or teaching practices?
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