Quiz 9: Nervous System

Astrocytes provide structural support in the nervous system.

Interneurons are specialized to carry impulses from peripheral receptors into the brain or spinal cord.

Nodes of Ranvier connect adjacent neurons.

A synapse is the functional connection between two neurons.

A nerve is a single neuron.

The subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid.

The gray commissure of the spinal cord surrounds the central canal.

If fibers in an ascending tract of the spinal cord are cut, the affected person will have a loss of motor functions below the injury.

Cell bodies of motor neurons are located in the anterior horns of the spinal cord.

The arbor vitae is part ofthe cerebrum.

Brain damage to the temporal lobe, where recent memory is processed, can result in the inability to form long-term memory.

Sympathetic tone is defined as ongoing stimulation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, which results in partial constriction.

An action potential is an all-or-none response.

A neuron may release more than one type of neurotransmitter.

Afferent neurons bring sensory information into the central nervous system.

Efferent neurons carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors.

Most nerves of the body are mixed nerves.

Sensory nerves carry information to effectors.

The butterfly shape seen in a cross section of the spinal cord is composed of white matter.

Cranial nerves connect the brain only to head and neck regions; spinal nerves connect to all regions below the neck.

The olfactory nerves and optic nerves are mixed nerves.

The peripheral nervous system includes sensory and motor divisions.

Destruction of astrocytes would decrease the rate at which action potentials are transmitted. A) Astrocyte B) Oligodendrocyte C) Ependymal cell D) Neuron E) Microglial cell

What is the simplest nerve pathway in the body called? A) A reflex arc B) An effector route C) A reception path D) An output relay

What is the first component of a reflex arc? A) Effector B) Receptor C) Central nervous system D) Interneuron

What cells form myelin in the central nervous system? A) Schwann cells B) Oligodendrocytes C) Astrocytes D) Microglial cells E) Ependymal cells

Which of the following are the cellular processesof neurons that provide receptive surfaces for input from other neurons? A) Neurofibrils B) Nissl fibers C) Axons D) Dendrites E) Nuclei

Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear as what color in the central nervous system? A) White B) Gray C) Brown D) Transparent E) Red

Ischemic cell damage is caused by a lack of blood flow, which deprives cells of __________. A) sodium ions B) potassium ions C) oxygen D) carbon dioxide E) chloride ions

Why are an infant's responses to stimuli coarse and undifferentiated? A) Nerve fibers have not yet developed. B) Nerve fibers are not yet capable of action potentials. C) Nerve fibers have not yet developed connections to the brain. D) Nerve fibers are not completely myelinated. E) Nerve fibers cannot release neurotransmitter.

What is the relative distrubution of sodium and potassium ions across a neuronal membrane? A) Sodium and potassium ions are both at higher concentration on the inside of the cell. B) Sodium and potassium ions are both at higher concentration on the outside of the cell. C) The sodium ion concentrationis higher on the inside of the cell and potassium ion concentration ishigher on the outside of the cell. D) The sodium ion concentrationis higher on the outside of the cell and potassium ion concentration ishigher on the inside of the cell. E) The concentrations of sodium and potassium ions are both equal inside and outside of the cell.

During an action potential, what occurs that results in depolarization? A) Potassium ions diffuse to the outside of the cell membrane. B) Potassium ions diffuse to the inside of the cell membrane. C) Sodium ions diffuse to the outside of the cell membrane. D) Sodium ions diffuse to the inside of the cell membrane.

During an action potential, what occurs that results in repolarization? A) Potassium ions diffuse to the outside of the cell membrane. B) Potassium ions diffuse to the inside of the cell membrane. C) Sodium ions diffuse to the outside of the cell membrane. D) Sodium ions diffuse to the inside of the cell membrane.

Due to repeated stimulation, a neuron will increase its release of neurotransmitters in response to a nerve impulse. What is this called? A) Facilitation B) Amplification C) Convergence D) Divergence E) Inhibitation

What is the correct sequence of the parts of a reflex arc? A) Receptor, motor neuron, sensory neuron, interneuron, effector B) Effector, receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron C) Effector, sensory neuron, receptor, motor neuron, interneuron D) Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector E) Receptor, interneuron, effector, sensory neuron, motor neuron

Where can cerebrospinal fluid be found? A) In the brain tissue B) In the subdural space C) In the epidural space D) In the subarachnoid space

In the case of a subdural hematoma (blood accumulation) resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between what two structures? A) Dura mater and bone of the skull B) Dura mater and arachnoid mater C) Pia mater and brain D) Arachnoid mater and pia mater E) In the subarachnoid space

The pressure of cerebrospinal fluid is usually measured by introducing a hollow needle between lumbar vertebrae into the __________. A) dura mater B) pia mater C) arachnoid mater D) subarachnoid space E) epidural space

In what direction does the spinothalamic tract conduct impulses? A) From the thalamus to the cerebral cortex B) Up the spinal cord to the thalamus C) Down the spinal cord from the thalamus D) From the thalamus to the cerebellum E) Between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

What part of the brain coordinates voluntary muscle movements? A) Cerebrum B) Medulla oblongata C) Cerebellum D) Corpus callosum E) Midbrain

What structure is a part of the diencephalon? A) Thalamus B) Cerebral aqueduct C) Cerebral peduncles D) Frontal lobe E) Pons

What structure is a complex network of tiny islands of gray matter in the brain that "awakens" the cerebral cortex? A) Dentate nucleus B) Reticular formation C) Limbic system D) Corpora quadrigemina E) Cerebellum

Where are the cardiac and vasomotor centers located? A) Pons B) Medulla oblongata C) Cerebellum D) Frontal lobe E) Thalamus

The phrenic nerve arises from which plexus? A) Cervical plexus B) Brachial plexus C) Lumbar plexus D) Sacral plexus

The respiratory areas are in the pons and in the __________. A) thalamus B) cerebrum C) midbrain D) medulla oblongata E) cerebellum

Which of the following are adrenergic fibers? A) Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers B) Sympathetic postganglionic fibers C) Parasympathetic preganglionic fibers D) Sympathetic preganglionic fibers E) Motor fibers to skeletal muscle

What converts environmental information into impulses that are then conducted to the central nervous system? A) Sensory receptors B) Motor nerves C) Effectors D) Neuroglia E) Myelin

When ten or more pre-synaptic neurons conduct impulses to five or fewer post-synaptic neurons, the conduction pattern is said to be __________. A) divergent B) emergent C) hyperpolarizing D) convergent

What are the two major cell types found in nervous tissue? A) Neurons and neuroglia B) Dendrites and axons C) Neurons and effectors D) Astrocytes and Schwann cells E) Neurons and nerves

What branch of the peripheral nervous system controls skeletal muscle? A) Visceral branch B) Autonomic branch C) Somatic branch D) Sensory branch E) Receptor branch

Which glial cells are found in the central nervous system and function to phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris? A) Astrocytes B) Ependymalcells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Microglia E) Schwann cells

Which glial cells form the insulating myelin sheath around axons of the central nervous system? A) Astrocytes B) Ependymalcells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Microglia E) Schwann cells

Which glial cells provide structural support between neurons and blood vessels, have numerous processes, and help regulate extracellular nutrient and ion concentrations? A) Astrocytes B) Ependymalcells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Microglia E) Schwann cells

Which glial cells form an epithelial-like membrane that lines the enclosed spaces of the brain and spinal cord? A) Astrocytes B) Ependymalcells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Microglia E) Schwann cells

Which glial cells produce the myelin sheath on neurons of the peripheral nervous system? A) Astrocytes B) Ependymalcells C) Oligodendrocytes D) Microglia E) Schwann cells

What is the structure called that is a branch-like sensory process of a neuron that provides the main receptive surface for communication? A) Nissl substance B) Axon C) Neurilemma D) Dendrite

What part of a neuron originates as a single structure but may give off many branches? A) Axon B) Dendrite C) Myelin sheath D) Soma

What is the neurilemma? A) The neuron's plasma membrane B) The sarcolemma of the neuron C) A structure that surrounds the myelin sheath D) A structure that only surrounds the soma of the central nervous system neurons

Which of the following contains unmyelinated axons and neuronal cell bodies? A) Gray matter B) White matter C) Nodes of Ranvier D) Chromatophilic substance

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath called? A) Gap junctions B) Neurofibrils C) Nodes of Ranvier D) Synapses

What type of neurons are only found in specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears? A) Bipolar neurons B) Unipolar neurons C) Multipolar neurons D) Motor neurons

What structural type of neuron includes most neurons whose cell bodies lie within the central nervous system? A) Sensory neurons B) Multipolar neurons C) Bipolar neurons D) Unipolar neurons

What structural type of neuron has a single process that extends from the cell body? A) Unipolar neurons B) Bipolar neurons C) Multipolar neurons

What type of neurons conduct impulses into the brain or spinal cord? A) Motor neurons B) Interneurons C) Sensory neurons

What is the functional classification of neurons that are entirely contained within the brain or spinal cord? A) Motor neurons B) Interneurons C) Sensory neurons

What state is caused by unequal distribution of positive and negative charges across the plasma membrane of a neuron? A) Neutralization B) Neuralation C) Polarization D) Potentiation

The most abundant cation within cells is __________; the most abundant cation outside of cells is __________. A) oxygen; carbon B) hydrogen; oxygen C) sodium; potassium D) potassium; sodium

In a resting neuron, what is the difference in charges between the outside and inside of the membrane called? A) Action potential B) Resting potential C) Graded potential D) Retrograde potential

What happens to a neuron when the membrane becomes more permeable to sodium? A) The neuron becomes polarized. B) The neuron hyperpolarizes. C) The neuron depolarizes. D) The neuron repolarizes.

What happens when the plasma membrane of a neuron becomes more permeable to potassium? A) Potassium leaves the cell. B) Potassium enters the cell. C) Sodium enters the cell. D) Sodium leaves the cell.

If a neuron's membrane potential measures +25mV, the neuron is __________. A) polarized B) hyperpolarized C) depolarized D) repolarized

In most neurons, what is the approximate threshold potential? A) - 55 mV B) - 100 mV C) + 25 mV D) + 30 mV

What happens when the measured potential of a membrane reaches threshold? A) Potassium rapidly enters the cell. B) Potassium rapidly leaves the cell. C) Sodium rapidly enters the cell. D) Sodium rapidly leaves the cell.

What type of conduction occurs when an impulse jumps from node to node along a myelinated axon? A) Saltatory conduction B) Salutatory conduction C) Transitory conduction D) Continuous conduction

Impulse conduction is __________ in myelinated nerve fibers. A) faster B) slower

Faster impulse conduction speeds are possible with __________ axons. A) thin diameter B) thick diameter

Neurotransmitters that move the post-synaptic membrane potential closer to threshold are __________. A) inhibitory B) excitatory C) all-or-none D) hyperpolarizing

Neurotransmitters that hyperpolarize post-synaptic membranes are always __________. A) inhibitory B) excitatory C) all-or-none D) acetylcholine

Which is not a method for clearing neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft? A) Decomposition by enzymes B) Reuptake by the releasing neuron C) Diffusion away from the synapse D) Phagocytosis by ependymal cells

Action potentials reaching the synaptic knob open voltage-gated __________ channels, triggering synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter. A) sodium B) potassium C) calcium D) acetylcholine

When ten or more neurons conduct impulses to five or fewer same post-synaptic neurons, the conduction pattern is said to be __________. A) convergent B) divergent

What is the name given to bundles of axons that carry impulses into the brain or spinal cord? A) Sensory nerves B) Motor nerves C) Mixed nerves

What bundles of axons carry impulses from the central nervous system to effectors? A) Sensory nerves B) Motor nerves C) Mixed nerves

In the patellar reflex, the afferent and efferent pathways are part of the femoral nerve, so the femoral nerve is a __________ nerve. A) sensory B) motor C) mixed

Sensory impulses from receptors of the feet reach the brain by which structure? A) Lateral gray horn B) Motor nerve C) Ascending tract D) Descending tract

A __________ is defined as a rapid automatic response to a stimulus. A) reaction B) prediction C) reflex D) symptom

Given the following five parts, place them in order of a reflex arc: (1) central nervous system, (2) effector, (3) motor neuron, (4) receptor, (5) sensory neuron. A) 4, 5, 1, 3, 2 B) 4, 5, 3, 2, 1 C) 3, 1, 4, 5, 2 D) 2, 3, 4, 1, 5

Pulling your hand away from a hot pot is an example of what type of reflex? A) A withdrawal reflex B) A stretch reflex C) An extensor reflex D) A tension reflex

What is the name given to the outer meninx that is composed mostly of white fibrous connective tissue and contains many blood vessels and nerves? A) Pia mater B) Arachnoid mater C) Dura mater

When you raise your hand to ask a question in class, what structures carry the impulse from your brain to your deltoid muscle? A) Ascending tracts B) Sensory nerves C) Descending tracts D) Cranial nerves

Sensory and motor function, memory, reasoning and other higher cognitive functions are performed by what part of the brain? A) Diencephalon B) Cerebellum C) Cerebrum D) Brain stem

What part of the brain contains the thalamus andhypothalamus, and processes sensory information? A) Diencephalon B) Cerebellum C) Cerebrum D) Brain stem

