Deck 1: An Overview of Psychopathology and Changing Conceptualizations of Mental Illness

Question 1

The study of mental illness is called ______.

A) pathophysiology
B) psychopathology
C) pathology
D) physiology

Answer 1

psychopathology

Question 2

Which catchphrase BEST captures psychopathologists' current understanding of the origins of mental illness?

A) nature, not nurture
B) nurture, not nature
C) nature or nurture
D) nature and nurture

Answer 2

nature and nurture

Question 3

Dr. Badeaux describes her specialization as abnormal psychology. Dr. Carruthers states that her field is psychopathology. Based on information provided in the text, it is MOST likely that Drs. Badeaux and Carruthers specialize in ______ field(s).

A) different
B) the same
C) unrelated
D) opposing

Answer 3

the same

Question 4

The fact that foods with milk are found in European diets and not Asian diets might suggest that

A) culture and evolution are closely linked, as more Europeans have a gene that allows them to continue to digest milk after the traditional time of weaning compared with Asians
B) culture is socially driven, as there are no biological explanations for this behavior
C) culture and environment are closely linked, as more milk products were available in European countries compared with Asian countries
D) culture and family are closely linked, as the diets are often transgenerational

Question 5

The ______ perspective examines psychological disorders with respect the adaptive value of particular traits or characteristics.

A) behavioral and experiential
B) neuroscience
C) evolutionary
D) psychodynamic

Question 6

According to the MacArthur Foundation, which phrase BEST describes the proportion of those hospitalized with mental illness who go on to commit violence with a gun?

A) very few
B) some
C) about half
D) most

Question 7

Abnormal psychology can be investigated from several levels of analysis. The text mentions all of the following levels of analysis EXCEPT the ______ level.

A) cultural
B) philosophical
C) neurological
D) physiological

Question 8

The term ______ is used to refer to the negative attitudes and beliefs that sometimes cause the general public to avoid those with mental illness.

A) stigma
B) charisma
C) crenate
D) achate

Question 9

During any given year, approximately ______ of the American population experiences a diagnosable mental illness.

A) 6%
B) 11%
C) 19%
D) 24%

Question 10

The ______ perspective examines psychopathological experience from the standpoint of the structure and function of the brain.

A) behavioral and experiential
B) neuroscience
C) evolutionary
D) psychodynamic

Question 11

Stigma can be manifested through all of the following EXCEPT this:

A) no longer treating an individual as a person but only as part of a group that is different
B) believing that as a general rule, most individuals with mental illness show more violence than that seen in the general population
C) understanding that a behavior that might be acceptable in one culture could be seen as "crazy" in another
D) believing that a person can recover from a mental illness by willpower and spending less money setting up clinics and training professionals

Question 12

As compared with the loss of productivity and quality of life caused by such physical diseases as cancer, the loss of productivity and quality of life caused by mental illnesses such as major depression is ______.

A) somewhat less
B) about the same
C) greater
D) much greater

Question 13

Dr. Alfonso investigates the cause of psychological disorders. Dr. Alfonso's field of specialization is known as ______ psychology.

A) abnormal
B) developmental
C) medical
D) pathological

Question 14

Based on the textbook's discussion, Americans' attitudes toward those with illness are BEST described as ______.

A) contradictory
B) hostile
C) indifferent
D) sympathetic

Question 15

In round figures, approximately ______ of North Americans of European descent are lactose intolerant.

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 20%
D) 25%

Question 16

Which term identifies the broadest approach to understanding mental illness?

A) biopsychosocial approach
B) behavioral and experiential perspective
C) neuroscience perspective
D) evolutionary perspective

Question 17

If they can be measured, the signs of mental illness are BEST described as ______.

A) dichotomous
B) subjective
C) concrete
D) objective

Question 18

The ______ perspective focuses on information that people acquire from others through teaching, imitation, and other forms of social transmission.

