Question 1

Strong negative verbal stimuli make up the category of:
A)physical punishment
B)response cost
C)time-out
D)reprimands

Accepted Answer

Strong negative verbal stimuli fall under the category of reprimands, which are a form of punishment that involves verbal feedback intended to decrease undesirable behavior. Physical punishment involves inflicting bodily harm, response cost involves taking away a positive reinforcer, and time-out involves removing the individual from a rewarding environment.

Question 2

The view that, in some cases, it is desirable to use quicker-acting punishment procedures to decrease problem behavior rather than slower-acting procedures involving positive reinforcement of alternative behavior, is referred to as the position.
A)freedom from harm
B)right to effective treatment
C)functional communication
D)positive behavior support

Accepted Answer

The view that quicker-acting punishment procedures may sometimes be desirable over slower positive reinforcement methods aligns with the "right to effective treatment." This principle emphasizes the importance of implementing the most effective strategies available to address problem behaviors, which can include punishment procedures if they are deemed more immediate and effective in certain situations.

Question 3

Parents with good intentions might say to their child, "That was good, but..." and then proceed to explain how the behavior could have been even better.Although they hope to be instructional, they are probably unintentionally applying:
A)shaping
B)positive reinforcement
C)punishment
D)fading

Accepted Answer

The parent's statement could be seen as a form of punishment, as it implies that the child's behavior was not good enough and needs improvement. Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, and the use of the word "but" after a compliment can have negative connotations.

Question 4

As a consequence of coming home later than an agreed-upon curfew, a teenager loses the privilege of driving the family car for one week.This exemplifies:
A)negative reinforcement
B)time-out
C)physical punishment
D)response cost

Accepted Answer

This consequence is an example of response cost, which involves taking away something desirable as a result of an undesired behavior. In this case, the teenager loses the privilege of driving the family car for one week as a response to coming home after curfew. This is not negative reinforcement, as nothing is being added or taken away to increase or decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again. It is also not time-out, as the teenager is not being removed from the situation or environment. Lastly, it is not physical punishment, as there is no physical harm being inflicted on the teenager as a consequence.

Question 5

Response cost involves removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent upon a response.

Accepted Answer

Response cost involves the removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent upon a response. In other words, a behavior is followed by the loss or reduction of something the person likes or wants.

Question 6

Punishers that activate pain receptors or other sense receptors that typically evoke feelings of discomfort are included in the category of:
A)physical punishment
B)time-outs
C)reprimands
D)response cost

Accepted Answer

Physical punishment involves activating pain receptors or other sense receptors that typically evoke feelings of discomfort. Time-outs, reprimands, and response cost do not involve physical discomfort.

Question 7

A procedure called "functional communication training " is one in which children with developmental disabilities are taught a simple communicative response as an alternative to self-abuse in order to obtain staff attention.

Accepted Answer

Functional communication training (FCT) is a common intervention for individuals with developmental disabilities who engage in problem behavior to access reinforcement (such as staff attention). FCT involves teaching the individual an alternative response, typically a communication response, to achieve the same function as the problem behavior. The purpose is not only to decrease problem behavior but also to provide more effective ways for individuals to obtain their needs and wants.

Question 8

Punishment is the same as:
A)negative reinforcement
B)escape conditioning
C)avoidance conditioning
D)none of the above

Accepted Answer

Punishment is not the same as negative reinforcement, which involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior. It is also not the same as escape conditioning, which involves learning to escape an aversive stimulus after it has already begun. Additionally, it is not the same as avoidance conditioning, which involves learning to avoid an aversive stimulus before it has even begun. Therefore, the correct answer is D, none of the above.

Question 9

The principle of punishment states: If, in a given situation, somebody does something that is immediately followed by the withdrawal of a punisher, then that person is less likely to do the same thing again when he or she next encounters a similar situation.

