Quiz 8: Cognition and Language

_____ psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes,including thinking,language,memory,problem solving,knowing,reasoning,and judging. A)Clinical B)Developmental C)Cognitive D)Evolutionary

Which of the following is TRUE about mental images? A)They refer only to visual representations. B)They have only a few of the properties of the actual stimuli they represent. C)They are representations in the mind of an object or event. D)They cannot be rotated.

Which of the following statements best expresses the nature of mental images? A)They are binary in format. B)They are always auditory in format. C)They may be produced by any sensory modality. D)They are linguistic.

Dr.Randazza shows participants a stylized map of a fictitious city.The map includes landmarks,such as a post office,a library,a shopping mall,a bus depot,and an airport.Some of the landmarks are close together,such as the library and the post office.Others are far apart,such as the airport and the shopping mall.Dr.Randazza removes the map.Participants are asked to imagine walking from one landmark to another,either a nearby one or a more distant one.Participants press a key when they have reached the destination in their minds.Based on mental imagery,what do you think Dr.Randazza should find? What would such a result say about mental imagery? A)Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant as between close landmarks.This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects. B)Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant as between close landmarks.This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects. C)Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant than between close landmarks.This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects. D)Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant than between close landmarks.This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions the participants perform with respect to real objects.

Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swing in his mind's eye.Based on mental imagery,which of the following statements is most accurate? A)Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing.Performing the task involves the same network of brain cells as the network used in mentally rehearsing it. B)Clint's mental rehearsal should do little to improve his golf swing.The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be the same as those active when Clint actually swings the golf cluB. C)Clint's mental rehearsal should improve his golf swing.The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be different than those active when Clint actually swings the golf club. D)Clint's mental rehearsal should do little to improve his golf swing.The brain areas active during Clint's mental rehearsal should be different than those active when Clint actually swings the golf club.

Mental representations of objects are called _____; mental grouping of similar objects,events,or people are called _____. A)images; concepts B)images; images as well C)concepts; concepts as well D)concepts; images

Which of the following is most nearly synonymous with the term concept,as it is used by cognitive psychologists? A)Idea B)Relationship C)Category D)Image

Mental groupings of objects,events,or people that share common features are called: A)concepts. B)ideas. C)heuristics. D)algorithms.

A prototype is: A)the most typical or highly representative example of a concept. B)the first example of a concept that one encounters. C)the least frequent example of a concept. D)the most unusual or distinctive example of a concept.

Which of the following is most likely the prototype of the concept "fruit"? A)Carrot B)Apple C)Tomato D)Blueberry

Those raised in the United States are most likely to use _____ relationships to categorize. A)semantic B)functional C)categorical D)thematic

_____ is the process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions. A)Reasoning B)Negotiating C)Predicting D)Conceptualizing

Which of the following individuals is NOT engaged in reasoning,as psychologists define the term? A)Clay,who is deciding which make and model of used car is least likely to present a maintenance headache,based on his friends' testimonials B)Darla,who is concluding that a particular model of used car is a poor investment over the longer term,based on a report in a consumer magazine C)Emilio,who is dreaming about a novel way to earn the cash for a new used car D)Mark,who is deciding which college to go to,based on the reviews each of them has received

You check the time on your phone.Your friend should be out of class by now.You call her.She should answer if she is out of class.In this example,your thought processes are best seen as exemplifying: A)problem solving. B)conceptualization. C)reasoning. D)creativity.

Reasoning from the general to the specific is called: A)algorithms. B)heuristics. C)mental sets. D)deductive reasoning.

Formal reasoning in which people draw a conclusion from the specific to the general is known as _____ reasoning. A)divergent B)syllogistic C)analogical D)inductive

A detective tries to get a general picture of a murder from the specific evidence associated with the murder.This is an example of _____ reasoning. A)convergent B)divergent C)inductive D)analogical

Which type of reasoning do psychologists use when they study a sample of participants and then use the information they observe to form a conclusion about the broader population from which the sample is drawn? A)Divergent B)Syllogistic C)Analogical D)Inductive

One can use a(n)_____ even if he or she doesn't understand why it works. A)heuristic. B)algorithm. C)premise. D)syllogism.

