Question 1

In the sixth century BCE, the philosopher ______ set the stage for understanding human behavior and experience as related to internal processes and natural causes. He is also known for his theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle.
A) Hippocrates
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Pythagoras

Accepted Answer

The philosopher who set the stage for understanding human behavior and experience as related to internal processes and natural causes is Pythagoras. He is also known for his famous theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle. Hippocrates is known for his work in medicine, Plato for his philosophy and writings on politics, and Aristotle for his work in philosophy and science.

Question 2

A medical anthropologist is examining the words used to describe mental illness in a variety of cultures, including an array of traditional, non-Western societies. The anthropologist is MOST likely to find
A) words for anxiety and depression in most cultures
B) few, if any, words for disorders in some cultures
C) a word for schizophrenia only in Western cultures
D) There is no consistency of disorders found across cultures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A medical anthropologist is examining the words...

Question 3

The French philosopher ______ argued that the reflexes and involuntary actions of organisms were based on mechanical principles similar to those in machines.
A) Jean-Marc Ferry
B) Antoine Arnauld
C) Edmond Fleg
D) Rene Descartes

Accepted Answer

This philosophical idea is associated with Rene Descartes and his concept of animal spirits. He believed that the body was a machine controlled by the mind, and that even the actions of animals could be explained mechanically.

Question 4

Writers now routinely use people-first language when describing people with mental illnesses. For example, schizophrenics are now described as people with schizophrenia, and drug addicts are described as people living with drug addiction. The use of people-first language MOST directly reflects the contemporary understanding that
A) mental illness is complex and may be described on many levels
B) people with mental illness are whole people, with both abilities and disabilities
C) mental illness is best understood using the scientific method
D) the brain is the structure most involved in mental illness

Accepted Answer

People-first language emphasizes that individuals with mental illness are not defined solely by their illness and should be recognized as whole individuals with diverse abilities and experiences. This approach reflects a contemporary understanding of mental illness as a complex and multidimensional condition that cannot be reduced to a label or diagnosis. It also promotes respect, dignity, and inclusion for individuals with mental illness, which can help reduce stigma and promote mental health awareness.

Question 5

A scholar is writing a book titled The History of Psychopathology. Which of the following potential subtitles is NOT appropriate in light of the textbook's discussion of changing views of mental illness? A) From Dopamine to Demons B) From Exorcism to R_x C) From Magic to Molecules D) From Simple to Complex

Accepted Answer

The answer of A scholar is writing a book titled...

Question 6

Often considered to be the father of modern medicine, the philosopher ______ emphasized careful observation and the idea that the causes of all disorders, both mental and physical, should be sought within the patient.
A) Hippocrates
B) Galen
C) Aristotle
D) Pythagoras

Accepted Answer

Hippocrates is widely recognized as the father of modern medicine due to his emphasis on careful observation and the idea of seeking the cause of disorders within the patient. He also introduced the concept of the Hippocratic Oath, still used in medicine today. Galen was a later physician who built upon Hippocrates' work, while Aristotle was a philosopher who had some influence on medicine but was not primarily focused on the field. Pythagoras was a mathematician and philosopher who did not significantly contribute to medicine.

Question 7

With respect to Galen's notion of spirits, the brain is to ______ spirits as the ______ is to natural spirits.
A) vital; heart
B) vital; liver
C) animal; liver
D) animal; heart

Accepted Answer

Galen's medical theories posited that the liver was the source of natural spirits, which were then vitalized by the heart into vital spirits. The brain was thought to transform these into animal spirits, responsible for sensation and movement.

Question 8

In learning theory, classical conditioning applies to involuntary responses, whereas operant conditioning applies to voluntary actions. This distinction ultimately reflects the intellectual legacy of ______.
A) Galen
B) Newton
C) Galileo
D) Descartes

Accepted Answer

The distinction between involuntary and voluntary responses in learning theory reflects the intellectual legacy of philosopher René Descartes, who theorized that the mind and body were two separate entities and that voluntary actions were controlled by the mind, while involuntary actions were controlled by the body. This philosophical division influenced the development of learning theory, with classical conditioning applying to involuntary bodily responses and operant conditioning applying to voluntary actions.