Accepted Answer

The principle of punishment states that if a behavior is followed by a punisher, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future, not more likely. The withdrawal of a punisher would not decrease the likelihood of the behavior.

Question 10

In non-exclusionary time-out, the individual is:
A)taken away to a time-out area
B)ignored while still in the problem situation
C)timed out in the problem situation
D)removed from reinforcement

Accepted Answer

In non-exclusionary time-out, the individual is timed out in the problem situation.

Question 11

A common example of response cost that is applied as a punishment by parents to their children is sending children to their room as a punisher for undesirable behavior emitted elsewhere in the house.

Accepted Answer

Sending children to their room is an example of time-out, not response cost. Response cost involves the removal of a positive reinforcer following undesirable behavior, whereas time-out involves removing the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement by temporarily isolating the individual from the environment where the behavior occurred.

Question 12

A factor influencing the effectiveness of punishment consists of minimizing the causes of the response to be punished.This is typically done by eliminating the SDs that prompt the undesirable behavior and eliminating reinforcement contingencies that have been maintaining it.

Accepted Answer

Minimizing the causes of the response to be punished is an important factor in increasing the effectiveness of punishment. This is typically achieved by eliminating the SDs (stimulus cues) that prompt the undesirable behavior and eliminating the reinforcement contingencies that have been maintaining it. By doing so, the behavior is less likely to occur in the future, making punishment more effective.

Question 13

If a teacher is unable to detect most instances of a behavior to be punished, then the teacher should have serious doubts about the value of implementing a punishment procedure because:
A)the student seems to get used to the punisher and can put up with more of it
B)intermittent punishment is less effective than continuous punishment
C)you cannot apply an experimental test to this type of situation to detect all instances of the undesirable behavior
D)this increases the likelihood that the punisher will become a positive reinforce

Accepted Answer

Intermittent punishment, which occurs when not all instances of a behavior are punished, is generally less effective than continuous punishment, where every instance of the behavior is punished. If a teacher cannot detect most instances of a behavior, they are essentially applying intermittent punishment, which may not effectively decrease the undesirable behavior.

Question 14

Removing the individual for a short time from the situation in which reinforcement is occurring is classified as:
A)non-exclusionary time-out
B)response cost
C)exclusionary time-out
D)negative reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Exclusionary time-out involves removing the individual from the situation in which reinforcement is occurring, such as placing the individual in a time-out room. Non-exclusionary time-out involves removing the opportunity for reinforcement while keeping the individual in the same environment, such as ignoring the individual for a brief period of time. Response cost involves removing a previously earned reinforcer as a consequence for problem behavior. Negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring.

Question 15

The "right to effective treatment" position is that non-aversive methods for eliminating unacceptable behavior are always at least as effective as punishment, and that there is never any justification for using pain-inducing punishment.

Accepted Answer

The "right to effective treatment" does advocate for the use of the least restrictive, non-aversive methods to address unacceptable behavior, but it does not claim that non-aversive methods are always as effective as punishment. The position emphasizes the importance of effective treatment that respects the individual's dignity and rights, but it recognizes that in some extreme cases, more restrictive measures (though still ethically and legally justified) may be necessary when non-aversive methods have been thoroughly evaluated and found ineffective.

Question 16

Introducing into the situation a stimulus associated with less reinforcement is referred to as:
A)response cost
B)exclusionary time-out
C)negative reinforcement
D)non-exclusionary time-out

Accepted Answer

Non-exclusionary time-out involves introducing a stimulus associated with less reinforcement, such as removing attention or access to preferred items, in order to decrease the occurrence of a behavior. Response cost involves removing a previously earned reinforcer, exclusionary time-out involves removing the individual from the current situation, and negative reinforcement involves removing an aversive stimulus to increase the occurrence of a behavior.

