Quiz 12: Development

Which of the following primarily studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life? A)Oncology B)Developmental psychology C)Cytology D)Parapsychology

Laura and Celia are identical twins.They were adopted at birth by different families and raised in different environments.However,there are a lot of behavioral similarities between them.In the context of developmental psychology,which of the following best explains this phenomenon? A)Their similarities reflect the influence of nature on development. B)Their similarities are a result of differences in nurture. C)Their similarities reflect the opposition that nurture poses to nature. D)Their similarities prove that they were not affected by their genetic makeup.

A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments.He finds large differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli.What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the preference for visual novelty? A)Nurture has a major influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty. B)Nature contributes substantially to the monkeys' preference for visual novelty. C)Both nature and nurture have equal influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty. D)Neither nature nor nurture has the ability to regulate the monkeys' preference for visual novelty.

Dr.Agnew remarks that cross-culturally,rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because males have higher status than do females in most cultures.Dr.Blaine counters by suggesting that rites of passage may be more common for young males than for young females because,unlike females,males do not experience the onset of menstruation,a well-defined event marking the end of childhood.Which of the following option characterizes the views of professors on the issue of nature vs nurture? A)Both take a "nature" position. B)Both take a "nurture" position. C)Dr.Agnew takes a "nature" position; Dr.Blaine,a "nurture" position. D)Dr.Agnew takes a "nurture" position; Dr.Blaine,a "nature" position.

Which of the following is TRUE of cross-sectional research? A)It traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants' age. B)It does not provide information about differences in development between different age groups. C)It compares people of different ages at the same point in time. D)It assesses change in behavior over time.

Max is a graduate student who wants to find a relation between identity formation and the influence of the environment.For this purpose,he interviews a group of 5-year-olds,a group of 10-year-olds,and a group of 15-year-olds,and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school.In this example,Mark is using a _____ research method. A)longitudinal B)cross-sectional C)single case experimental D)sequential

Dr.Edward is testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study,while Dr.Janice is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time.Dr.Edward is using a _____ research method; Dr.Janice is using a _____ method. A)cross-sectional; longitudinal B)longitudinal; cross-sectional C)sequential; simultaneous D)sequential; cross-sectional

Cross-sectional research techniques provide information about age _____ in development between different age groups.Longitudinal research techniques provide information concerning _____ in behavior over time. A)changes; age differences B)changes; age changes C)differences; age differences D)differences; changes

Which of the following is TRUE about longitudinal research? A)It combines cross-sectional and sequential research. B)It traces the behavior of one or more participants as the participants get older. C)It assesses differences among groups of people at one point of time. D)It is not as time consuming as cross-sectional research.

Dona is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills.She selects a group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every six months over a two-year period.In this example,Dona is using a _____ research method. A)cross-sectional B)transversal C)longitudinal D)single case experimental

Which technique of developmental researchers requires a significant expenditure of time as the researcher waits for the participants to get older? A)Longitudinal research B)Cross-sectional research C)Empirical research D)Applied research

Maria is studying the effects of calcium on the development of children.So,she administers varying levels of calcium to two groups of children,one group consisting of children aged five and the other group consisting of children aged ten.She studies the growth rate of these two groups regularly over a period of one year.On the basis of the given evidence,it would be most accurate to say that Maria is using the _____ research. A)cross-sectional B)factorial C)longitudinal D)single case experimental

Which of the following statements correctly identifies an advantage or a disadvantage of developmental research methods? A)Longitudinal studies indicate changes in behavior over time. B)Sequential studies are quite inexpensive. C)Cross-sectional studies consider a number of different age groups and examine them at several points in time. D)Cross-sectional studies require a greater time investment.

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with longitudinal research? A)It cannot deal with the problem of a cohort group. B)It is time consuming. C)It cannot assess change in behavior over time. D)It cannot trace the behavior of more than two participants at a time.

The difference between cross-sectional research methods and longitudinal research methods is that: A)Longitudinal studies assess change in behavior over time,whereas cross-sectional studies assess differences among groups of people. B)Cross-sectional studies are more time consuming compared to longitudinal studies. C)Longitudinal research methods do not allow the comparison of more than two participants,while cross-sectional research methods allow for more comparisons. D)Cross-sectional research is a combination of longitudinal research and sequential research.

Which of the following describes a risk associated with cross-sectional research on IQ? A)In a cross-sectional study that compares IQ scores,the difference in IQ scores of 25-year-olds and 45-year-olds is due to differences in educational attainment. B)In a cross-sectional study that compares IQ scores,the difference in IQ scores of 25-year-olds and 45-year-olds is due to the 45-year-olds having taken the same test at several points in time. C)In a cross-sectional study,the participants may move or die before the study has been completed. D)In a cross-sectional study,the researchers incur significant expenditure of time as he or she waits for the participants to get older.

_____ are rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information. A)Spleens B)Chromosomes C)Serotonins D)Norepinephrines

A normal fertilized egg,or zygote,contains _____ pairs of chromosomes. A)46 B)21 C)23 D)2

Arrange the following genetic materials in increasing order of their size based on the way they occur naturally. A)DNA,gene,and chromosome B)DNA,chromosome,and gene C)Gene,DNA,and chromosome D)Gene,chromosome,and DNA

One baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and an X chromosome from its father; it will develop as a _____.A second baby receives an X chromosome from its mother and a Y chromosome from its father; it will develop as a _____. A)male; female B)female; male C)male or a female; male or a female D)female; female

Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical female child? A)XX B)XY C)YY D)XXY

Which of the following chromosomal combination is present in a typical male child? A)XX B)XY C)YY D)XXY

Scientists were able to map the human genome in the year: A)1986. B)1991. C)1996. D)2001.

The first two weeks of a pregnancy,from conception to implantation,are known as the _____ period. A)embryonic B)germinal C)fetal D)critical

The one-celled entity formed by the union of an egg and sperm is called a: A)cyst. B)fetus. C)zygote. D)neonate.

Two weeks after conception,the developing fertilized egg is called a(n)_____. A)embryo B)fetus C)zygote D)neonate

In the _____ stage of development,the developing individual is less than an inch long and has developed a rudimentary beating heart,a brain,an intestinal tract,and a number of other organs that are at a primitive stage of development. A)embryonic B)fetal C)germinal D)neonatal

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of the stages of prenatal development? A)Germinal,embryonic,and fetal B)Fetal,embryonic,and germinal C)Germinal,fetal,and embryonic D)Fetal,germinal,and embryonic

The longest part of a pregnancy,from the 8th week through to birth,is the _____ period. A)germinal B)embryonic C)zygotic D)fetal

From eight weeks after conception,until birth,the developing fertilized egg is called a(n): A)fetus. B)embryo. C)zygote. D)neonate.

Which of the following stages of development that a baby goes through is correctly matched with a description or milestone? A)In the germinal stage,the organism grows from one cell to hundreds of cells. B)In the perinatal stage,the first cell is formed by the union of an egg and sperm. C)In the embryonic stage,facial features become similar to those that the child will display at birth. D)In the fetal stage,the fertilization of the egg takes place.

The developing fetus reaches the age of viability _____ weeks after conception,during the _____ period. A)22; embryonic B)22; fetal C)28; embryonic D)28; fetal

Which of the following is most likely to be TRUE of sensitive or critical periods in development? A)Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur only before birth. B)Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur only after birth. C)Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur either before or after birth. D)Sensitive or critical periods in development can occur only during puberty.

An infant is considered preterm if it is born before week _____. A)22 B)28 C)36 D)38

Which genetic or chromosomal abnormality below is correctly matched with its description? A)In phenylketonuria the child is unable to produce a critical enzyme,which results in an accumulation of poisons,and in turn causes mental retardation. B)In Tay-Sachs disease,the body starts producing abnormally shaped red blood cells. C)In Down syndrome,the brain tissues of the cortex degenerate,resulting in the death of the child. D)In sickle-cell anemia,the child receives an extra chromosome resulting in mental retardation.

Two-year-old Zack has an inherited disorder in which his body cannot break down fat.He will probably die by the time he is 4.Which of the following diseases is Zack most likely suffering from? A)Phenylketonuria B)Sickle-cell anemia C)Tay-Sachs disease D)Down syndrome

Clarissa's mother was 38 years old when she gave birth to her.Clarissa suffers from an intellectual disability and doctors have diagnosed that her condition was due to the extra chromosome that she had received at the time of conception.Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa. A)Phenylketonuria B)Sickle-cell anemia C)Tay-Sachs disease D)Down syndrome

A teratogen is: A)an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect. B)a genetic or chromosomal abnormality that may produce a developmental disorder. C)any physical defect in an unborn child. D)a fertilized egg that undergoes rapid cell division.

Barney's mother gave birth to him when she was 25 years old.She drank heavily during her pregnancy.As a result,Barney is short.He also has learning disorders and displays some facial abnormalities.Which of the following condition is Barney most likely suffering from? A)Tay-Sachs disease B)Phenylketonuria C)Down syndrome. D)Fetal alcohol syndrome

Dennis's mother had consumed a substantial amount of alcohol during her pregnancy; Dennis's intelligence is below normal,his growth is slowed,and his facial features are slightly deformed.Ellis's mother had also consumed a small amount of alcohol,and Ellis shows some,but not all,of the problems Dennis displays.Dennis suffers from _____; Ellis suffers from _____. A)fetal alcohol effects; fetal alcohol syndrome B)fetal alcohol effects; fetal alcohol effects as well C)fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol effects D)fetal alcohol syndrome; fetal alcohol syndrome as well

Baby Lisa automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek.This is the _____ reflex. A)gag B)rooting C)sucking D)Babinski

A _____ reflex prompts babies to clear their throat. A)rooting B)startle C)Babinski D)gag

Which infant reflex is correctly matched with its description? A)In Babinski reflex,an infant's toes fan out when the edge of the sole of the foot is stroked. B)In sucking reflex,an infant turns its head toward something touching its cheek. C)In startle reflex,an infant bites on things that touch its lips. D)In rooting reflex,an infant flings out the arms and arches its back in response to a sudden noise.

As psychologists use the term,habituation means: A)signs of recognition that infants exhibit on seeing familiar faces and things. B)the repulsiveness toward certain things that children develop early in life depending on their environment. C)the reaction that neonates exhibit when there is a disturbance in their environment. D)decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

_____ is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual. A)Habituation B)Attachment C)Polymorphism D)Maturation

Animal ethologist _____ conducted classic studies of imprinting among newborn goslings. A)Lawrence Kohlberg B)Lev Vygotsky C)Konrad Lorenz D)Harry Harlow

Harry Harlow completed a number of studies in which baby rhesus monkeys were raised with two artificial mothers.One of the mothers was made of wire and delivered food; the other was made of cloth and provided no food.Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened,they: A)preferred the wire surrogate that provided food. B)avoided both surrogates and huddled in a corner. C)preferred the cloth surrogate that did not provide food. D)showed no clear preference and ran to whichever surrogate was closer.

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys,identify which of the following would prove to be most effective in comforting a frightened infant or child? A)Leaving the child alone B)Offering the child something good to eat C)Talking to the child from a distance D)Touching or holding the child

The "strange situation" experiment is associated with _____; it helps classify the attachment behavior of _____. A)Harlow; newborns B)Bandura; toddlers C)Ainsworth; toddlers D)Chomsky; newborns

In the context of the experiments conducted by Mary Ainsworth,the _____ attachment style describes an infant who exhibits distress at his mother's departure in the strange situation,but who is easily soothed on her return. A)secure B)avoidant C)ambivalent D)disorganized

At 12 months of age,Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth.Which of the following behaviors in the strange situation would be most consistent with this classification? A)Jordan is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and is pleased when she returns. B)Jordan is unconcerned when his mother leaves and is uninterested when she returns. C)Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves and seems both relieved and angry when she returns. D)Jordan is very upset when his mother leaves,and he ignores her when she returns.

Eliza takes her 1-year-old son,Danny,to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him.Danny eagerly explores the room as long as Eliza is present.When Eliza leaves the room to fill out some forms,Danny becomes somewhat upset.When she returns,though,he quickly calms down.In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth,which of the following terms best describes Danny's attachment style? A)Disorganized B)Ambivalent C)Secure D)Avoidant

According to Mary Ainsworth,when a child with avoidant attachment style is exposed to the strange situation experiment,he/she will: A)continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence. B)refuse to play and explore new settings when the mother is not present. C)show no concern when the mother leaves the room. D)exhibit inconsistent and contradictory behavior toward the mother when she returns.

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son,Adam,to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him.Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys,even though Rebecca is close by.When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms,Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable.When Rebecca returns,Adam stays close to her,holding onto her leg.However,Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up.In fact,he starts kicking and hitting her.In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth,which term best describes Adam's attachment style? A)Patriarchal B)Ambivalent C)Avoidant D)Secure

Compared to ambivalent or avoidant children,children who are securely attached during infancy: A)are less socially and emotionally competent during childhood. B)are less likely to have psychological problems later in life. C)tend to have lesser successful romantic relationships in adulthood. D)are more likely to suffer from mood disorders during their adolescence.

Which of the following figures best approximates the percentage of families in which the father stays home to care for preschool children? A)2 B)7 C)13 D)25

While investigating the influence of culture on children's play,it was observed that: A)Korean-American children were free of the influence of culture. B)nature had no influence on Anglo-American children. C)Anglo-American children were more likely to be influenced by nurture as compared to Korean-American children. D)Korean-American children engage in proportionately less "pretend" play than do Anglo-American children.

For children from poor,disadvantaged homes,high-quality out-of-home child care is associated with: A)genetic diseases. B)long-term intellectual gains. C)genetic mutations. D)intellectual decline.

The study of attachment style is associated with _____ and the study of parenting style is associated with _____. A)Baumrind; Ainsworth B)Ainsworth; Baumrind C)Erikson; Baumrind D)Ainsworth; Erikson

Joan's mom and dad believe that parents know best.They expect Joan to obey all parental rules without uttering a word,and they are quick to impose stern punishments if she does not comply.In Baumrind's terms,Joan's parents are: A)authoritarian. B)permissive. C)authoritative. D)uninvolved.

Hailey's parents demand that she follow their instructions without asking any question.Isabella's parents are firm as well,but are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior.In Baumrind's terms,Hailey's parents are _____; Isabella's are _____. A)authoritarian; authoritative B)authoritative; authoritarian C)permissive; authoritarian D)authoritative; permissive

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking.Maura's parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things.They ground her for a month and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months.Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally,they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library,researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner.Most likely,Maura's parents are _____ and Trish's are _____. A)permissive; authoritative B)authoritarian; permissive C)authoritarian; authoritative D)authoritative; permissive

Walter's parents strongly believe that Walter should make his own decisions,so they set very few rules regarding homework,bedtime,and household chores.Since they believe that freedom and responsibility are important,they patiently tolerate all of Walter's behavior,whether childish or mature.The parenting style adopted by Walter's parents is called: A)authoritarian. B)permissive. C)authoritative. D)uninvolved.

Which of the following constructs primarily reflects that "nature" is more influential than "nurture"? A)Attachment style B)Temperament C)Choice of mother tongue D)Choice of friends

Bonnie is 3 months old.Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs.Sometimes they are very attentive,feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset.At other times,Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her.Based on Erikson's theory,it is likely that Bonnie will develop: A)a general sense of mistrust. B)a sense of superiority. C)an inflated id. D)memory impairment.

According to Erikson,the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____ stage. A)trust-versus-mistrust B)id-versus-ego C)autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt D)intimacy-versus-isolation

Elizabeth is 5 years old,and she likes to help her mother in preparing supper.However,at the end of the day,her mother often loses her temper easily,and ends up scolding Elizabeth.She tells Elizabeth to stay out of the kitchen as rather than helping her,she makes more of a mess.Based on Erikson's theory,Elizabeth is most likely to develop: A)a strong sense of independence. B)feelings of guilt. C)feelings of superiority. D)a sense of jealousy.

Derwood is 8 years old and he likes to do art projects at school.However,the projects he has completed so far have not received good grades,and in several instances his friends have made fun of his work.Based on Erikson's theory,Derwood is most likely to develop: A)feelings of inferiority. B)a sense of pride. C)a sense of stagnation. D)a sense of independence.

Which of the following accurately reflects a positive aspect of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? A)Erikson focused equally on the development of both males and females. B)The well-established accuracy of the concepts used by Erikson is a strong point of his theory. C)Erikson's theory confirmed that nature has a greater influence than nurture on the development of an individual. D)Erikson's theory encompassed the entire life span of an individual.

Which of the following Swiss scholars had suggested in the 1970s that children around the world proceed through a series of four stages in a fixed order? A)Piaget B)Freud C)Bandura D)Pavlov

Which of the following sequences accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development,from birth through adolescence? A)Sensorimotor,concrete operational,preoperational,and formal operational B)Preoperational,concrete operational,preoperational,and formal operational C)Sensorimotor,preoperational,concrete operational,and formal operational D)Nonoperational,preoperational,operational,and postoperational

Which age range below is incorrectly labeled with its Piagetian stage? A)0-2 years; sensorimotor stage B)2-7 years; preoperational stage C)7-12 years; concrete operational stage D)12 years-adulthood; postoperational stage

Dawn is 1 week old.Ellis is 6 years of age.Fritzi is 9 years of age.Girard is 15 years of age.In the context of the stages of development suggested by Piaget,which of the following pairs is correctly matched? A)Dawn-sensorimotor B)Ellis-concrete operational C)Fritzi-formal operational D)Girard-postoperational

During the sensorimotor period: A)children begin to understand reversibility. B)understanding is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities. C)mental operations are tied to actual objects in the real world. D)individuals can consider hypothetical outcomes and make logical deductions.

According to Piaget,when an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight,the infant has understood the principle of: A)object permanence. B)conservation. C)formal operations. D)reversibility.

To stop baby Rudy fussing for a sharp knife on the kitchen table,Rudy's mother put it in her apron pocket."Out of sight,out of mind," she said,and it worked.Rudy's mother has capitalized on his lack of the concept of: A)conservation. B)egocentrism. C)object permanence. D)reversibility.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the degree of cognitive sophistication among children in Piaget's preoperational stage of development? A)They do not understand that objects exist even when they are not visible. B)They can describe people,events,and feelings. C)They master the principle of conservation. D)They are capable of abstract,hypothetical thought.

A child demonstrates that she understands the idea of object permanence and egocentrism but fails to understand the concept of conservation.In the context of the Piagetian stages,she is most likely in the _____ stage. A)preoperational B)concrete operational C)sensorimotor D)formal operational

According to Piaget,mastery of the principle of conservation marks the beginning of the _____ stage of development. A)sensorimotor B)concrete operational C)formal operational D)preoperational

Mrs.Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece,or cut into two pieces.Colin tells her to keep it in one piece because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces.In the context of Piaget's theory,Colin's answer suggests that he does not: A)understand the concept of object permanence. B)know how to add. C)understand the concept of conservation. D)have an egocentric view.

Jay complains to his father that he wants more juice.His father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller but narrower glass.Jay is now content that he has more juice.Jay has failed to grasp the concept of: A)object permanence. B)egocentrism. C)hypo-deductive reasoning. D)conservation.

Edward is 8 years of age and is currently in the second grade.In the context of the theory propagated by Piaget,Edward is in the _____ stage of cognitive development. A)sensorimotor B)preoperational C)concrete operational D)formal operational

Some Western legal systems denote either 7 or 8 as the age at which a child attains reason.Is such a designation defensible from a Piagetian standpoint? A)Yes.Children do acquire some basic reasoning skills during the concrete operational period. B)Yes.Children become capable of abstract,hypothetical reasoning during the concrete operational period. C)No.Children are unable to reason prior to the formal operational period. D)No.Children can reason much earlier than this,during the preoperational period.

In most elementary school curriculum,mathematical variables first appear in the sixth grade.In the context of Piaget's theory,which of the following best supports this trend? A)Children in the concrete operational stage cannot reason with hypothetical entities such as variables. B)According to Piaget,children in the concrete operational stage are too egocentric. C)Children are incapable of understanding the idea of reversibility until the beginning of the formal operational period. D)Dealing with variables requires mastering the principle of conservation,which does not usually appear until adolescence.

Preschoolers can hold only two or three chunks of information in short-term memory,5-year-olds can hold four,and 7-year-olds can hold _____. A)five B)eight C)seven D)ten

Two children are participating in a memory research: Heather,a preschooler,and Illeana,a sixth-grader.When the children fail a recall task,the researcher asks each child what she might do to succeed at the task the next time.Heather suggests that she would simply try again; Illeana proposes that she might try to write the items down.The difference in the girls' responses most clearly illustrates an increase in _____ during childhood. A)memory capacity B)metacognitive ability C)operational thinking D)proximal development

As compared to Piaget,Vygotsky placed _____ emphasis on the _____ bases of cognitive development. A)less; social B)less; linguistic C)more; social D)more; perceptual

Twelve-year-old Nathaniel was facing trouble solving the word problems in his math homework.However,when his dad helped him by reading the problems aloud and emphasizing the important information,Nathaniel could solve all the problems correctly.Which of the following concepts is being illustrated in this scenario? A)Piaget's concept of conservation B)Erikson's concept of industry versus inferiority C)Piaget's concept of concrete operational thought D)Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development

Girls typically experience the adolescent growth spurt _____ than do boys. A)6 months earlier B)2 years earlier C)6 months later D)2 years later

_____ is the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs,beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys. A)Puberty B)Amenorrhea C)Menopause D)Sensorimotor stage

During the Vietnam War,Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft.He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured.Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg. A)conventional B)preconventional C)postconventional D)ambivalent

Jack registered as a conscientious objector during the Vietnam War.He believes that it is wrong to take human life.He is willing to serve time in jail,rather than take part in an armed conflict.Jack's reasons for not going to war reflect the _____ stage of moral reasoning established by Kohlberg. A)preconventional B)conventional C)postconventional D)postoperational

The primary criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is: A)its potential lack of generality across cultures. B)its focus on moral behavior rather than moral reasoning. C)that it pertains to moral behavior rather than moral judgments. D)it defines moral behavior largely in terms of concrete principles.

According to Erikson,adolescents are primarily engaged in resolving the psychosocial crisis of: A)trust versus mistrust. B)intimacy versus isolation. C)generativity versus stagnation. D)identity versus role confusion.

Jacques is 13 years old.On Monday,Jacques announces to his parents that he wants to be called "Jack." On Wednesday,he says he wants to drop out of school.On Friday,he says he wants to get a tattoo and become an architect.In Erikson's terms,Jacques is most likely experiencing the _____ crisis. A)initiative-versus-guilt B)autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt C)identity-versus-role-confusion D)generativity-versus-stagnation

According to Erikson,the psychosocial crisis of intimacy-versus-isolation occurs: A)during the first year of life. B)between the ages of 3 and 6. C)during the early adult years. D)during adolescence.

According to Erikson,people enter the generativity-versus-stagnation stage during _____. A)adolescence B)childhood C)middle adulthood D)old age

Yolanda is 24,Zachary is 44,and Andrew is 73.Assume that each successfully completes the identity crisis associated with his or her current Eriksonian stage.Which of the following alternatives matches each individual with the correct developmental outcome? A)Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: generativity; and Andrew: wisdom B)Yolanda: wisdom; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: generativity C)Yolanda: intimacy; Zachary: wisdom; and Andrew: generativity D)Yolanda: generativity; Zachary: intimacy; and Andrew: wisdom

Which of the following statements reflects a genuine contribution of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? A)He recognized that psychosocial development is essentially a lifelong process. B)He recognized that psychosocial development is dependent on nature and not on nurture. C)He recognized that psychosocial development is usually complete by early childhood. D)He recognized that psychosocial development is usually complete by early adolescence.

Denise is in her mid-40s; she is not married and is childless.Her job is routine and she feels as if she has not really done much to contribute to society's future.In Erikson's terms,Denise is in the _____ stage. A)generativity-versus-stagnation B)trust-versus-mistrust C)autonomy-versus-shame D)initiative-versus-guilt

Which alternative below best approximates the frequency of adolescent suicide? A)It is the leading cause of death among teenagers; every 30 minutes,a teenager commits suicide. B)It is among the top five leading causes of death among teenagers; every 90 minutes,a teenager commits suicide. C)It is among the top 10 leading causes of death among teenagers; every 2 hours,a teenager commits suicide. D)It is actually less common than one might think and is not among the top 10 leading causes of death among adolescents.

From the late teens into the mid-20s,individuals are in a transitional phase that developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood. A)emerging B)beginning C)developing D)launching

Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore.She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major.Grace is in a phase of life that developmental psychologists term _____ adulthood. A)developing B)emerging C)beginning D)nascent

The time at which a woman's menstrual cycle slows down and stops is called: A)menarche. B)menopause. C)amenorrhea. D)the zygotic period.

Approximately _____ of American children are likely to experience the breakup of their parents' marriage. A)one-quarter B)one-third C)two-fifths D)one-half

As compared to children in two-parent families,children in single-parent families are: A)never well adjusted. B)more likely to be poor. C)more likely to develop close relations. D)less likely to have trust issues.

Which of the following figures best approximates the percentage of married women with school-age children who work outside the home? A)35% B)40% C)50% D)75%

Which theory of aging suggests that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time? A)Wear-and-tear theory B)Genetic preprogramming theory C)Dual-process theory D)Activity theory

Which theory of aging suggests that mechanical functions of the body work less efficiently as people age? A)Wear-and-tear theory B)Person-centered theory C)Dual-process theory D)Activity theory

Age-related declines are more apparent in _____ memory than in _____ memory. A)episodic; semantic B)semantic; episodic C)implicit; explicit D)semantic and implicit; episodic and explicit

Which of the following is a progressive brain disorder typically associated with old age that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities? A)Alzheimer's disease B)Cyclothymic disorder C)Crohn's disease D)Bipolar disorder

According to the _____ theory of aging,aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical,psychological,and social levels. A)wear-and-tear B)genetic preprogramming C)disengagement D)activity

Bea is 70 years old and works part-time at a discount store.She has kept herself busy by engaging in various activities she enjoyed during middle adulthood.She volunteers occasionally at a local food bank,and enjoys the company of her family and the members of her bridge club.According to the _____ theory of aging,Bea is aging successfully. A)activity B)Kübler-Ross C)disengagement D)wear-and-tear

According to Erikson,people engage in the process of life review in the _____ stage. A)generativity vs.stagnation B)intimacy vs.isolation C)identity vs.role confusion D)ego-integrity vs.despair

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross,which of the following is the stage in which a person aware of his impending death is likely to try to think of ways to postpone death and dedicate his or her life to religion? A)Acceptance B)Anger C)Bargaining D)Denial

Dr.Carruthers believes that a combination of hereditary and environmental factors influences development.Dr.Carruthers has adopted a(n)position on the nature-nurture issue related to development.

Identical twins are identical.

The "Woodstock generation" refers to middle- and upper-middle-class Americans who reached late adolescence or early adulthood in the later 1960s.This group of people who grew up at similar times,in similar places,and in similar conditions are most likely to be referred to by developmental psychologists as a(n)group.

Each chromosome contains thousands of ,smaller units through which genetic information is transmitted.

Belinda is eight weeks' pregnant.Her developing baby is now called a(n).

An infant can survive on its own if it is born at least 22 weeks following conception.This is called the age of .

Environmental agents that are potentially harmful to a developing fetus are termed as .

A condition in which children show some but not all of the effects of fetal alcohol syndrome is called .

Unlearned automatic responses to particular stimuli are called .

At first,the buzzing sound of your new alarm clock woke you up reliably.Now,you sleep through the sound.This decrease in the response to the sound of the alarm clock due to repeated exposure is referred to as .

is the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual.

Gavin is always anxious when his mother is away at work.When she returns,he wants to be close to her but at the same time shows his anger by hitting her.Gavin's attachment style can be best described as .

According to Baumrind,parents value unquestioning obedience from their children.

According to Erikson's theory,children between the age group of 6 to 12 are generally in the stage.

The realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight is termed as in Piaget's theory.

According to Piaget's theory,understanding the principle of marks the transition from preoperational to concrete operational thought..

During the concrete operational period,children learn to undo operations in their minds.Piaget termed this ability as the principle.

Under the skillful guidance of her English teacher,Daisy gains a deeper understanding of Shakespeare's plays than she could have developed on her own.Vygotsky used the term to refer to the type of assistance Daisy's teacher is providing.

is the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs,beginning at about age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys.

According to Carol Gilligan,women's morality centers on individual well-being and social relationships-a morality of .

When in school,Bernie failed to find his niche and drifted into an aimless life of odd jobs and drug use.In the context of Erikson's theory,it would be accurate to say that Bernie failed to solve the identity-versus- crisis.

Many adults feel that they have made a significant contribution to the development of their family,community,work,and society; that is,they experience a sense of .

Julie had spent two years working in a nearby large city after graduating from college.However,having saved little money,she had to return home to live with her parents when she lost her job.Julie is one of a large number of children in the current generation.

Menopause is accompanied by a decrease in the production of the female hormone .

Skills relating to intelligence remain steady during late adulthood and in some cases also improve.

is a broad,imprecise term typically applied to older adults who experience progressive deterioration of mental abilities,including memory loss,disorientation to time and place,and general confusion.

Mrs.Bartlett is in her late 70s.She is revisiting the experiences of her life and evaluating the decisions she had made along the way.Mrs.Bartlett is engaged in the process of .

According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross,in the stage,people facing impending death resist the idea that they are dying.

Distinguish between cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods.Provide an example of each.Identify at least one advantage and one disadvantage of each type of method.

Discuss the risks associated with longitudinal research studies.

Elaborate on the different stages of development that a fertilized egg undergoes to become a fully developed baby.

Normal prenatal development occurs in 95 to 98% of all pregnancies.Identify two genetic or chromosomal abnormalities and two teratogens associated with birth defects in the remaining 2 to 5% of pregnancies.Describe the nature of their effects on development.

Discuss three remedies to overcome infertility.

Outline the perceptual capabilities of very young infants.How might these capabilities inform one's position on the nature vs.nurture debate? Provide as thoughtful a response as you can.

Define the term attachment as it is used in psychology.Explain how attachment reflects a dynamic interplay between an infant and his/her caregiver.Finally,describe the behavior of securely attached infants in Ainsworth's strange situation.

A local community center asks you to give a presentation to parents-to-be on out-of-home care and its potential influence on child development.What points might you include in your presentation? Make explicit reference to the prevalence of out-of-home care and to the effects of the child's background,the quality of the care,and the amount of time spent in out-of-home care.

Select either (a)Baumrind's four parenting styles or (b)the four Eriksonian stages of psychosocial development occurring during childhood.Name each style or stage and provide a brief vignette or "case study" of a child exhibiting each style or stage.

Elaborate on the various stages of cognitive development put forward by Piaget.

Making explicit reference to specific stages and concepts,describe your own adolescent and young adult development from an Eriksonian perspective.Try to capture some of the developmental tensions and challenges during this period in your narrative.

Write two different vignettes,or brief case studies,each describing an adolescent displaying at least three suicide warning signs.In your vignettes,demonstrate your knowledge of the demographic influences on and the potential risk factors for suicide attempts.

How does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes of aging imparted by Western culture? Make reference to patterns of physical,cognitive,and social development in your answer.

"Age-related declines in memory and cognition are largely a matter of nature." "Age-related declines in memory and cognition are largely a matter of nurture." Support either of these propositions and provide strong evidence in support of your answer.

List and describe the various stages cited by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross regarding people facing impending death.