Question 9

What was one reason given in the text to explain why Western science and medicine remained fairly stagnant during the Middle Ages?
A) Very few people received a formal education.
B) The was little or no communication between groups of peoples.
C) Sickness and death were rampant.
D) The church was able to determine the standard of truth

Accepted Answer

The church held significant power during the Middle Ages and was able to determine what was considered the standard of truth. This meant that scientific and medical advancements that went against church teachings or beliefs were often suppressed.

Question 10

In the Renaissance, a group of philosophers known as the British Empiricists argued that all knowledge comes from the senses. The British Empiricists' ideas were foreshadowed by those of the Roman physician ______.
A) Hippocrates
B) Galen
C) Galileo
D) Pythagoras

Accepted Answer

The British Empiricists, including John Locke, David Hume, and George Berkeley, believed that all knowledge comes from experience, particularly from sensory experience. They were influenced by the ideas of the Greek physician Galen, who emphasized the importance of observation and experimentation to gain knowledge about the natural world. Hippocrates was a physician who emphasized the importance of natural causes in illness, but he did not focus on empirical observation. Galileo was a scientist who used experimental methods to study the natural world, but he lived after the Renaissance period. Pythagoras was a philosopher who focused on the study of mathematics and music, but he did not contribute significantly to empirical methods of gaining knowledge.

Question 11

The notion that psychopathology is socially constructed is consistent with each of the following statements EXCEPT this one:
A) A number of languages lack words for anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.
B) Anxiety disorders and major depression are the most common mental disorders in every nation for which data exist.
C) Mental illness is expressed in very different ways in different parts of the world.
D) The types of mental illnesses seen and their rates of occurrence vary greatly from one historical period to another.

Accepted Answer

The statement that anxiety disorders and major depression are the most common mental disorders in every nation for which data exist suggests that psychopathology is not solely socially constructed, but has some biological or universal basis. The other statements suggest that cultural and historical factors play a significant role in the construction and expression of mental illness.

Question 12

Many studies have demonstrated that many forms of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, are found
A) mostly in Western cultures
B) at an ever increasing rate around the world
C) at similar rates around the world
D) mostly in industrialized countries

Accepted Answer

Many studies have shown that mental illnesses such as schizophrenia are found at similar rates around the world. For example, a study published in the British Journal of Psychiatry in 2004 found a similar prevalence of schizophrenia in urban areas of low- and middle-income countries as in high-income countries. Another study published in The Lancet in 2007 found similar rates of bipolar disorder in 11 countries across four continents. Therefore, option C is the correct choice.

Question 13

Keiko is Japanese and lives in Kyoto. Kristin is Danish and lives in Copenhagen. Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to whether these women carry the serotonin-related gene?
A) Keiko probably does not carry the gene.
B) Kristin probably carries the gene.
C) Kristin may or may not carry the gene.
D) Keiko does not carry the gene.

Accepted Answer

It is not possible to accurately determine whether Keiko or Kristin carries the serotonin-related gene based solely on their ethnicity and place of residence. Serotonin-related gene variants are present in populations worldwide and are not specific to any particular ethnic group or geographic location. Therefore, Kristin may or may not carry the gene, and the same applies to Keiko.

Question 14

Brain imaging studies have shown that cultural values can influence brain activity during ______.
A) active learning
B) memorization tasks
C) performing mathematics calculations
D) self-evaluation

Accepted Answer

Brain imaging studies have indeed shown that cultural values can significantly influence brain activity during self-evaluation processes. This is because how individuals perceive themselves and evaluate their own behaviors and attributes can be deeply influenced by the cultural norms and values they have internalized.

Question 15

With respect to psychopathology, Pythagoras's two MOST important contributions were
A) his theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle and the invention of the word philosophy
B) the belief that behavior reflects natural and internal causes and the invention of the word philosophy
C) his theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle and the idea that the brain is the seat of intellect and mental illness
D) the belief that behavior reflects natural and internal causes and the idea that the brain is the seat of intellect and mental illness

Accepted Answer

Pythagoras's belief that behavior reflects natural and internal causes aligns with the modern perspective of psychopathology, which emphasizes the biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to mental disorders. Additionally, Pythagoras's idea that the brain is the seat of intellect and mental illness was a significant contribution to the understanding of psychopathology, as it recognized the importance of the brain in shaping behavior and mental experiences. While Pythagoras's theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle was an important contribution to mathematics, it is not directly relevant to psychopathology.

Question 16

Descartes suggested that the rational soul was able to control the mechanical body by having both functions come together in a structure of the brain called the ______.
A) brain stem
B) cerebellum
C) pineal gland
D) occipital lobe

Accepted Answer

Descartes believed that the pineal gland was the point of contact between the mind/soul and the body, where their interactions could take place. He thought that this small gland at the center of the brain was unique in not having a left-right symmetry like most brain structures, and that it was therefore a good candidate for being the site of this interaction.

Question 17

In the 1970s, psychopathology was seen as ______; this view ______ with current construals.
A) a social construction; accords
B) a social construction; contrasts
C) part of human nature; accords
D) part of human nature; contrasts

Accepted Answer

In the 1970s, psychopathology was seen as a social construction, but current construals contrast with this view.

Question 18

In explaining why humans are not completely mechanical, Descartes has become associated with the ______ distinction.
A) mind-body
B) voluntary-involuntary
C) heart-brain
D) material-immaterial

Accepted Answer

Descartes is most famous for his mind-body distinction, which argues that the mind and body are separate entities. He believed that the mind is immaterial (not physical) and the body is mechanical (physical). This distinction implies that humans are not completely mechanical because they have a non-physical component (the mind).

Question 19

This physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher invented the telescope and led a movement that would eventually replace authority with experimentation.
A) Newton
B) Galileo
C) Descartes
D) Galen

Accepted Answer

The person described is Galileo, who famously used his telescope to observe celestial objects and develop the heliocentric model of the solar system. He championed the use of experimentation and observation to gather knowledge, challenging the traditional authority of the Catholic Church. While the other individuals listed made significant contributions to their respective fields, Galileo is the best fit for the description given.

Question 20

Traditionally, psychologists have used the term neurosis to refer to ______.
A) schizophrenia
B) anxiety
C) bipolar disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder

Accepted Answer

Neurosis refers to a group of mental disorders that cause emotional suffering and impaired functioning, but without a loss of touch with reality. Anxiety is one of the most common symptoms of neurosis. Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and antisocial personality disorder are not typically classified as neuroses, but rather as more severe and chronic mental illnesses.

Quiz 1: An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental Illness

In the sixth century BCE, the philosopher ______ set the stage for understanding human behavior and experience as related to internal processes and natural causes. He is also known for his theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle.

A medical anthropologist is examining the words used to describe mental illness in a variety of cultures, including an array of traditional, non-Western societies. The anthropologist is MOST likely to find

The French philosopher ______ argued that the reflexes and involuntary actions of organisms were based on mechanical principles similar to those in machines.

A scholar is writing a book titled The History of Psychopathology. Which of the following potential subtitles is NOT appropriate in light of the textbook's discussion of changing views of mental illness?

Often considered to be the father of modern medicine, the philosopher ______ emphasized careful observation and the idea that the causes of all disorders, both mental and physical, should be sought within the patient.

With respect to Galen's notion of spirits, the brain is to spirits as the is to natural spirits.

In learning theory, classical conditioning applies to involuntary responses, whereas operant conditioning applies to voluntary actions. This distinction ultimately reflects the intellectual legacy of ______.

What was one reason given in the text to explain why Western science and medicine remained fairly stagnant during the Middle Ages?

In the Renaissance, a group of philosophers known as the British Empiricists argued that all knowledge comes from the senses. The British Empiricists' ideas were foreshadowed by those of the Roman physician ______.

The notion that psychopathology is socially constructed is consistent with each of the following statements EXCEPT this one:

Many studies have demonstrated that many forms of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, are found

Keiko is Japanese and lives in Kyoto. Kristin is Danish and lives in Copenhagen. Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to whether these women carry the serotonin-related gene?

Brain imaging studies have shown that cultural values can influence brain activity during ______.

With respect to psychopathology, Pythagoras's two MOST important contributions were

Descartes suggested that the rational soul was able to control the mechanical body by having both functions come together in a structure of the brain called the ______.

In the 1970s, psychopathology was seen as ; this view with current construals.

In explaining why humans are not completely mechanical, Descartes has become associated with the ______ distinction.

This physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher invented the telescope and led a movement that would eventually replace authority with experimentation.

Traditionally, psychologists have used the term neurosis to refer to ______.