What is the function of the basal nuclei? A) Facilitate voluntary movement B) Inhibit sensory awareness C) Stimulate pattern recognition D) Interpret speech and other auditory input

Considered the emotional brain, what part of the brain controls emotional experience and expression? A) Reticular activating system B) Limbic system C) Nuclei of the hypothalamus D) Optic chiasma

What is the function of the reticular formation? A) Stimulates cortical wakefulness B) Inhibits involuntary muscle movement C) Stimulates protein synthesisby the rough endoplasmic reticulum D) Stimulates voluntary muscle movement

What types of axons are contained within the dorsal roots of a spinal nerve? A) Sensory axons only B) Motor axons only C) Both sensory and motor axons

Nerves of the peripheral nervous system form complex networks called __________. A) fiber tracts B) ganglia C) plexuses D) the reticular activating system

What branch of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for stressful or emergency situations? A) Parasympathetic nervous system B) Sympathetic nervous system C) Somatic nervous system D) Visceral afferent nervous system

Where are sympathetic ganglia located? A) Close to the spinal cord B) Close to the effector organs and glands C) In the sacral region D) In the dorsal root ganglia

Normal, quiet, everyday activities like resting and digesting are controlled by which division of the autonomic nervous system? A) Somatic branch B) Sympathetic branch C) Parasympathetic branch D) Adrenergic branch

Neurons that release acetylcholine are __________ neurons; those that secrete norepinephrine are __________ neurons. A) adrenergic; cholinergic B) cholinergic; adrenergic C) kinesthetic; nicotinic D) adrenergic; muscarinic

A physician shines a light into the right eye and the right pupil constricts in response. Which of the following cranial nerves is being tested in this scenario? A) Optic nerve (CN II) B) Abducens nerve (CN VI) C) Facial nerve (CN VII) D) Vagus nerve (CN X)

If a patient was unable to feel the right side of the face, what cranial nerve might be damaged? A) Trigeminal nerve (CN V) B) Facial nerve (CN VII) C) Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) D) Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

Which of the following axons would have the slowest conduction speed? A) Unmyelinated, large-diameter axon B) Myelinated, small-diameter axon C) Unmyelinated, small-diameter axon D) Myelinated, large-diameter axon

A patient is diagnosed with A) Oligodendrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Astrocytes D) Ependymal cells

Damage to which area of the brain would result in the inability to sense a coin in the right hand? A) Right parietal lobe B) Right frontal lobe C) Left parietal lobe D) Left frontal lobe

In order to prevent a patient from experiencing pain, a local anesthetic is injected around sensory neurons to prevent an action potential. How does a local anesthetic work? A) It inhibits the release of acetylcholine. B) It binds to and prevents the opening of potassium channels. C) It binds to and prevents the opening of sodium channels. D) It binds to and opens calcium channels.

Botulism toxin prevents release of acetylcholine. Which of the following might result if a person had botulism toxin poisoning? A) Inability to move B) Constant tonic state of mucle contraction C) Inability to feel objects in the hand D) Inability to think

In most individuals, writing skills would be impaired if there was damage to which area of the brain? A) Right cerebral hemisphere B) Left cerebral hemisphere C) Corpus callosum D) Cerebellum

Damage to which lobe of the brain could result in changes in personality and behavior? A) Frontal lobe B) Parietal lobe C) Occipital lobe D) Temporal lobe

A patient presents to his doctor with a dilated pupil, drooping eyelid, and lack of sweating on one side of his face. The diagnosis is Horner's syndrome. Damage to what part of the nervous system caused this issue? A) Sympathetic nervous system B) Parasympathetic nervous system C) Somatic nervous system

Due to damage of a nervous structure during birth, a patient's arm is adducted, internally rotated, and his hand faces posteriorly, a condition known as Erb's Duchenne palsy. What nervous structure was damaged? A) Cervical plexus B) Femoral nerve C) Brachial plexus D) Lumboscaral plexus E) Sciatic nerve

The cells in the nervous system that fill spaces and give support to neurons are called __________.

Outside the brain and spinal cord, sheaths of myelin produced by ____________ cells often enclose the axons.

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a restingnerve cell membrane is called the resting membrane __________.

A nerve impulse consists of a wave of __________ potentials moving along the axon of a neuron.

The innermost layer of the meninges is the __________ mater.

The __________ root of a spinal nerve consists of axons of motor neurons.

The interconnected fluid-filled cavities in the brain are called the __________.