A rule that guarantees the solution to a problem when it is correctly applied is termed as a(n): A)heuristic. B)algorithm. C)premise. D)syllogism.

Which of the following is TRUE of algorithms? A)In cases where heuristics are not available,we may use algorithms. B)Even if it is applied appropriately,an algorithm cannot guarantee a solution to a problem. C)Algorithms may sometimes lead to errors. D)We can use an algorithm even if we cannot understand why it works.

Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics? A)In cases where algorithms are not available,we may use heuristics. B)If applied appropriately,a heuristic guarantees a solution to a problem. C)Heuristics never lead to errors. D)Heuristics decrease the likelihood of success in finding a solution.

Which of the following terms best captures the meaning of the term heuristic,as cognitive psychologists use it? A)Principle B)Formula C)Strategy D)Program

When you play tic-tac-toe using certain mental shortcuts,you are using cognitive strategies psychologists call: A)algorithms. B)mental sets. C)heuristics. D)syllogistic reasoning.

Matt picks up a pamphlet at a counseling center titled How to Succeed at College Course Work.Which type of problem-solving strategies is most likely offered in this pamphlet? A)Algorithms B)Insights C)Heuristics D)Syllogisms

Which of the following most likely makes use of heuristics? A)A chemical equation for the synthesis of sulfuric acid B)A recipe for making cookies on the back of a box of cornflakes C)An article by a Nobel Prize winner titled "How to Succeed in Science" D)A computer program for keeping track of inventory at a department store

Which of the following is an advantage of the use of heuristics? A)A heuristic will present a clearly defined solution to a problem. B)A heuristic is often efficient. C)A heuristic is guaranteed to result in a correct response. D)A heuristic results in only one possible solution to a problem.

Which of the following is TRUE of heuristics? A)Heuristics always lead to correct solutions of a problem. B)Heuristics are a slower way to solve problems than are other strategies. C)Heuristics represent commonly used approaches to the solution of a problem. D)Heuristics are used by computers but not by humans as problem-solving tools.

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket.They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans will be the better buy.Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each can contains.Monica suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy." Lori is using a(n)____,whereas Monica is using a(n)_____. A)heuristic; algorithm B)algorithm; heuristic C)prototype; algorithm D)heuristic; prototype

_____ may sometimes lead to errors. A)Theorems B)Heuristics C)Algorithms D)Statements

When you use the availability heuristic,you are: A)making frequency estimates based on the ease with which things come to mind. B)overcoming mental set. C)mistaking visual images and other forms of mental representations for reality. D)assuming that something is typical of its class.

Suppose you meet a woman who killed her stepdaughter,and then later when you meet another woman who is having trouble with her stepdaughter,you are most likely to think that this woman too will kill her stepdaughter.You come to this conclusion as a result of: A)functional fixedness. B)the representativeness heuristic. C)the availability heuristiC. D)confirmation bias.

Carl is the only person from New Zealand that Craig has ever met.Carl strikes Craig as being quite friendly and funny.When Carl asks Craig what he would expect to find if he went to New Zealand,Craig says that he would expect the people to be quite friendly and funny.What might Craig have used to make this judgment? A)The familiarity heuristic B)Confirmation bias C)Functional fixedness D)The availability heuristic

The _____ heuristic involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory. A)availability B)representativeness C)confirmation D)frequency

According to the _____ heuristic,we assume that events we remember easily are likely to have occurred more frequently in the past-and are more likely to occur in the future-than events that are harder to remember. A)availability B)representativeness C)confirmation D)frequency

Following the September 11,2001,Twin Towers attacks,many Americans opted to drive rather than fly.The media coverage of the hijackings caused Americans to overestimate the danger of flying.As it was an event they remember easily,they assumed it could occur frequently.This example illustrates: A)the availability heuristic. B)the representativeness heuristic. C)confirmation bias. D)stereotypic bias.

When people are asked which is more common,death by homicide or death by stroke,they often choose homicide because they hear more about murders than they do about strokes.In this instance,people are led astray in their judgments by: A)the representativeness heuristic. B)stereotypic bias. C)confirmation bias. D)the availability heuristic.

Last week,Mike heard about five separate airplane crashes on the news.Even though,in general,motorcycle accidents account for more accidents than plane crashes do,Mike decides to ride his motorcycle from Washington to Atlanta instead of flying.Which bias is reflected in Mike's decision? A)The availability heuristic B)Confirmation bias C)Syllogistic error D)The representativeness heuristic

Joanne does not go out at night because she hears from her local news station about the large number of muggings and robberies that occur in her city.However,crime in Joanne's city has actually gone down in the past few years.Joanne is falling victim to: A)the representativeness heuristic. B)functional fixedness. C)the availability heuristiC. D)confirmation bias.

"You always clam up when I ask you what's wrong," Iris tells her boyfriend.Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times that her boyfriend would not tell her what was bothering him.Iris is using the _____ heuristic. A)representativeness B)availability C)functional D)frequency

In a(n)_____ heuristic,known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown. A)representativeness B)availability C)functional D)familiarity

When you go to the supermarket,you see the brand of cookies you usually buy,and settle for it.Usually it is a good rule of thumb because it saves a lot of time.You do not ponder over every type of cookie available in the store.This is an example of a(n)_____. A)representativeness heuristic B)syllogistic reasoning C)algorithm D)familiarity heuristic

_____ intelligence is the field that examines how to use technology to imitate the outcome of human thinking,problem solving,and creative activities. A)Artificial B)Bodily-kinesthetic C)Spatial D)Existential

Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of the three broad phases of the problem-solving process,from first to last? A)Preparation  judgment  production B)Judgment  production  preparation C)Preparation  production  judgment D)Judgment  preparation  production

In _____ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear.In _____ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear. A)well-defined; ill-defined B)algorithmic; heuristic C)arrangement; inducing structure D)transformation; arrangement

Which of the following is an ill-defined problem? A)Navigating to a museum in a nearby city B)Composing a good concerto C)Finding out where several well-known authors were born D)Playing Scrabble

"Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5," states one problem on a fifth-grader's arithmetic text.This is a(n)_____ problem.It is best solved through the application of _____. A)well-defined; algorithms B)well-defined; heuristics C)ill-defined; algorithms D)ill-defined; heuristics

Dr.Ireland's class is attempting to find derivatives,whereas Dr.Jamison's class is developing campaign strategies for a local politician.Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE? A)Dr.Ireland's class is solving a well-defined problem. B)Dr.Jamison's class is solving a well-defined problem. C)Dr.Ireland's class is using syllogistic reasoning. D)Dr.Jamison's class is using familiarity heuristic.

_____ problems require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion. A)Arrangement B)Inducing structure C)Transformation D)Prescriptive

In problems of _____,a person must identify the existing relationships among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship among them. A)arrangement B)inducing structure C)transformation D)prescription

_____ problems consist of an initial state,a goal state,and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state. A)Arrangement B)Inducing structure C)Transformation D)Prescriptive

Which of the following problem types is correctly matched with its description? A)Arrangement-moving from an initial to a goal state according to a specific method B)Inducing structure-identifying relationships among problem elements and constructing new relationships C)Transformation-rearranging or recombining elements to satisfy a particular criterion D)Transformation-identifying relationships among problem elements and constructing new relationships

Janelle is solving anagrams; Kamika is puzzling over verbal analogies; Lamar is playing chess with a friend.Which alternative below correctly matches each individual with the type of problem he or she is solving? A)Janelle-arrangement; Kamika-transformation; Lamar-inducing structure B)Janelle-transformation; Kamika-inducing structure; Lamar-arrangement C)Janelle-arrangement; Kamika-inducing structure; Lamar-transformation D)Janelle-transformation; Kamika-arrangement; Lamar-inducing structure

Thomas Edison invented the light bulb only because he experimented with thousands of different kinds of materials for a filament before he found one that worked (carbon).This shows that at the most basic level,we can solve problems through _____. A)the availability heuristic B)means-ends analysis C)insight D)trial and error

_____ involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists. A)Forming subgoals B)Means-ends analysis C)Insight D)Trial and error

In the context of problem solving,the most frequently used problem-solving heuristic is: A)forming subgoals. B)means-ends analysis. C)insight. D)trial and error.

Millie is stumped by a problem on her pre-calculus text.She furtively glances at the answer provided in the back of the text to get an idea of how the solution should look before she returns to the problem.Millie's strategy most closely resembles the problem-solving heuristic of: A)forming subgoals. B)trial and error. C)working backward. D)insight.

A political science professor attempts to facilitate her students' completion of a term paper assignment by requiring to first submit a topic statement,then a list of references,then a draft of the introduction,then,finally,the completed paper.The professor is encouraging her students to use the problem-solving strategy of: A)forming subgoals. B)working backward. C)means-ends analysis. D)trial and error.

Which problem-solving strategy or method is correctly matched with its definition? A)Means-ends analysis-dividing a problem into intermediate steps B)Forming subgoals-focusing on a problem's goal rather than its starting point C)Working backward-reducing the apparent difference between the current state of the problem and the goal D)Insight-experiencing a sudden awareness of the relationships among a problem's components

Kent and Kirsten are both trying to reduce their consumer debt.Kent isolates several more concrete problems he can solve to achieve his goal,such as paying the highest-interest debts first and freezing credit card spending.Kirsten simply pays her largest debt first because this would seem to be the fastest way to move her debt as close to zero as possible.Kent's plan reflects the problem-solving strategy of _____,while Kirsten's method illustrates the strategy of _____. A)forming subgoals; trial and error B)means-end analysis; trial and error C)working backward; means-end analysis D)forming subgoals; means-end analysis

The study of insight is associated with the German psychologist _____; he studied problem solving among _____. A)Kohler; chimpanzees B)Kohler; humans C)Wundt; cats D)Wundt; humans

_____ is defined as a sudden awareness of the relationship among problem elements; it is thought to lead rapidly to the problem's solution. A)Convergent thinking B)Divergent thinking C)Insight D)Creativity

Which of the following is a key characteristic of insight? A)Brevity B)Complexity C)Uniqueness D)Suddenness

The apparent suddenness of insightful problem solutions: A)may rest in part on the foundation of trial and error. B)may be based on the availability heuristic. C)has been affirmed by empirical research. D)requires the application of confirmation bias.

For which of the following types of problems is the evaluation of solutions least likely to prove difficult? A)Well-defined problems B)Ill-defined problems C)Divergent thinking problems D)Associative thinking problems

Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is incorrectly matched with an illustrative problem? A)Confirmation bias-problem of security in the Middle East B)Functional fixedness-water jar problem C)Mental set-water jar problem D)Functional fixedness-candle problem

_____ refers to the tendency of old patterns of problem solving to persist. A)Mental set B)Representativeness heuristic C)Availability heuristic D)Syllogistic frame

Zelma is asked to think of all the words beginning with the letters "squ," such as squeak.She is then given a fill-in-the-blank task where one of the items is "s _ _ o n g." Zelma keeps trying to make "squong" a word,and she has trouble thinking of the common word "strong." Zelma's ability to solve this problem has been hampered by: A)syllogistic reasoning. B)mental set. C)the confirmation bias. D)the representativeness heuristic.

Which of the following statements best expresses the relationship between mental and functional fixedness? A)Functional fixedness is an example of a broader phenomenon known as mental set. B)Mental set is actually a specific instance of functional fixedness. C)Mental set and functional fixedness are the same thing. D)Functional fixedness and mental set are distinct problem-solving impediments.

Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver while making several minor household repairs.Which of the following statements best characterizes Alyssa's problem solving? A)She is constrained by a powerful mental set. B)She has been released from functional fixedness. C)She is taking advantage of the representative heuristiC. D)She is forming subgoals.

A jeweler is unable to fix a particular mounting in a ring because she can imagine only the conventional uses of her tools.Which of the following does this best demonstrate? A)Syllogistic reasoning B)Functional fixedness C)Algorithmic thinking D)Means-end analysis

Henry's dog Sparky has been rolling in the mud.Henry must bathe Sparky before the dog gets mud all over the carpet.However,Henry is unable to find the plug for the tub.Sitting on the counter right beside the tub is a fifty-cent piece.In his frustration,Henry fails to see that the coin could be used as an emergency plug for the tub.What happened to Henry? A)He took a heuristic approach. B)He fell prey to confirmation bias. C)He suffered from mental set. D)He employed representational thought.

_____ is the tendency to seek out and give greater weight to information that supports one's initial hypothesis and to ignore contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions. A)Functional fixedness B)A mental set C)Confirmation bias D)Representativeness heuristic

Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is correctly matched with its definition? A)Functional fixedness-the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist B)Mental set-the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its customary use C)Confirmation bias-the tendency to favor existing hypotheses and to ignore evidence favoring alternatives D)Representative heuristic-involves judging the probability of an event on the basis of how easily the event can be recalled from memory

Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports.He appears to ignore editorials' criticism of the candidate.Nigel appears to be prone to: A)functional fixedness. B)mental set. C)the confirmation bias. D)the representativeness heuristic.

Sandy,a true believer in astrology,reads in her horoscope that today is her lucky day.She gets so excited that she spills coffee all over herself,necessitating a change of clothes.As a result,she is late for work and for a very important meeting,which in turn gets her into serious trouble with her boss.In the evening,her brother is taken to the emergency room.On her way to visit him,Sandy finds a dime in the hospital parking lot.What will Sandy do,based on the research on confirmation bias? A)Sandy will renounce astrology as completely wrong because of all the horrible things that happened on her "lucky day." B)Sandy will begin to question her belief in astrology because of all the horrible things that happened on her "lucky day." C)Sandy will seize on the dime she found as evidence of astrology's accuracy. D)Confirmation bias has little or no relevance to how Sandy will think about astrology in the future.

The ability to generate original ideas or develop novel solutions to problems is known as: A)convergent thinking. B)insight. C)creativity. D)syllogistic reasoning.

Which of the following statements accurately expresses one failing of cognitive psychologists' study of problem solving? A)Cognitive psychologists have failed to identify the strategies people use in solving problems. B)Cognitive psychologists have failed to explain why some people generate better solutions than others do. C)Cognitive psychologists have failed to specify how people represent problems in their minds. D)Cognitive psychologists have failed to identify the barriers to effective problem solving that people face.

Someone relying on convergent thinking would answer _____ to the query "What can you do with a toothbrush?" A)"You brush your teeth with it" B)"You use it for painting" C)"You use it for cleaning tools" D)"You use it to make toys"

Someone relying on divergent thinking would answer _____ to the query "What can you do with a pencil?" A)"You write with it" B)"You use it for sketching" C)"You use it when you can't find a pen" D)"You use it for making toys"

As compared to less creative individuals,creative people: A)prefer more complex stimuli. B)are more dependent. C)are more interested in concrete problems. D)have a narrower range of interests.

Which of the following is TRUE of creativity? A)One factor that is closely related to creativity is intelligence. B)Traditional tests are a good way to gauge an individual's creativity. C)Highly creative individuals show signs of convergent thinking. D)Cognitive complexity is an important aspect of creativity.

Which of the following factors is NOT closely related to creativity? A)Cognitive complexity B)Abstract problems C)Range of interests D)Intelligence

Traditional intelligence tests tend to assess _____ thinking; tests of creativity tap into _____. A)divergent; convergent thinking B)divergent; divergent thinking as well C)convergent; divergent thinking D)convergent; convergent thinking as well

Critical or creative thinking may be enhanced by each of the following strategies EXCEPT: A)using analogies. B)considering opposites. C)avoiding heuristics. D)experimenting with solutions.

Phonology is the study of the _____ in a language. A)combination of words B)speech sounds C)order of words D)meaning of words

Linguists have identified more than _____ different phonemes among all the world's languages. A)26 B)800 C)52 D)an infinite number

Approximately how many phonemes are found in English? A)26 B)more than 800 C)52 D)an infinite number

Dr.Salim is a linguist studying the rules that guide the order of words and phrases in several of the world's languages.Dr.Salim is a(n): A)syntactician. B)semanticist. C)phonologist. D)translator.

In written language,letters most closely represent _____,whereas sentences may be said to reflect _____. A)syntax; semantics B)syntax; phonemes C)phonemes; syntax D)phonemes; semantics

Which of the following sequences correctly orders the components of a language,from the smallest or most specific to the broadest? A)Phoneme  syntax  semantics B)Syntax  semantics  phoneme C)Phoneme  semantics  syntax D)Syntax  phoneme  semantics

Which of the following language acquisition stages or phenomena is correctly matched with an illustrative example? A)Babbling-"Goo goo,ga gA." B)Telegraphic speech-"I ran from the library to the bus stop." C)Overgeneralization-"Daddy has come home." D)Overgeneralization-"Drawing house"

What is meant by the notion of a critical period for language acquisition? A)It is the period of transition between one-word and two-word utterances. B)It is the time in one's childhood in which one is particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquires language. C)It is the period isolated children spend by themselves before someone teaches them a language. D)It is the period between six and ten years of age in which certain complex aspects of syntax are learned.

A girl named Genie was exposed to virtually no language from the age of 20 months till the age of 13.In what way does Genie's case offer support for the notion of a critical period in language acquisition? A)With intensive instruction,Genie acquired a sizeable vocabulary after the age of 13; moreover,she eventually mastered the rules of syntax. B)Even with intensive instruction,Genie acquired only a very small vocabulary after the age of 13; furthermore,she never mastered the complexities of a language. C)Once she was no longer isolated,Genie acquired a sizeable vocabulary and eventually mastered the rules of syntax,even without intensive formal instruction. D)Genie's case is irrelevant to the notion of a critical period.

Tina is 6 months old,Vincenzo is 2 years and 7 months old,and Wayne is 3 years and 6 months old.Which alternative below correctly pairs each child with the appropriate language acquisition stage or phenomenon? A)Tina-overgeneralization; Vincenzo-babbling; Wayne-telegraphic speech B)Tina-babbling; Vincenzo-telegraphic speech; Wayne-overgeneralization C)Tina-telegraphic speech; Vincenzo-babbling; Wayne-overgeneralization D)Tina-babbling; Vincenzo-overgeneralization; Wayne-telegraphic speech

You are creating a language development timeline for a class presentation.Along the top of a display board,you write the following ages in sequence: 6 months  1 year  2 years  3 years.How should you label these ages,from youngest to oldest? A)Babbling  first words  telegraphic speech  overgeneralization B)Babbling  overgeneralization  first words  telegraphic speech C)Babbling  first words  overgeneralization  telegraphic speech D)Overgeneralization  babbling  first words  telegraphic speech

Dorian is 2 years old.Constance is 2 years and 5 months old.Dorian's vocabulary probably contains _____ words,while Constance's vocabulary contains _____ words. A)about 100; several hundred B)about 50; about 100 C)about 50; several hundred D)several hundred; about 1000

"All gone milk," says 2-year-old Wesley,placing the empty glass on the table.Wesley's remark exemplifies the language acquisition phenomenon termed: A)babbling. B)telegraphic speech. C)holographic speech. D)agrammatism.

Ricky tells his grandmother,"Momma holded the rabbit." In the context of language,Ricky's statement exemplifies: A)idiomatic speech. B)telegraphic speech. C)babbling. D)overgeneralization.

Connie is telling her mother a story about a scary dog she encountered in the neighbor's yard."Then I runned away," Connie concludes.Which language acquisition phenomenon is Connie demonstrating? How old is Connie likely to be? A)Connie is babbling.She is probably about 2 years old. B)Connie is overgeneralizing.She is probably 3 to 4 years old. C)Connie is babbling.She is probably about 4 years old. D)Connie is overgeneralizing.She is probably 5 to 6 years old.

The theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning is known as the _____ approach. A)learning-theory B)nativist C)interactionist D)prescriptive

The theory that a genetically determined,innate mechanism directs language development is known as the _____ approach. A)learning-theory B)nativist C)interactionist D)prescriptive

The view that language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help to teach language is known as the _____ approach. A)learning-theory B)nativist C)interactionist D)prescriptive

Theorists taking an interactionist approach to language acquisition: A)reject both the learning theory and nativist approaches. B)agree that the brain is hardwired to acquire language. C)downplay the role of the environment in language acquisition. D)remain unconvinced by the idea of a language-acquisition device.

The notion that language shapes and determines the way people in a particular culture perceive and understand the world is known as the _____ hypothesis. A)output B)interaction C)linguistic-relativity D)monitor

The _____ hypothesis suggests that language leads to thought. A)output B)interaction C)linguistic-relativity D)monitor

Which figure best approximates the number of Americans for whom English is a second language? A)13 million B)25 million C)55 million D)100 million

In seven states,including Texas and Colorado,more than _____ of the students are not native English speakers. A)5% B)10% C)15% D)25%

Students are educated in their native language and in English simultaneously in _____,whereas they are educated only in English in _____. A)immersion programs; bilingual education B)bilingual education; immersion programs C)an alternation approach; immersion programs D)immersion programs; alternation programs

Estelle is playing with images and concepts in her mind.Her cognitive psychology professor would say that she is .

are representations in the mind of an object or event.

A researcher finds that her participants think most readily of a carrot when prompted with the category "vegetable." On this basis,the researcher might argue that a carrot is the vegetable.

A high school physics teacher reassures his class that no matter how confusing that week's word problems appear,they can be solved quite handily through the use of the formula F = MA.The teacher has offered his students a(n).

require the problem solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion.

A calculus problem has one correct answer and contains all the information necessary for its solution; thus,it is a(n)problem.

Because they involve rules for moving from an initial to a goal state,many board games may be seen as examples of problems.

Renee has an idea of how her living room ought to look.She is moving the furniture,paintings,and accessories to get closer to that picture in her head.Renee is using the problem-solving technique of .

"Eureka! I've got it!" That sudden awareness of the path toward a problem's solution is termed .

Functional fixedness may be seen as a particular example of .

People seek and remember evidence in support of their existing hypotheses; they ignore or discount contradictory evidence.In other words,people are prone to .

"How many uses can you think of for a brick?" asks the examiner.You are taking a test of thinking.

The process of forming subgoals is known as .

The rules indicating how words and phrases may be combined to form legitimate sentences are referred to as .

If children are not exposed to language during a(n)period early in life,they may never acquire it.

"Sophie kitty," Tara says,when her aunt asks her whether the stuffed animal belongs to her or to her sister.Tara's reply exemplifies speech.

In the context of language acquisition,Skinner is to learning theory,what is to nativism.

Chomsky suggested that the human brain has an inherited neural system that lets us understand the structure language provides.This is known as .

According to the ,language provides us with categories that we use to construct our view of people and events in the world around us.

In ,students are immediately plunged into English instruction in all subjects.

Describe in as much detail as you can the mental representation of objects and categories.Provide illustrative examples where appropriate.

Distinguish between an algorithm and a heuristic.Provide an example of each.

Can computers think? Provide as thoughtful an answer as you can,considering the ability of current computers to solve complex problems and to demonstrate creativity.

Distinguish between well-defined and ill-defined problems.Provide an example of each.

Identify and describe three different problem-solving strategies described in your text.Suggest how each strategy might be fruitfully applied in one or more college courses.

How do psychologists define creativity? Identify some of the cognitive processes and personality characteristics that appear to be associated with creativity.How might you describe the relationship between creativity and intelligence? To what extent does this relationship reflect the traditional assessment of intelligence?

Describe several techniques that may improve critical or creative thinking.How might these techniques help problem solvers overcome some of the impediments to effective problem solving?

Your friend asks you,"So,what did you do last night?" Write two or three sentences in response to your friend; use your sentences to illustrate the three components of language described in your text.

Describe babbling,telegraphic speech,and overgeneralization.Provide an example of each.At which ages might you expect children to demonstrate each of these language development phenomena?

Contrast learning-theory and nativist approaches to language development.Describe the strengths and weaknesses of each approach.