Question 17

A stimulus that was not originally punishing, but that acquired punishing power through association with other punishers is the definition of:
A)an S∆
B)a conditioned punisher
C)a reprimand
D)a non-exclusionary time-out

Accepted Answer

A stimulus that was initially neutral but acquired punishing power through association with other punishers is known as a conditioned punisher. Conditioned punishers rely on their association with other punishers to reduce the frequency of the behavior that they follow. For example, if a child receives a reprimand every time they touch a hot stove, the reprimand could become a conditioned punisher for touching the stove.

Question 18

To increase an operant behavior, you can:
A)punish it
B)negatively reinforce it
C)withhold reinforcement following the behavior
D)positively reinforce an incompatible behavior

Accepted Answer

The answer of To increase an operant behavior, you can:
A)punish...

Question 19

Placing a child in a relatively barren room for a brief period of time is an example of:
A)physical punishment
B)reprimands
C)time-out
D)response cost

Accepted Answer

Placing a child in a relatively barren room for a brief period of time is a form of time-out, which is a non-physical form of punishment that involves removing the child from a rewarding environment for a brief period in order to decrease the occurrence of unwanted behavior. Reprimands involve verbal criticism or scolding, while response cost involves the removal of a desirable item or privilege as a consequence of unwanted behavior. Physical punishment involves inflicting physical pain or discomfort upon a child as a consequence of unwanted behavior.

Question 20

A traffic ticket is an example of:
A)physical punishment
B)reprimands
C)time-out
D)response cost

Accepted Answer

A traffic ticket is an example of response cost, which is a punishment involving the removal of a positive reinforcer, in this case, money, as a consequence for a behavior (in this case, violating a traffic law). Physical punishment involves physical pain or discomfort, reprimands involve verbal criticism or scolding, and time-out involves removing a person from a situation or activity.

Quiz 31: Shaping and Schedules of Reinforcement: A Comprehensive Guide

Strong negative verbal stimuli make up the category of:

The view that, in some cases, it is desirable to use quicker-acting punishment procedures to decrease problem behavior rather than slower-acting procedures involving positive reinforcement of alternative behavior, is referred to as the position.

Parents with good intentions might say to their child, "That was good, but..." and then proceed to explain how the behavior could have been even better.Although they hope to be instructional, they are probably unintentionally applying:

As a consequence of coming home later than an agreed-upon curfew, a teenager loses the privilege of driving the family car for one week.This exemplifies:

Response cost involves removal of a specified amount of a reinforcer contingent upon a response.

Punishers that activate pain receptors or other sense receptors that typically evoke feelings of discomfort are included in the category of:

A procedure called "functional communication training " is one in which children with developmental disabilities are taught a simple communicative response as an alternative to self-abuse in order to obtain staff attention.

Punishment is the same as:

The principle of punishment states: If, in a given situation, somebody does something that is immediately followed by the withdrawal of a punisher, then that person is less likely to do the same thing again when he or she next encounters a similar situation.

In non-exclusionary time-out, the individual is:

A common example of response cost that is applied as a punishment by parents to their children is sending children to their room as a punisher for undesirable behavior emitted elsewhere in the house.

A factor influencing the effectiveness of punishment consists of minimizing the causes of the response to be punished.This is typically done by eliminating the SDs that prompt the undesirable behavior and eliminating reinforcement contingencies that have been maintaining it.

If a teacher is unable to detect most instances of a behavior to be punished, then the teacher should have serious doubts about the value of implementing a punishment procedure because:

Removing the individual for a short time from the situation in which reinforcement is occurring is classified as:

The "right to effective treatment" position is that non-aversive methods for eliminating unacceptable behavior are always at least as effective as punishment, and that there is never any justification for using pain-inducing punishment.

Introducing into the situation a stimulus associated with less reinforcement is referred to as:

A stimulus that was not originally punishing, but that acquired punishing power through association with other punishers is the definition of:

To increase an operant behavior, you can:

Placing a child in a relatively barren room for a brief period of time is an example of:

A traffic ticket is an example of: