Quiz 26: East and West in the Grip of the Cold War

Why did the Grand Alliance,and the Yalta System it spawned,come apart so quickly after the Japanese surrender? Could it have succeeded,or at least lasted longer,if Roosevelt had lived? Why or why not?

Was Churchill's phrase,"the Iron Curtain," an accurate reflection of the actual state of relations between East and West in 1946? Why and/or why not? Did Churchill's words contribute to the polarization of East and West?

To what degree was the escalating U.S.-Soviet tension in Europe the result of excessively defensive fears in the minds of Truman and Stalin? Why? What other factors were also involved in the moves of the "superpowers" and their allies and clients?

Was the Cold War inevitable? Why and or why not?

What were the factors which led to the Chinese communist victory over the Nationalists? Was Mao Zedong's triumph over Chiang inevitable? Why or why not?

What were the factors which led to the success of the Marshall Plan? Could such massive economic aid work equally well in other places and other times? Why or why not?

What role did the personalities,philosophies,and ambitions of individual political leaders play in the Cold War? Give specific examples.

Was the Cuban Missile Crisis a turning point in the Cold War? Why or why not?

Was Afghanistan the Soviet Union's "Vietnam"? Why and/or why not?

What role did Germany in general and Berlin in particular,play in the evolution of the Cold War? Include in the discussion historical,ideological,and geographical factors.

Did the fear of nuclear annihilation and the incredible cost of the United States' military buildup of the 1980s help to make the Cold War too ghastly to contemplate and,simultaneously,too expensive for either side to continue? Give evidence in support of your answer.

In assessing the end of the Cold War,who contributed the most to the fall of the Soviet Union,Ronald Reagan or Mikhail Gorbachev,and how?

Describe and evaluate China's relations with both Russia and the U.S.during the Cold War.To what extent did the personalities of the leaders of these countries play a role in determining international politics during this era?

How significant were the Polish and Hungarian independence movements during the course of the Cold War? What does the Russian response to these movements tell us about the limits of Russian power during this period?

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Yalta Conference

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Winston Churchill's "Iron Curtain"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Greek civil war

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Truman Doctrine

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). George Kennan and "containment"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). zones of occupation in Germany

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Berlin Blockade and the Berlin Airlift

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). German Federal and German Democratic republics/GFR and GDR

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). North Atlantic Treaty Organization/NATO

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Warsaw Pact

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Chinese Civil War

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Chiang Kai-shek

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Mao Zedong

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). People's Liberation Army (PLA)and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Marshall mission to China

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Taiwan

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "soft on communism"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Korean War

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). 38^th parallel

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Douglas MacArthur and the Yalu River and Chinese "volunteers"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Indochina conflict(s)

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Ho Chi Minh and the Vietminh Front

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Geneva Conference,1954

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). 17^th parallel

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Republic of Vietnam and Democratic Republic of Vietnam

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Nikita Khrushchev and "peaceful coexistence"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). 1956 uprisings in Poland and Hungary

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Khrushchev and "different roads to socialism"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). ICBMs

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). cultural exchange program

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Third World

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Fidel Castro and the "Bay of Pigs"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). John Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis and the "hotline"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Vietcong

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Lyndon Johnson and the Vietnam War

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). 1968 Tet offensive

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Richard Nixon's visit to China

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Brezhnev Doctrine

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). 1968 Prague Spring

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Berlin Wall

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). détente

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). ABM Treaty/SALT I

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "equivalence"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). 1975 Helsinki Agreement

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Afghanistan,the "Soviet Vietnam"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). "Vietnam syndrome"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Ronald Reagan and the "evil empire"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). the Strategic Defense Initiative/"Star Wars"

Instructions: Identify the following term(s). Nicarauga,the Sandinistas and the Contras

The eastern European nation that defied Stalin's attempt to occupy it after the war was A)Vichy under Petain. B)Finland under Ulbricht. C)Poland under Yaruzelski. D)Yugoslavia under Tito. E)Germany under Petain.

Churchill's March,1946,speech stated that A)British troops had preemptively seized the Iranian oil fields. B)Britain was on the verge of financial collapse. C)an "iron curtain" had "descended across the Continent." D)Mao Zedong could not be trusted to keep the peace. E)war with the Soviet Union would take place shortly.

Josip Tito A)had attended Peking University with Mao Zedong. B)devised a decentralized variety of Communism,different from "Stalinism." C)was defeated in his attempt to become Prime Minister of Yugoslavia as the result of American campaigning against socialist or communist leaders. D)was part of the government-in-exile during the war. E)was an ally of Joseph Stalin in the latter's attempt to crush the Serbs.

The Yalta System A)in spite of some diplomatic turmoil,remained essentially unchanged,and successful,until the outbreak of the Korean War in mid-1950. B)was immediately strained by major differences about the future of central Europe. C)was fatally weakened by the United States' occupation of Bavaria,which Stalin denounced as a "calculated provocation." D)was probably never a "real" system,as the presumption of future mutuality of goals and procedures probably lasted only a few months after the German surrender. E)both b and d

The Truman Doctrine A)involved direct Soviet economic aid to Greece and Turkey. B)stated that the United States would provide aid for any nation that was being threatened by communist subversion. C)was the basis for substantial United States aid to India and Iran. D)tolerated a limited expansion of Communist control over areas of the Middle East. E)was to be a non-political attempt to advance free governments in North Africa.

Before mid-1948,the United States had A)broken with its foreign policy traditions by pledging large amounts of economic aid to assist nations threatened by Fascism. B)sent over 200,000 soldiers to Vietnam and Malaya to back French and British troops against Communist movements. C)sent General Marshall to China to arrange a Guomindong-Communist coalition. D)withdrawn completely from any involvement in Europe's affairs. E)announced that it had destroyed all of its nuclear weapons.

The European Recovery Program was better known as the A)Five Point Program. B)Stillman Plan. C)Acheson Plan. D)European Community. E)Marshall Plan.

Soviet reactions to the Marshall Plan included A)military occupation of Finland and Denmark. B)direct participation in its aid benefits. C)the creation of a program of competitive financial aid to East Asia. D)the view that the plan was an effort by the United States at imperialist domination of Europe. E)a new policy of international cooperation.

What foreign policy strategy did George Kennan advocate in a 1947 Foreign Affairs article? A)passive aggression B)synergetic harmonization C)containment D)empiricism E)isolationism

Events causing Stalin to become uneasy about United States intentions between 1945 and 1950 included A)the provision of American economic and military aid to the Ukraine. B)the stationing of United States ground forces in Finland and Iraq. C)plans to merge the American,British and French occupation zones in Germany into a West German republic. D)the ban on Soviet participation in the European Recovery Program. E)the American threat to use atomic weapons the Middle East.

All of the following are true about the Berlin Airlift except A)it was accompanied by a publicly stated American threat to use atomic weapons on Moscow if Soviet planes attacked allied aircraft. B)it was a result of Stalin's effort to prevent the creation of a separate West German state. C)it resulted in an increase of tension between the superpowers. D)it provided Berlin with daily supplies. E)it did not block the separation of Germany into two states in 1949.

The treaty of 1949 between the United States,Canada,Belgium,Luxembourg,France,Britain,the Netherlands,Italy,Denmark,Norway,Portugal,and Iceland created the military alliance known as A)the Warsaw Pact. B)NATO. C)COMECON. D)SEATO. E)CENTO.

Soviet actions to balance Western initiatives,and unite,protect and develop its zone of influence in Europe included A)the secret treaty with France,made in 1949 and publicized only in 1959,to share military alliance information in times of international stress caused by America. B)the creation of the Warsaw Pact,which created a trade zone in eastern Europe. C)the creation of the German Federal Republic in 1949. D)the development of the Warsaw Pact as a military balance to NATO. E)a treaty with Turkey and Greece guaranteeing their boundaries against attacks by Yugoslavia.

In reviewing the origins of the Cold War,the text A)remarked on the unusual nature of intense competition between two societies so heavily influenced by Western civilization. B)supports the view of many revisionist historians that United States policies drove Stalin to adopt a hostile view of the West. C)states that both nations were working within a framework conditioned by the past,from their different historical perspective and their irreconcilable political ambitions. D)proposes the Cold War actually originated in East Asia. E)blames the British Labour government for manipulating America into an anti-Soviet policy.

At the outset of the Chinese civil war,what did Josef Stalin do? A)He trusted and admired the independent-minded communist leader Mao Zedong. B)He did not expect a communist victory. C)He sent troops to aid the communist faction. D)He supported Chiang Kai-shek. E)He agreed to bomb Chinese border towns.

Between the mid-1930s and the end of World War II, A)Chiang Kai-shek finally obtained a firm grip on all but northwest China,and implemented a "crash program" of modernization,which won peasant support. B)the Chinese Communists steadily increased their power in the north until,by 1945,between twenty and thirty million people were under their control. C)Japan made peace with Chiang in 1940,joining him in a war against Mao's Communists. D)Mao Zedong married Chiang's daughter,which reunited China until the late 1950s. E)the Chinese Communist party changed its focus from organizing peasants to winning over the middle class city dwellers and the large bankers in Shanghai.

The Chinese Civil War A)lasted for fourteen years,from its beginning with the capture of Bao Dai by the Guomindang in 1936 until the victory of the People's Liberation Army in 1950. B)became a factor in United States domestic politics after Mao's victory over the Nationalists. C)ended in a truce brokered by General Marshall,who created a coalition government in China. D)was lost,according to the Truman administration,because of the incapacity of Sun Yat-sen's government and army. E)ended with Mao's capture of Taiwan.

Factors weakening Chiang Kai-shek during the Civil War included A)middle class indifference toward his regime because of its refusal to provide them with lucrative government jobs. B)peasant enthusiasm to Mao's promises to give land to the peasants. C)the refusal of the United States to give even limited military support to the Nationalist armies. D)the fact that 85,000 former Japanese occupation troops were fighting in his army and elite Japanese units formed his bodyguard. E)Chiang's alliance with Japan during World War II.

Tibet A)had been controlled by Russia from the mid-1800s until 1953,when it was given its independence. B)was "invaded," or "reoccupied" by China in 1950. C)was feared by Britain because of its militantly aggressive actions in Kashmir and the Punjab in the 1940s. D)was the only Sunni Muslim society in the region. E)staged an unsuccessful,Comintern-inspired revolution in 1953.

Which island was increasingly seen by United States as a crucial element in American defense strategy in the Pacific during the winter of 1949-1950? A)Oahu B)Hong Kong C)Taiwan D)Sakhalin E)Hainan.

The original objective of the Allied division of Korea in 1945 was to A)protect American and Japanese troops in Manchuria. B)create two independent,separate nations on the peninsula. C)create a Communist north and an anti-Communist south. D)establish a reunified,independent nation on the peninsula after reestablishing order. E)establish a permanent Soviet-American presence on the Korean peninsula.

The Korean War A)was fought by a United Nations force composed mainly of South Korean and United States troops against North Korean forces and,after late 1950,Chinese "volunteers." B)began only five months after the Soviet and American governments had established a new,unified government there and withdrawn their armies of occupation. C)was caused by domestic disagreements between Korean factions in the south. D)involved large numbers of Chinese troops after United Nations air forces bombed Manchuria. E)was finally won when 250,000 American troops captured the North Korean capital after a four month siege.

United States foreign policy during the Korean War period A)was unable to get formal United Nations support for South Korea when invaded in June 1950. B)reluctantly supported the modified and limited return of 30,000 Japanese troops to the Korean peninsula to help rebuff North Korean forces. C)became more determined to block Western contact with the Chinese government. D)provided support for the invasion of the Chinese mainland by Nationalist forces from Taiwan. E)saw the creation of an alliance with Soviet Russia to restrain Mao Zedong's ambitions.

The views of the United States government during the Korean War A)remained contradictory,as the president wanted to attack China directly while General MacArthur urged extreme caution in order not inadvertently to start a nuclear war. B)caused it to send over 1,500,000 troops to Korea,refusing to use Japanese troops. C)changed dramatically,as it entered the war in a "police" role but,by 1952,was preparing to use tactical nuclear weapons. D)came to the widely accepted conclusion that the United Nations did not have a legitimate role. E)caused it to decide to isolate China from contact with other powers,forcing China to rely on the Soviet Union for support after 1950.

The fighting in Indochina between 1946 and 1953 A)was between French troops and an alliance of Vietminh Front,Japanese,and Korean forces. B)saw France agree to a negotiated peace after French public opinion tired of the "dirty war." C)was conducted as an anti-imperialist war by an alliance of nationalist groups led by Deng Xiaoping,leader of the Indochinese Liberation Party. D)led to the permanent defeat of the communist military forces. E)was ended with the use of atomic weapons by the French.

Ho Chi Minh A)was Mao Zedong's only major rival for leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. B)had concluded an agreement for Vietnamese independence in 1946 with the French,but then became engaged in a civil war against militant Buddhists. C)led a multiparty coalition in an anti-colonialist struggle against the French in the 1940s and early 1950s. D)sought exile in China after his defeat in Vietnam in 1954. E)became a democratic politician in North Viet Nam.

In the 1950s unrest in Eastern Europe against Soviet led communist rule occurred in all of the following nations except A)Hungary. B)East Germany. C)Poland. D)Czechoslovakia. E)a and c

Which of the following was not a consequence of the French defeat in the Indochina war of 1954? A)Vietnam was divided into a communist north and a non-communist south. B)A demilitarized zone separated the two parts of Vietnam. C)Cambodia and Laos were declared independent states. D)French forces withdrew from Vietnam,Cambodia,and Laos. E)China opposed the peace terms claiming long-standing Chinese territorial rights in Vietnam.

Wladyslaw Gomulka was successful in curbing Russian dominance and instituting domestic reforms during the 1950s in which East European country? A)Poland B)Hungary C)East Germany D)Romania E)Bulgaria

What did the events of 1956 in Eastern Europe teach Russian government officials? A)That the U.S.would use force in defending anti-communist movements. B)That they had to grant leeway for the adoption of some domestic reforms inside East European countries. C)That there was only one road to Socialism. D)That national independence for Eastern European countries was inevitable. E)That Eastern Europe would unite into a politically unified state with or without Russian support.

Which of the following statements about the Cold War is false? In the late 1950s, A)Krushchev visited the U.S.and had a friendly encounter with President Eisenhower. B)Leningrad's famous Kirov Ballet appeared in theatres in the U.S. C)the film West Side Story played in Moscow. D)Krushchev demanded the withdrawal of all Western troops from Berlin E)the Berlin Wall was built.

Who initiated the term "peaceful coexistence"? A)Mao Zedong. B)John Kennedy. C)Nikita Khrushchev. D)Fidel Castro. E)Richard Nixon.

The Brezhnev Doctrine A)promised Soviet support for the "Prague Spring" reformers. B)demanded that the Berlin Wall be dismantled. C)threatened the People's Republic of China with nuclear war. D)was a warning to other communist states to follow the path of Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy. E)promised to respect human rights in exchange for the recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe.

The Cuban Missile Crisis A)was the first major Mexican-Cuban crisis. B)was a direct attempt by the United States to remove Fidel Castro from power. C)was a direct attempt by the Soviet Union to launch a nuclear attack on America. D)brought the world to the brink of nuclear war,but,eventually,produced a lessening of Cold War tension between the superpowers. E)caused several military confrontations between the superpowers in world "hot zones."

In the Cuban Missile Crisis, A)the Soviet Union decided to send nuclear weapons to Cuba in 1962. B)Turkey threatened to have the United States destroy Cuba if the Soviets attacked Turkey. C)the United States president threatened to shoot down any Soviet planes bringing nuclear weapons to Cuba and announced a total "air blockade." D)President Johnson sent American troops to Cuba. E)Fidel Castro was exiled to Monte Carlo.

The "Kitchen Debate" A)occurred in New Delhi in 1961. B)was between Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev and in the Soviet Union during a cultural exchange event. C)was between Leonid Brezhnev and Dwight Eisenhower at Disneyland in 1957. D)was the first "capitalist" show on Soviet television. E)was the first "communist" show on Western television.

The Sino-Soviet dispute A)was rooted in a struggle between the Chinese and the Soviets for control of Tibet. B)was aggravated by the lack of Soviet support for Chinese efforts to reclaim Taiwan. C)bore no relationship to the level of Soviet economic assistance to China. D)saw Mao describe China as the international leader of industrialized nations. E)produced a Soviet invasion of China in 1965.

In the 1950s and 1960s what happened to the relationship between the Soviet Union and Mao Zedong's China? A)It remained unchanged. B)It was altered by the Soviet Union's increased interest in increasing world tensions,especially with the militarily dangerous United Nations. C)It was weakened by Mao Zedong's belief that,after Stalin's death,Mao's status as the most experienced Marxist ruler should make him the leading socialist. D)It was destroyed by Mao's threat to occupy southeastern Siberia if the Soviet government continued to make,test,and store nuclear weapons there. E)It improved because of a joint fear of the United States' ambitions in South Asia.

As a result of the American opening to China, A)joint pressure was applied to ease Indian troops out of Sri Lanka. B)the two sides agreed to set aside their differences over Taiwan. C)the Chinese and Americans officially broke relations with the Soviet Union. D)the United States rejected the concept of the reunification of Taiwan with the mainland. E)cooperation between America and China,for the purpose of curtailing Soviet Asian encroachment,disappeared.

Warfare resumed in Vietnam in 1959 because A)of the Afghan invasion of Kazakhstan. B)Ho Chi Minh rejected the Geneva Accords. C)the United States,fearful of a communist victory in the elections agreed to at Geneva,had ignored the Geneva Accords and aided the South Vietnamese government. D)Ngo Dinh Diem began a Communist takeover of South Vietnam. E)of the Chinese communist invasion of nearby Cambodia.

Lyndon Johnson sent more American troops to South Vietnam because A)he wanted to stop the South Vietnamese policy of giving free land to the peasants. B)he believed that the combined forces of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese army would have taken over all of Vietnam if he hadn't. C)he wanted to conquer all of Vietnam. D)he planned to establish Vietnam as a staging point for an American military onslaught into China. E)he viewed all of Vietnam as the perfect target for a final Cold War nuclear confrontation.

After a peace treaty was signed in Paris in 1973 to end the Second Indochinese War, A)President Johnson decided to escalate the fighting in nearby Laos. B)North and South Vietnam settled their differences peacefully. C)America took control of all of Vietnam. D)North Vietnam couldn't reach a political accord with South Vietnam,and finally attacked and defeated the south two years later. E)the United States elected Richard Nixon to be its new president.

All of the following are true about the Vietnam or Second Indochinese War except A)it was the second major conflict there since the end of World War II. B)the role of nationalism was highly significant in the conflict. C)Lyndon Johnson significantly increased American involvement in the conflict. D)the United States failed to achieve its ultimate objective in the war. E)the war was the second American victory on the Asian mainland since 1942.

All of the following occurred during the 1960s and 1970s except A)a major war broke out in Afghanistan between India and Pakistan. B)Sino-American relations ultimately improved sufficiently during the 1970s to enable the two countries to establish formal diplomatic relations in 1979. C)in 1973 a peace treaty supposedly ended the Second Indochinese War. D)after an uneven start,the Brezhnev-Kosygin regime seemed to offer at least limited possibilities for arms control. E)the United States and the USSR signed the Antiballistic Missile Treaty in 1972.

The concept or policy of "equivalence" referred to A)maintaining world caloric intake,per adult,at an average of 1700 calories per day. B)maintaining a rough military parity on the part of the superpowers to avoid a catastrophic nuclear confrontation. C)establishing tonnage targets to reduce the size of the United States and Soviet navies. D)equivalent national representation in the United Nations. E)the American policy of balance between the Soviet Union and Communist China.

The term "Evil Empire" referred to the A)the Soviet Union. B)Chinese government. C)United States in the rhetoric of Iran's revolutionary Islamic regime. D)Sandinista regime in Nicaragua. E)French government,as unofficially characterized by President Jimmy Carter.

The 1975 accord that recognized all central and eastern European borders that had been established since the end of World War II,and committed the signers to the human rights of its citizens,was the A)Stuttgart Memorandum. B)Geneva Agreement. C)Helsinki Agreement. D)Vienna Agreement. E)Tashkent Agreement.

Under Ronald Reagan,the United States was able to help sustain a Vietnam-like war that long embroiled Soviet forces in A)Angola. B)Uzbekistan. C)Turkmenistan. D)Kazakhstan. E)Afghanistan.

The expression "new world order" refers to the optimistic hopes and expectations that resulted from the end of A)World War II. B)the Korean War. C)the Second Vietnam War. D)the Cold War. E)Star Wars.

The term 'Iron Curtain' was first used by Nikita Krushchev.

The civil war in Poland between communists and democrats led to the Truman Doctrine in 1947.

The Marshall Plan was a military alliance directed against Soviet aggression.

The creation of the Warsaw Pact was a direct consequence of the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The Geneva Conference of 1954 divided Vietnam at the 17^th parallel but envisioned unification elections would be held by 1956.

In spite of President Eisenhower's promise in the 1950s to "roll back" communism,in reality United States officials realized that any intervention in Eastern Europe could lead to nuclear war.

Communist China sent Chinese troops to assist Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Cong in the Second Indochina War.

By aiding the Afghanistan resistance to the Soviet Union,United States helped maintain a Vietnam-like war that kept the Soviets bogged down in its own quagmire.

"Star Wars" was John F.Kennedy's plan to send men to the moon by the end of the 1960s.

The "Vietnam syndrome" refers to the American public's fear of becoming involved in another Vietnam-type war.