Question 1

Which of the following are the four key processes in observational learning?
A) Attention; retrieval; retention; and motivation
B) Acceptance; retention; reproduction; and motivation
C) Attention; retention; reproduction; and motivation
D) Attention; recognition; repetition; and motivation

Accepted Answer

The four key processes in observational learning are attention (paying attention to the model), retention (remembering what was observed), reproduction (being able to reproduce the observed behavior), and motivation (having a reason or incentive to reproduce the observed behavior). Choice C is the only option that includes all four of these processes.

Question 2

Ted is a "workaholic;" he works 15 hours a day and never has time to spend with his family or on things he enjoys. Which of the following is a cognitive explanation of Ted's behaviour?
A) Ted is imitating the behaviour of his hard-working father
B) Ted believes he must excel in everything he does
C) Ted is actually afraid of getting close to others
D) Ted lacks the assertiveness to stand up to his boss's demands

Accepted Answer

Ted's behaviour is driven by a belief that he must excel in everything he does, leading him to work excessively and neglect other aspects of his life.

Question 3

What do Bandura's self-control therapies aim to improve?
A) Self-observation
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-worth
D) Self-introspection and awareness

Accepted Answer

Bandura's self-control therapies aim to improve self-efficacy, or one's belief in their ability to control their behavior and achieve their goals.

Question 4

The famous Bobo dolls study was conducted by which Canadian researcher?
A) Melzack
B) Meichenbaum
C) Bandura
D) Skinner

Accepted Answer

The Bobo dolls study was conducted by Canadian researcher Albert Bandura in 1961.

Question 5

__________ is the pioneer who developed systematic desensitization.
A) Albert Bandura
B) Joseph Wolpe
C) Teodor Ayllon
D) O. Hobart Mowrer

Accepted Answer

Joseph Wolpe is the pioneer who developed systematic desensitization.

Question 6

What did Bandura and colleague's (1961) classic Bobo doll study show?
A) Children would imitate the aggression towards the doll that was displayed by a model.
B) Children would try and comfort the doll.
C) Children would be aggressive towards the adult model.
D) Children would be emotionally distressed by seeing the adult be aggressive towards the doll.

Accepted Answer

Bandura and colleagues' (1961) classic Bobo doll study showed that children would imitate the aggression towards the doll that was displayed by a model. The study demonstrated that individuals learn from observing others' behavior and that social learning plays a significant role in the development of behavior.

Question 7

The influential social learning theory was conceived by ________________.
A) Bandura
B) Freud
C) Skinner
D) Maslow

Accepted Answer

Social learning theory was developed by psychologist Albert Bandura in the 1960s. The theory emphasizes the role of observational learning and modeling in the acquisition and retention of behavior.

Question 8

In an effort to quit drinking, Todd is instructed to imagine experiencing nausea whenever he has the urge to drink, or when he envisions himself picking up a drink. This is an illustration of:
A) Relaxation training
B) Aversive conditioning
C) Assertiveness training
D) Exposure

Accepted Answer

This is an example of aversive conditioning because Todd is being taught to associate negative feelings (nausea) with the behavior he wants to eliminate (drinking).

Question 9

Martha was trained in relaxation methods, and then practiced imagining feared situations while relaxed. This illustrates:
A) In vivo exposure
B) Biofeedback
C) Systematic desensitization
D) Imaginal exposure

Accepted Answer

Martha's training and practice of imagining feared situations while relaxed indicates the use of systematic desensitization, a type of therapy that pairs relaxation techniques with exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli. This helps to gradually reduce the fear response and anxiety associated with those situations.

Question 10

. What was the primary factor contributing to Canadian prima ballerina Karen Kain's depression?
A) Injuries
B) Anorexia nervosa
C) Perfectionistic standards
D) Performance anxiety

Accepted Answer

Karen Kain's depression was primarily caused by her perfectionistic standards, as she felt immense pressure to always give a flawless performance and felt like she was never good enough.

Question 11

Joan tends to see everything on the 'bright side.' That is, she rarely feels that negative events occur to her. According to the cognitive perspective, Joan's tendency to see things positively represents her
A) schema.
B) discriminative stimulus.
C) fixation.
D) conditioned response.

Accepted Answer

Joan's tendency to see things positively reflects her cognitive schema, which is her organized system of beliefs, values, and expectations. This schema influences how she perceives and interprets events, leading her to consistently focus on the positive aspects of her experiences.

Question 12

Rational-emotive behaviour therapy primarily focuses on
A) changing irrational behaviour.
B) changing behaviour associated with irrational ideas.
C) changing the ability to relax.
D) changing irrational beliefs.

Accepted Answer

Rational-emotive behaviour therapy (REBT) primarily focuses on changing irrational beliefs, which is the "R" in the acronym REBT. While this may also lead to changes in behaviour, the primary target is the underlying beliefs and attitudes that are causing the irrational behaviour. REBT emphasizes the role of thoughts in determining emotions and behaviour, and aims to help individuals identify and change irrational beliefs that may be contributing to negative emotions or maladaptive behaviours.

