Quiz 16: The Muslim Empires

What factors explain how and why the Osmanli Turks were able to replace the Seljuk Turks and conquer the Byzantine Empire between the mid-thirteenth and fifteenth centuries?

Explain what elements aided,and limited,the spread of Ottoman power into adjacent territories in Europe,Asia and Africa.Was the Ottoman system of rule a significant factor in determining the success of Ottoman imperialism? Why or why not?

What were the significant cultural contributions of Ottoman art?

Compare and contrast the origins of the Safavid Empire with those of the Ottoman Empire? What were the similarities and what were the differences?

What factors can explain the success of the Mughals in unifying much of the Indian subcontinent,something that had not been done since the Mauryas and the Guptas?

Were the personal qualities of Mughal leaders or were the particular circumstances of a period more influential in determining the success or failure of particular reigns before 1707?

Discuss the successes and failures of the Mughal dynasty in ruling India.Compare those successes and failures to Ottoman rule.Which dynasty was most successful,and why?

What make Akbar "great"? Compare and contrast Akbar to England's Elizabeth and China's Kangxi.Which of the three was most successful in the short term? In the long term?

Discuss the European impact on the Indian subcontinent during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.How did this impact alter conditions in ways that significantly changed the power balance there?

What were the major cultural contributions of Mughal India? Of Safavid Persia?

Compare and contrast the reasons underlying the nature,extent,and timing of the declines of the Mughal,Safavid and Ottoman Empires by the end of the eighteenth century.Why did they decline while European powers extended their "gunpowder" diplomacy and trade?

Discuss,with examples,the role of gunpowder in both the successes and failures of the Ottoman,Safavid,and Mughal empires.

Evaluate the varied roles and positions of women in the Muslim empires discussed in this chapter.Do you think women in Muslim cultures had better or worse lives than those in Christian cultures during the same time? Use specific examples to illustrate your arguments.

The harems of Turkish sultans have been described as symbols of Islamic misogyny,as well as institutions akin to Christian nunneries.Which of these descriptions do you think is more fitting and why?

Explain,using specific examples,how technological inventions have altered the nature of warfare on the Eurasian supercontinent and allowed specific cultures to dominate others..

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Osman Turks

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). beg/beys

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sultan

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Bosporus and Dardanelles

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). yeni cheri/Janissaries

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Golden Horn

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Murad and the Battle of Kosovo

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Serbs

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mehmet II,1453,and Istanbul

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). pashas

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Suleyman I the Magnificent

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Battles of Mohács and Vienna

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Topkapi and harem

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). devshirme

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). vezier/wazir

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). caliph

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Shari'a

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sipahis

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Battle of Carlowitz

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). millet

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Sublime Porte

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Blue Mosque

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Safi al-Din and Shah Ismail

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Safavid

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Shah Abbas I the Great

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "red heads"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Azerbaijan

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Shi'ite and Sunni

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Royal Academy of Isfahan

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Riza-i-Abbasi

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Babur

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Akbar

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Din-i-Ilahi

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Nur Jahan

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). zamindars

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Dharmashastra

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Aurangzeb

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). sati

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Red Fort

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Peacock Throne

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Fort William and Madras

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Joseph Francis Dupleix and Sir Robert Clive

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). East India Company

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Black Hole of Calcutta

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Taj Mahal

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "Akhbar style"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Tulsidas' Ramcaritimanas

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). purdah

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "gunpowder empires"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Siege weapons

It is accurate to state that the A)Osmanli Turks first consolidated their control of the southeastern part of the Balkans,given to them by the Seljuks. B)Ottoman Turks gained control of much of the Balkans before they took Constantinople. C)Yeni Cheri were a renowned group of Sufi mystics. D)Seljuk Turks conquered the Ottoman Turks. E)Fourth Crusade captured Constantinople from the Ottoman Turks.

All of the following statements about Ottoman expansion are true except A)their geographical location gave them a definite advantage for expansion. B)after taking advantage of Byzantine weakness,they established a base at Gallipoli,and then allied with the Serbs and Bulgars to continue fighting the Byzantine Empire. C)after the Kurdish seizure of Constantinople in 1521,Ottoman support of the new Kurdish ruler gave them greater control over Asia Minor. D)as they established European settlements,Turkish beys replaced local landlords,and became the only recipients of taxes collected from the Slavic peasant population. E)they besieged Vienna,unsuccessfully,in 1529 and 1683.

Before the Turkish capture of Constantinople, A)Murad I defeated the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo. B)the Balkan population refused to assist Ottoman efforts in any way. C)Morocco was the only Mediterranean area controlled by the Spanish conquistadors. D)the last Byzantine emperor became a Lutheran in a bid for European support. E)Pope Innocent XII personally led a crusade to save the city for Chritendom.

At the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, A)the Serbs defeated the Ottoman armies at Osman. B)Orkhan was able to defeat the Serbs and gain control of the Balkans. C)Murad's Janissaries defeated the Serbs,ending Serbian domination of the Balkans. D)the Serbian defeat created Ottoman hegemony over Abu Dhabi. E)the Serbs defeated the Bosnians at the Battle of Constance.

Constantinople was captured by the A)Seljuk Turks,led by Suleyman the Magnificent. B)Ottoman Turks,led by Tamerlane. C)Safavids,under Shah Ismail. D)Ottoman Turks,headed by Mehmet II. E)Mongols,led by Akbar.

The technological invention that allowed the Mongols to devastate many civilizations on the Eurasian continent was A)siege weapons B)explosives C)firearms D)stirrups E)spears

All of the following were true about the expansion of the Ottoman Empire except A)under Selim I,the Ottomans controlled the Middle East and North Africa. B)by the early sixteenth century,Ottoman power allowed Murad to conquer African Ethiopia. C)the Ottomans gained control over Mecca and Medina. D)by the early eighteenth century,Ottoman control in North Africa had become weaker. E)the Ottomans were twice repulsed on the outskirts of Vienna.

Which of the following is not true about the reign of Suleyman I the Magnificent? A)The Ottomans first captured the Slavic regions of Poland. B)The Ottomans invaded Hungary. C)The Ottomans advance into Austria was finally stopped at Vienna. D)The Ottomans were increasing their control over the western Mediterranean area. E)The Ottomans were treated as a major power by the principal European states.

Which of the following statements is not true about Ottoman power in Europe? A)It came to be accepted by the leadership of the non-Turkish European states. B)It was aggressively extended into central Europe. C)It destroyed a European coalition of Austrian,Polish,Bavarian,and Saxon forces at Vienna in 1683 and held the city for ten years. D)It was ultimately forced out of Hungary by an alliance of allied European armies. E)It threatened to take naval control of the Mediterranean until the Battle of Lepanto.

Which of the following statements is not an accurate characterization of the nature of Ottoman governmental processes? A)Originally,Ottoman rule was dominated by tribal law and augmented by Muslim law. B)The Ottoman Empire was influenced by Byzantine and Persian rule. C)The sultan ruled from the Topkapi with the assistance of the Grand Vezirs,who were primarily the products of the devshirme process. D)The government was located in Istanbul,the former Constantinople. E)The government refused to allow any religion to be practiced in the empire except for Islam.

Ottoman expansion A)was achieved without any change in military organization or technology between 1400-1700. B)relied heavily on the development of the Janissaries and new artillery weapons and tactics in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. C)absorbed Persia and Samarkand during the 1570s. D)seized Ukraine during the late 1600s,but it was lost again in the early 1700s. E)saw the use of slaves as conscript soldiers.

All of the following are correct about the Janissaries except A)they were recruited from the Christian population of the Balkans. B)they fought as on horseback as cavalry warriors. C)they were converted to Islam. D)they were infantry troops. E)they used muskets.

The power structure of the Ottoman Empire A)was highly structured,with the ruler's oldest son always succeeding to power. B)was not hereditary,and the sultan was succeeded by his highest-ranking military subordinate. C)was physically centered in the Topkapi. D)divided power between the vezir,"the sultanate of women," and devshirme scholars. E)lacked an imperial bureaucracy,a serious weakness in an empire of that size.

Which of the following is not correct regarding members of the harems of Turkish sultans? A)They were invariably daughters of the Muslim upper class. B)They were of slave origins only. C)They were always non-Muslims. D)They were sometimes permitted to leave the harem to marry state officials. E)They were trained and educated.

Which of the following is not correct regarding Ottoman rulers? A)They chose only slaves as mothers for royal heirs. B)They used few women in their harems for sexual purposes C)They included in their harems their sisters,daughters,and widowed mothers. D)They furnished women in their harems with their own slaves and entourage. E)They carefully selected the mothers for their children according to their aristocratic and Islamic bloodlines.

Women in Ottoman society A)had considerable political influence if they were queen mothers. B)were given much more freedom in the economic sphere than those of Vietnam. C)had no political influence,as was shown by the fate Suleyman the Magnificent's mother. D)who lived in the harem were abused sexually by the sultan and his male friends and,at times,even by enlisted army personnel. E)served as royal bodyguards and,if slaves,were used to produce royal heirs.

Where did coffee originate? A)Turkey B)China C)Arabia D)Central Africa E)Austria

Ottoman decline was caused by all except A)a decline of competence within the ruling family. B)internal decay of the ruling elite. C)the Europeanization of the Turkish upper classes. D)a decrease in the involvement of the rulers in the activities of the government,thus enabling the Sublime Porte to become more powerful. E)conquest of Constantinople by Great Britain and France in the Crimean War.

Ottoman architecture A)was the least impressive of Ottoman artistic activities. B)was the result of the work of architects and workers imported from outside the empire. C)used the open floor technique originally used in the Byzantine church of Santa Sophia in designing mosques such as the one at Edirne. D)was based entirely upon Mughal models. E)was based upon the pyramid structure of ancient Egypt.

The Ottoman governmental structure A)was a blend of old tribal traditions and a more recent,sedentary environment. B)required that all slaves in the empire come from the Muslim population. C)made conspicuous use of the Sublime Porte,a docking area for elite pleasure craft. D)moved from Constantinople to Ankara. E)included non-Muslims at the top levels.

The founder of the Safavid Dynasty could trace his ancestry back to all except A)a Shi'ite sheikh. B)a descendant of Ali,the fourth Iman of Islam. C)a man called Safi al-Din,who led a group of Turkish tribesmen,who lived in Azerbaijan. D)Saladin. E)none of the above

Safavid power was spread through Persia by A)resurgent Sunni military leaders. B)Ismail's militant use of Shi'ite Islam to unify the region. C)Safi's enforcement of sufi mysticism throughout the region. D)Shah Abbas' successful military campaigns against the Byzantines. E)Sunni pashas.

The "red heads" were A)the light-haired warriors who destroyed Bokhara in 1380. B)followers of the Shi'ite doctrines of Safi al Din. C)Ottoman Yeni Chari fighters and their "scholar bodyguards." D)Muslim fugitives from Ireland. E)Sufi mystics.

Safavid Iran A)was a purely Persian society. B)was strongly influenced by Turkish elements within the society. C)adopted Sunni Islam as its state religion. D)was a thoroughly egalitarian society. E)had an unusually tolerant attitude toward Christian and Buddhist minorities.

All of the following were true of Safavid Iran except A)its wealth was much greater than its neighbors,the Mughal and Ottoman empires. B)it had to trade with Europe through southern Russia,since the Europeans controlled the seas to the south and the Ottomans controlled the lands to the west. C)it produced many items that were in high demand in many other parts of the world. D)it maintained a respectable level of thought and learning in philosophy,science,medicine,and mathematics. E)it contained large minority populations,though most of the population was of Iranian background.

It can be said of Safavid cultural achievements that A)its pottery ignored eastern influences and duplicated ancient Persian designs. B)it was minimally involved with textile production. C)its seventeenth-century carpets epitomized the height of its artistic achievement. D)its painting was intensely affected by Western methods and subjects. E)its architecture was almost wholly imitative.

Babur,the founder of the Mughal Dynasty in India, A)traced his roots to Muhammad on his mother's side. B)took Isfahan early in the sixteenth century,before leading his forces into India. C)was born in Egypt. D)established his northern Indian domain after his conquest of Delhi,and died at age of 47. E)was the first Chinese-born ruler of India.

The Mughal rule of Akbar in India A)extended over about ten percent of the subcontinent. B)has been attributed,by some scholars,exclusively to the use of heavily armored cavalry to overwhelm his adversaries. C)was the result of a combination of the use of technology,sieges,and diplomacy. D)collapsed immediately after Akbar's death,when the British East India Co.took over. E)extended to Indonesia.

Which of the following statements is not an accurate observation of the Mughal rule of Akbar in India? A)He appointed many Hindus to lower administrative posts. B)His "Divine Faith" was just one example of the great religious toleration of his regime. C)He permitted zamindars to yield significant independent authority in their local regions. D)He and his people did not care for sea travel,therefore the Arabs took care of Mughal international trade. E)He became a militant Buddhist during the latter half of his reign.

All of the following are correct about India's zamindars except A)they were local officials. B)they were paid by international trade revenues collected by the Mughal emperor. C)their salaries were from land taxes paid by peasants. D)some were Hindus but most were Moslems. E)they had both civilian and military retainers,thus had considerable local power.

Akbar was succeeded by his son and grandson,respectively A)Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. B)Jahangir and Shah Jahan. C)Nur Jahan and Babur al-Raua. D)Mumtaz Mahal and Mehmet I. E)Babur and Dara Shikoh.

All of the following were true about the reign of Shah Jahan except that A)he was able to expand the Mughal domain. B)he put economic strains on his people with his ongoing programs of conquest and construction enterprises. C)famine and drought did not plague India during his rule. D)he built the Red Fort in Delhi. E)the expense of building the Taj Mahal required him to increase agricultural taxes.

The son of Shah Jahan,who killed his brother,imprisoned his father,and then assumed the throne himself,was A)Aurangzeb. B)Shivaji. C)Dara Shikoh. D)Jahangir. E)Lothair.

Mughal decline was most probably not caused by the A)fall of the Safavid dynasty. B)rise in local power and wealth. C)return of Muslim strictness after the rule of Shah Jahan ended. D)effect of the European presence on the subcontinent. E)draining of the imperial treasury.

Aurangzeb A)issued orders to prohibit sati and the castration of eunuchs. B)ended the zamindar system and created an efficient tax revenue. C)ended the forced conversions to Islam. D)expanded the tolerant religious policies of his predecessor. E)abdicated in favor of his son,Babur.

The British presence in India significantly began in 1616 when they A)successfully attacked Puna. B)established their first factory at Delhi. C)were granted the right to have their own representative at the court in Agra. D)forced the Mughals to provide them with light-weight textiles. E)seized the Portuguese outpost of Goa.

In the European competition for the control of India, A)Joseph Francois Dupleix was more successful than Sir Robert Clive. B)Sir Robert Clive was more successful than Joseph Francois Dupleix. C)the strong financial support of the French government enabled Joseph Francois Dupleix to gain control of most of the subcontinent. D)the lack of military acumen of Sir Robert Clive prevented him from gaining any significant control over the subcontinent. E)the French defeated the British at the Battle of the Black Hole.

Two great military victories in India,in which the winner defeated a force ten times larger than its own,were,respectively, A)Babur's victory at Delhi and the British victory at Plassey. B)Buxar's victory at Colombo and the French victory at Pondicherry. C)Wilson's victory at Mumbai and Babur's victory at Kandahar. D)Mojoks' victory at Madras and Clive's victory at Kabul. E)Maharashtra's victory at Walando and Dupleix's victory at Kabul.

Before 1858,British India was in the hands of the A)VOC. B)British East India Company. C)British crown. D)forces of the Marquess of Wellesley. E)Hindu Marathas.

As the British extended their economic and military control over India,from the coastal cities to the inland regions, A)all local Indian rulers became richer and more powerful. B)British and Indian elite wealth and success increased,as did that of Indian peasants. C)both the British and the Indians prospered from the new alliance. D)British colonial rule in India initially favored Indian interests over those of Britain. E)an estimated one-third of the population in areas under British East Company control died in the 1770s in a series of massive famines.

In the daily life of Mughal India,the Muslim practice of barring women from associating with men outside the home was known as A)sati. B)zamindar. C)purdah. D)raga. E)harem.

The status of women under the Mughal regime A)varied greatly,with women at court sometimes receiving education as under Emperor Akbar. B)was universally poor,as all women were forbidden to own property. C)declined sharply when the Emperor ordered that Muslim women practice sati. D)was higher for Hindu women than for Muslim women. E)both b and c

The "Akbar style" included all of the following except A)it combined Persian with Indian motifs. B)it imitated European art forms. C)it followed the Ottoman trend toward realism and historical narrative. D)human figures were often represented in spite of Islamic prohibitions. E)it was strongly influence by the artistic style of Ming China.

Who built the famous Taj Mahal? A)A Mughal emperor as tomb to glorify the memory of his wife. B)An Ottoman emperor as a summer residence. C)A Seljuk Turkish sultan as his main palace and seat of power. D)The Safavids to house the remains of members of their ruling dynasty. E)None of the above

The sixteenth-century Hindi version of the retelling of the Ramayana was written by A)Tulsidas. B)Gandhi. C)Krishna. D)Rajasthani. E)Heraclion.

The Mughal literary masterpiece that served as a basis for a late 1980s Indian television series was the A)Ramayanas. B)Rajasthanas. C)Ramcaritmanas. D)Rastaclaphas. E)Rajputi.

Mughal architectural developments A)were always undertaken after making certain that expenditures on them would not injure mass living standards. B)often blended Persian and Indian styles to achieve new and beautiful results. C)borrowed heavily from Tibetan and Ottoman styles D)were influenced by the construction techniques of Yuan China. E)were imposed on the Mughals by the British East India Co.

The Ottoman Turks preceded the Seljuk Turks.

The technological invention associated with the success of the Mongols in conquering much of the Eurasian continent was siege weapons.

In 1529,Suleyman I the Magnificent conquered Vienna.

The position of the Ottoman sultan was hereditary--with a son,although not necessarily the eldest,inheriting.This led to many sibling executions.

Janissaries were Hindu rajputs who were converted to Islam by the Ottoman.

In the Safavid Empire,only a small minority of the population was Iranian.

Unlike the Ottoman Empire,the Safavid Empire embraced Sunni Islam.

The first Mughal emperor,Babur,was descended from both Tamerlane and Genghis Khan.

The French defeated the British at the Battle of Plassey in 1757,thus consolidating French economic power in southern India.

The Ottoman,Safavid,and Mughal empires were all of nomadic origin.

The rise of the Ottoman,Safavid,and Mughal empires coincided with the beginning of European expansion during the late 15^th and early 16^th centuries.

What made the Ottoman,Safavid,and Mughal empires strong was the absence of factionalism.