________ societies were the first to create a sustained economic surplus, which in turn gave rise to the issue of who would have access to the surplus, an issue that remains with us today.
Herbert Spencer argued that human species ________ from small disjointed, undifferentiated groups of people into larger entities composed of heterogeneous, interdependent parts in a manner analogous to the way in which biological organisms develop from single cells into complex organic systems.
The American and French Revolutions, inspired in part by ________ philosophies, challenged the right of hereditary monarchs to rule over their subjects and championed a belief in social equality.
Auguste Comte, the first person to call himself a sociologist, identified three stages that he believed all societies go through: the ________, metaphysical, and scientific or positive stages.
________, which means "society" or "association" describes the social situation that Tönnies believed characterizes large cities once capitalist development has taken place.
Proponents of the social approach to change called ________ maintain that material (usually economic) factors are the engine of change, while non-material phenomena are considered much less important influences.
For Durkheim there was always the possibility that ________ solidarity, a solidarity based on the complementarity or interdependence of occupational positions, would hold modern societies together and lead to social progress.
According to the ________ theory of modernization, the reason why some countries have become wealthy and others have not is because the state thwarted development in the latter.
Fukuyama, a functionalist thinker, coined the term ________ to describe a number of significant social changes that became evident in the mid-1960s and radically transformed Western industrialized countries in the decades that followed..
Some of the foundations of modern thinking can be traced to the developments of the eighteenth century. This was the century of ________ wherein many of the doctrines of the agrarian age were challenged, especially those relating to the forms of domination prevalent at the time.