Question 13

One difficulty with the cognitive paradigm is
A) the origins of disordered cognitions are not explained.
B) too great a focus on the causes of disorders, at the expense of treatment.
C) it is overly reductionistic, relying solely on thoughts to explain behaviour.
D) despite its early promise, it has had little influence on the actual practice and research of psychologists.

Accepted Answer

While the cognitive paradigm has been influential in our understanding of psychological disorders, it has not provided a clear explanation for the origins of disordered cognitions. This limits its ability to develop effective treatments for these disorders.

Question 14

What paradigm was used by the therapist in the following example? Joan was fired from her job, and her therapist attempted to help her see that this was not terrible, and that being fired may not mean she was a bad person.
A) Learning paradigm
B) Psychoanalytic paradigm
C) Cognitive paradigm
D) Existential paradigm

Accepted Answer

The therapist is using the cognitive paradigm by attempting to change Joan's thoughts and beliefs about being fired from her job. The therapist is helping Joan reframe her thoughts about being fired and challenging any negative beliefs she may have about herself related to the event.

Question 15

Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura is well-known for his studies on:
A) Modelling
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-regulation
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Bandura is known for his work on all three of these topics: modelling (observing and imitating others' behavior), self-efficacy (belief in one's own ability to perform a task), and self-regulation (the ability to monitor and control one's own behavior and emotions).

Question 16

The cognitive-behavioural model for panic disorder proposed by Carter et al. (2008) suggests that:
A) Catastrophic cognitions are the root of the disorder
B) Catastrophic cognitions are the result of searching for safety cues
C) Escape behaviours precede catastrophic cognitions
D) Escape behaviours do not influence cognitions

Accepted Answer

The cognitive-behavioural model proposes that panic disorder is initiated by catastrophic cognitions, which are exaggerated interpretations of bodily sensations. These cognitions are seen as the root of the disorder, as they lead to behaviours intended to avoid these sensations, maintaining the cycle of panic.

Question 17

In his early career, Dr. Albert Bandura focussed on__________, while in his later years, he focussed on__________.
A) self-regulation; instrumental learning
B) classical conditioning; operant conditioning
C) social learning; self-efficacy
D) cognitive therapy; behaviour therapy

Accepted Answer

In his early career, Dr. Albert Bandura focused on social learning, while in his later years, he focused on self-efficacy.

Question 18

Behavioural and cognitive theorists differ in their emphasis on
A) events versus interpretations of events.
B) feelings versus thoughts.
C) reinforcement versus free-will.
D) childhood experiences versus current events.

Accepted Answer

Behavioural theorists focus on external events and how they shape behaviour, while cognitive theorists emphasize the interpretation and meaning an individual assigns to those events.

Question 19

As part of treatment for a fetish, Ted is instructed to masturbate for an extended period before ejaculation while fantasizing about sexual activity aside from the fetish object. The goal of treatment was to ultimately pair arousal with a different stimulus than the fetish object. This is an illustration of what behavioural technique?
A) Counterconditioning
B) Backward chaining
C) Exposure
D) Biofeedback

Accepted Answer

This is an example of counterconditioning, where a new response (arousal to a different stimulus) is conditioned to replace an existing response (arousal to the fetish object).

Question 20

Which paradigm argues that people interpret events selectively, and experience emotions based upon those interpretations?
A) Psychoanalytic paradigm
B) Cognitive paradigm
C) Behavioural paradigm
D) Diathesis-stress paradigm

Accepted Answer

The cognitive paradigm argues that people interpret events selectively, and experience emotions based upon those interpretations.

Quiz 2: Current Paradigms and Integrative Approaches

Which of the following are the four key processes in observational learning?

Ted is a "workaholic;" he works 15 hours a day and never has time to spend with his family or on things he enjoys. Which of the following is a cognitive explanation of Ted's behaviour?

What do Bandura's self-control therapies aim to improve?

The famous Bobo dolls study was conducted by which Canadian researcher?

__________ is the pioneer who developed systematic desensitization.

What did Bandura and colleague's (1961) classic Bobo doll study show?

The influential social learning theory was conceived by ________________.

In an effort to quit drinking, Todd is instructed to imagine experiencing nausea whenever he has the urge to drink, or when he envisions himself picking up a drink. This is an illustration of:

Martha was trained in relaxation methods, and then practiced imagining feared situations while relaxed. This illustrates:

. What was the primary factor contributing to Canadian prima ballerina Karen Kain's depression?

Joan tends to see everything on the 'bright side.' That is, she rarely feels that negative events occur to her. According to the cognitive perspective, Joan's tendency to see things positively represents her

Rational-emotive behaviour therapy primarily focuses on

One difficulty with the cognitive paradigm is

What paradigm was used by the therapist in the following example? Joan was fired from her job, and her therapist attempted to help her see that this was not terrible, and that being fired may not mean she was a bad person.

Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura is well-known for his studies on:

The cognitive-behavioural model for panic disorder proposed by Carter et al. (2008) suggests that:

In his early career, Dr. Albert Bandura focussed on, while in his later years, he focussed on.

Behavioural and cognitive theorists differ in their emphasis on

Which paradigm argues that people interpret events selectively, and experience emotions based upon those interpretations?