Quiz 22: Shadows Over the Pacific: East Asia Under Challenge

How did contact with western cultures and norms affect the roles and position of women in China and Japan? Illustrate your argument with concrete examples.

What factors in Chinese culture contributed to China's reluctance to industrialize during the 19^th century?

Why was Japan more open and pragmatic in its contact with Western nations than China during the 19^th century?

What were the major reasons for the fall of the Qing Dynasty? Were foreign or domestic factors more important in bringing it about? Why?

Was the Opium War a turning point in Chinese history? Why and/or why not?

At what point did the fall of the Manchus become inevitable? Why then?

Discuss the successes and failures of China's policy of "East for Essence,West for Practical Use." Was it at all comparable to the policies of Japan's Meiji Restoration and its aftermath? Why and/or why not?

Compare and contrast China's Cixi and Britain's Victoria as symbols reflecting the fundamental nature of their two societies in the latter nineteenth century.

Sun Yat-sen is often claimed to be the father of modern China.Is this designation accurate? Why and/or why not?

How did the Meiji Restoration change politics in Japan? Did it create a more modern,representative and stable governmental structure in Japan? Why or why not?

What possible reasons might explain why there was no equivalent to the Meiji Restoration in China?

How would you appraise the nature of the Meiji Restoration? Was it,on balance,more innovative or more conservative? Why? Was it truly "from above"?

What was the significance of the Sino-Japanese War for China? For Japan? Why? Was its impact of lesser or greater importance than the later Russo-Japanese War? Why?

What were the causes and consequences of the Russo-Japanese War? For Japan? For Russia? For China?

Why was it that Japan,rather than other South Asian,Southeast Asian,or East Asian states,made the successful transition to a modern nation?

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Qing/Manchus

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Qianlong

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Macartney and Amherst missions

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Lin Zexu

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). opium trade and Opium War

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Treaty of Nanjing

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). extraterritoriality

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Hong Kong

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Hong Xiuquan and the "Heavenly Kingdom of Supreme Peace"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Treaty of Tianjin

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "self-strengthening"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "East for Essence,West for Practical Use"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Wang Tao v.Zhang Zhidong

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Shandong peninsula

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). spheres of influence

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Kang Youwei,Guangxu and the One Hundred Days of Reform

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Cixi

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). John Hay and the Open Door

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "gentlemen's agreement"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Boxer Rebellion

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Henry Puyi

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Sun Yat-sen

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Revolutionary Alliance/Tongmenghui

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Revolution of 1911

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Yuan Shikai

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). foot binding

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Tokugawa shogunate

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Treaty of Kanagawa

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "Sat-Cho" alliance

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Meiji Restoration

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Edo/Tokyo

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Charter Oath of 1868

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Liberal and Progressive parties

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Meiji Constitution of 1890

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). kokutai

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "three obediences"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Hiratsuka Raicho's Blue Stockings

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "dancing cabinet"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Ryukyu Islands

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Korea's Yi dynasty

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Sino-Japanese War

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Treaty of Shimonoseki

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Taiwan and the Liaodong peninsula

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Russo-Japanese War

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Port Arthur

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Trans-Siberian Railway

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Sakahlin and the Kurile Islands

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Japanese gardens and wood-block prints

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Tokyo School of Fine Arts

The Manchu Dynasty did not fall because of A)discreet Japanese economic pressure. B)pressures placed upon it by Western imperialism. C)its growing inability to control Chinese society. D)constant Chinese population growth. E)pressures brought about by internal corruption and revolt.

Lord Macartney's trip to Beijing in 1793 A)resulted in his being refused permission to go to the capital. B)created a scandal because Macartney tried to sell opium to local businessmen. C)was the primary action leading to the fall of the Qing. D)failed,as the Chinese government did not want additional trade with Britain. E)succeeded in obtaining Hong Kong for Great Britain.

To try to increase trade profits in China,the British A)seized Taiwan as their first Chinese "colony" in 1827. B)had Lords Macartney and Amherst successfully negotiate broadened British trading rights with the Chinese. C)invaded China in 1816 and took control of all south China seaports. D)shipped large amounts of opium into China at a massive profit. E)replaced the Chinese imperial government with a pro-Western democratic government.

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the nature of the Opium War? A)It was begun,and won,by China. B)The Chinese began hostilities as the only means available to them to stop the opium trade of the British. C)Philippine smugglers used the war to monopolize the Chinese opium trade. D)The British used Chinese objection to opium importation as a pretext to unilaterally invade China and forcibly open it to Western trade. E)The war was a competitive confrontation between the Western colonialist nations to determine which would be the most successful at flooding China with opium.

The Opium War A)finally forced China to cease selling opium in India and Singapore. B)was ended by the Treaty of Taiwan. C)gave Britain control of Hong Kong. D)ended with a British defeat. E)gave China the right to sell opium in India.

Which of the following was not a feature of the Treaty of Nanjing? A)Hong Kong was transferred to British control. B)The British agreed to stop exporting opium to China. C)The British obtained the right to begin trading in five Chinese ports. D)All British citizens in China were granted extraterritorial rights. E)The British were to be paid an indemnity to cover the cost of the Opium War.

The so-called "barren rock" which Great Britain gained as a result of the Opium War was A)Port Arthur. B)Shanghai. C)Hong Kong. D)Bejing. E)Nanking.

The Taiping Rebellion A)began in Tibet,and was "created" by Russia. B)began in Vietnam and spread only into north China. C)was crushed by a "blended" army of British,French and United States troops. D)separated Taiwan from Japanese control. E)"peaked" with the rebel capture of the old Ming capital of Nanjing.

Hong Xiuquan A)was the Christian leader of the Taiping Rebellion. B)was a retired houseboy who became emperor in 1855. C)was angered by government expenditures to widen and deepen the Grand Canal. D)supported the Qing during the Taiping Rebellion. E)received overwhelming and continuous support from the West.

The Treaty of Tianjin A)allowed Japan to take over Korea. B)made the Chinese opium trade legal. C)closed all Chinese ports to foreign trade. D)gave the British the Liaodong Peninsula in 1875. E)deprived the Russians of any control in northern China.

Which of the following was not true about the loss of Qing control over its empire in the late nineteenth century? A)Japan defeated China in a war over Korea in the 1890s. B)The Russians transferred territories north of the Amur River in Siberia to China. C)The Tibetans revived their local autonomy. D)The British and the French removed Burma and Vietnam from their traditional relationship to the Manchu court. E)The Chinese lost Taiwan to Japan.

The "spheres of influence" A)were set up in Korea and Annam to enhance Chinese power in both areas. B)were first created when the United States gained control of the island of Chusan in 1848. C)enabled the Manchus to regain their power base in their Manchurian heartland. D)were in part the result of local Chinese strongmen to sell exclusive economic privileges to foreign governments and their merchants. E)in fact,never developed in China but did in Korea.

In 1894,the Qing went to war with Japan over A)Tibet. B)Korea. C)Vietnam. D)Laos. E)Siberia.

The Sino-Japanese War A)marked the acceptance of Western-style imperialism by China when it took Korea from Japan. B)began as each country tried to keep the other from taking over Tibet. C)became a two-power conflict when Russia refused to honor its alliance with Japan. D)culminated in the Treaty of Harbin,which saw China gain the island of Hokkaido. E)forced China to cede Taiwan and the Liaodong peninsula to Japan.

With an aroused concern over the emergence of Japanese imperialist power in 1894,the European powers forced the Japanese to A)assume responsibility for the Philippine islands. B)give up the Shandong Peninsula to Russia. C)give up Canton and also Macao. D)give up their land in eastern Siberia. E)return the Liaodong Peninsula to China.

A new round of Western territorial demands in China was sparked by the successful 1897 German acquisition of much of the A)island of Sri Lanka. B)Shandong Peninsula. C)Liaodong Peninsula. D)Korean Peninsula. E)Weihaiwei Peninsula.

As a result of German acquisition of the Shandong Peninsula,all of the following occurred except A)the German maneuver to "avenge" the murder of its two missionaries succeeded. B)Russia was able to acquire Port Arthur. C)the Chinese government initiated new reforms,at the request of Kang Youwei. D)the United States pursued an Open Door policy in China. E)it was obvious that the dismemberment of China was impossible.

In a response to the reforms initiated by Emperor Guangxu,all occurred except A)conservatives turned against him. B)Cixi successfully took power in Peking. C)he was made a palace captive by his aunt. D)the One Hundred Days of Reform failed. E)democracy took root in China.

The United States Secretary of State who proposed the Open Door Policy was A)Robert LaFollette. B)John Marshall. C)Richard Olney. D)John Hay. E)Theodore Roosevelt.

The Open Door Policy A)was initiated by the German government. B)formally terminated the spheres of influence in China. C)increased Western control over tariffs and quotas within each sphere of influence. D)served to calm the increasingly frantic pace of Western imperialism in China. E)was initiated by the United States as an altruistic effort to preserve Chinese independence.

The Boxer Rebellion A)started after a riot initiated by kickboxing fans. B)was an uprising against foreigners by a secret society opposed to foreign imperialism. C)was a reaction to the invasion of southwest China by Thai guerrilla troops. D)successfully occupied Beijing,murdering all of the non-Chinese inhabitants. E)led to the successful reoccupation of Taiwan by China.

In the years after the Boxer Rebellion the A)Manchu leader,Sun Yat-sen,abdicated. B)Manchus resorted to reactionary repression throughout China. C)Manchus refused to institute even limited reforms. D)slow pace of reform served to intensify revolutionary fervor among the new reformist elite. E)United States expelled the Germans from Shandong.

All of the following about the Empress Dowager are correct except she A)was power-hungry and self-centered. B)placed her nephew on the throne and then imprisoned him in a palace coup. C)had once been an imperial concubine. D)opposed attempts to significantly strengthen or modernize China. E)abandoned her Manchu connections and adopted western democracy reforms.

The medical doctor who formed the Revive China Society was A)Cixi. B)Kang Youwei. C)Sun Yat-sen. D)Chiang Kai-shek. E)Quai Ban-le.

Sun's plan for revolution in China called for the overthrow of the Manchu Dynasty,followed initially by the A)expulsion of foreign missionaries and businessmen. B)institutionalization of democratic republicanism in China. C)takeover of China by the military. D)execution of anyone opposing the revolution. E)ouster of all foreigners from China.

Sun Yat-sen A)was imprisoned for robbery in Burma when the 1911 Revolution broke out. B)had been the secret leader of the Boxer Rebellion. C)supported the Qing but demanded more representative government for China. D)created the Tongmenghui/Revolutionary Alliance. E)became the first president of the Chinese Republic after the 1911 rebellion.

China's "last emperor" was A)Mao Zedong. B)Guangxu. C)Kuang Hsu. D)Puyi. E)Yuan Shikai.

The Chinese revolution of 1911 A)was the first successful Marxist revolution in history. B)left a power vacuum in the country due to the collapse of the Manchu Dynasty. C)was the event that gave reformers the power they needed to immediately establish democracy. D)was seen by the West as their greatest achievement. E)was similar to the French Revolution in that soon a Committee of Public Safety ruled China.

All of the following are correct about China at the end of the nineteenth century except A)industrial production was on the rise,although it was still based largely on traditional methods. B)the transportation system was chaotic. C)the rapidly increasing population resulted in smaller plots of land for the peasants. D)the Qing had finally succeeded in uniting all Chinese behind the regime. E)China was still locked into the traditional mindset that glorified the virtues of an agrarian society and discouraged commercial activity.

Footbinding in China A)was practiced only among upper class women who did not perform manual labors. B)symbolized the status of women as useless sex objects. C)was abolished by the late 19^th century. D)prevented women from performing manual labor. E)All of the above.

The Tokugawa regime in Japan maintained formal diplomatic relations only with A)the Dutch Republic. B)Korea. C)Vietnam. D)China. E)Cambodia.

The United States president and the admiral he sent to Japan were,respectively, A)Zachary Taylor and David Farragut. B)Franklin Pierce and John Paul Jones. C)Millard Fillmore and David Jones. D)Millard Fillmore and Matthew Perry. E)James Buchanan and Abner Doubleday.

The Japanese opening to the West resulted from A)the naval expeditions of Commodore Perry. B)the diplomatic efforts of Lord Amherst. C)the aftermath of the Plague of 1853. D)the vote of a two-thirds majority in the Diet. E)a collective decision by the pirates of Satsuma and the daimyo of Osaka.

The capital under the Meiji Restoration was moved from A)Kyoto to Sapporo. B)Osaka to Shimonoseki. C)Tokyo to Nagasaki. D)Kyoto to Tokyo. E)Saigon to Wuhan.

The new modernizing policies of the Meiji Restoration included the A)restoration of the hereditary privileges of the daimyo. B)retained the traditional warrior class system. C)confiscation of the lands controlled by the daimyo. D)exile of the samurai. E)extermination of the samurai with "assisted seppuku."

After the fall of the shogunate,the A)hereditary rights of the daimyo were strengthened. B)the mass of the rural population was transformed from indentured serfs into citizens. C)samurai quickly became impoverished. D)emperor now actually guided governmental activities,in sharp contrast to the status of his predecessors under the Tokugawa regime. E)last Tokugawa shogun became the permanent Prime Minister.

The new leaders of the Meiji regime accomplished all except they A)stripped the daimyo of their hereditary privileges. B)gave key administrative posts to modernizing samurai from the Sat-Cho group. C)were composed of two groups,the Liberals and the Progressives. D)established a bicameral legislature with a cabinet actually chosen by the oligarchs. E)gave the emperor absolute power inasmuch as he was a divine descendent of the Sun Goddess.

The Progressive constitution adopted by the Japanese in 1890,with authority placed in the executive branch of the government,was modeled on the government of A)China. B)Germany. C)Great Britain. D)Russia. E)the United States.

Which of the following was not a Meiji economic policy? A)a graduated and progressive income tax B)a new land tax C)industrial subsidies D)improved systems of transportation and communication E)laissez-faire government policies

Which of the following was not a result of the social policies of the Meiji restoration? A)Many peasants lost their land titles. B)Military conscription and universal education were instituted. C)Western practices became very popular. D)Universal democracy was adopted. E)The position of women in the society improved only slightly.

Meiji economic policies A)included a new agricultural land tax which did not generate a great deal of revenue but profited many peasants. B)developed a closely linked business-government relationship which accelerated industrial growth,in armaments and shipbuilding as well as silk and tea. C)were held back by the tradition-based belief that Japanese women should not work in factories. D)concentrated upon rural development at the expense of industrialization. E)were a throwback to the shogunate practices of the sixteenth century.

In the Treaty of Shimonoseki,the Japanese obtained all except A)Taiwan. B)the Liaodong Peninsula. C)Port Arthur. D)greater international prestige. E)Beijing's Forbidden City.

The Russo-Japanese War A)was initiated by a Japanese surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur. B)rekindled Russian pride in its military-structure and leadership after Russia had won. C)was the third phase of the Sino-Japanese War. D)ended with mediation by President Woodrow Wilson E)had little impact upon Western governments and public opinion.

Japanese imperialism A)was able to acquire colonial territory in Africa only in 1911. B)significantly strengthened the myth of European imperialist invincibility with its defeat by Russia in 1905. C)reached an agreement in which Japan accepted United States control over the Philippines in return for the latter's recognition of Japanese annexation of Korea. D)suffered a defeat in its attempt to take over Korea. E)was rebuffed by China in the Sino-Japanese War.

The Meiji Restoration A)was a true revolution,in which the existing ruling class was replaced by a new ruling class. B)was similar to the French Revolution because of the considerable violence involved. C)granted women full equality with men. D)was in many ways a revolution from above. E)failed as the shogunate was quickly restored.

What order of events (longest ago to most recent)is correct? A)Opium War in China / Abolition of Feudalism in Japan / Meiji Constitution adopted / Boxer Rebellion B)Abolition of Feudalism in Japan / Meiji Constitution adopted / Boxer Rebellion / Opium War in China C)Meiji Constitution adopted / Boxer Rebellion / Opium War in China / Abolition of Feudalism in Japan D)Boxer Rebellion / Opium War in China / Abolition of Feudalism in Japan / Meiji Constitution adopted E)None of the above.

Which of the following wasnot a major event in Japanese history? A)collapse of the Tokugawa shogunate B)Meiji Constitution adopted C)arrival of Commodore Perry in the capital D)the Boxer Rebellion E)the 1908 annexation of Korea

In 1800,the Qing or Manchu dynasty was at the lowest point of its power.

Hong Xiuquan claimed to be the younger brother of Jesus Christ.

In the 1890s,the Boxers expelled the Russians and the Germans from the Liaodong and Shandong peninsulas,but failed to drive Britain from Hong Kong.

Footbinding in China was practiced exclusively among upper-class women who did not have to perform physical labor.

By the beginning of the nineteenth century,the practice of foot-binding had completely been eradicated in China.

In 1868,the Meiji shogunate replaced the long ruling Tokugawa shogunate.

In spite of the democratic form of Japan's Constitution of 1890,the nation remained under the control of a ruling oligarchy.

As a result of the Chinese-Japanese War of 1894,Japan replaced China as the paramount power in Vietnam.

Japanese industrial development in the late nineteenth century was accomplished without significant government involvement.

Unlike women in Europe and the United States,Japanese women did not tend to take up out-of-home employment prior to World War I.