A) neuroscience
B) behavioral
C) cultural
D) evolutionary

Question 19

George believes that people are generally caring and sympathetic toward people with mental illness. However, he also believes that people with depression should just be able to think positive and snap out of it. This is BEST seen as an example of

A) the focus of the biopsychosocial approach to psychopathology
B) the adaptive value of traits related to psychopathology
C) the relationship between culture and psychopathology
D) the tension in American attitudes toward mental illness

Question 20

People suffering from mental illness often report such symptoms as feeling sad or anxious. These symptoms are BEST described as ______.

A) subjective
B) invective
C) objective
D) inferred

Question 21

In the sixth century BCE, the philosopher ______ set the stage for understanding human behavior and experience as related to internal processes and natural causes. He is also known for his theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle.

A) Hippocrates
B) Plato
C) Aristotle
D) Pythagoras

Question 22

A medical anthropologist is examining the words used to describe mental illness in a variety of cultures, including an array of traditional, non-Western societies. The anthropologist is MOST likely to find

A) words for anxiety and depression in most cultures
B) few, if any, words for disorders in some cultures
C) a word for schizophrenia only in Western cultures
D) There is no consistency of disorders found across cultures.

Question 23

The French philosopher ______ argued that the reflexes and involuntary actions of organisms were based on mechanical principles similar to those in machines.

A) Jean-Marc Ferry
B) Antoine Arnauld
C) Edmond Fleg
D) Rene Descartes

Question 24

Writers now routinely use people-first language when describing people with mental illnesses. For example, schizophrenics are now described as people with schizophrenia, and drug addicts are described as people living with drug addiction. The use of people-first language MOST directly reflects the contemporary understanding that

A) mental illness is complex and may be described on many levels
B) people with mental illness are whole people, with both abilities and disabilities
C) mental illness is best understood using the scientific method
D) the brain is the structure most involved in mental illness

Question 25

A scholar is writing a book titled The History of Psychopathology. Which of the following potential subtitles is NOT appropriate in light of the textbook's discussion of changing views of mental illness?

A) From Dopamine to Demons
B) From Exorcism to R_x
C) From Magic to Molecules
D) From Simple to Complex

Question 26

Often considered to be the father of modern medicine, the philosopher ______ emphasized careful observation and the idea that the causes of all disorders, both mental and physical, should be sought within the patient.

A) Hippocrates
B) Galen
C) Aristotle
D) Pythagoras

Question 27

With respect to Galen's notion of spirits, the brain is to ______ spirits as the ______ is to natural spirits.

A) vital; heart
B) vital; liver
C) animal; liver
D) animal; heart

Question 28

In learning theory, classical conditioning applies to involuntary responses, whereas operant conditioning applies to voluntary actions. This distinction ultimately reflects the intellectual legacy of ______.

A) Galen
B) Newton
C) Galileo
D) Descartes

Question 29

What was one reason given in the text to explain why Western science and medicine remained fairly stagnant during the Middle Ages?

A) Very few people received a formal education.
B) The was little or no communication between groups of peoples.
C) Sickness and death were rampant.
D) The church was able to determine the standard of truth

Question 30

In the Renaissance, a group of philosophers known as the British Empiricists argued that all knowledge comes from the senses. The British Empiricists' ideas were foreshadowed by those of the Roman physician ______.

A) Hippocrates
B) Galen
C) Galileo
D) Pythagoras

Question 31

The notion that psychopathology is socially constructed is consistent with each of the following statements EXCEPT this one:

A) A number of languages lack words for anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.
B) Anxiety disorders and major depression are the most common mental disorders in every nation for which data exist.
C) Mental illness is expressed in very different ways in different parts of the world.
D) The types of mental illnesses seen and their rates of occurrence vary greatly from one historical period to another.

Question 32

Many studies have demonstrated that many forms of mental illness, such as schizophrenia, are found

A) mostly in Western cultures
B) at an ever increasing rate around the world
C) at similar rates around the world
D) mostly in industrialized countries

Question 33

Keiko is Japanese and lives in Kyoto. Kristin is Danish and lives in Copenhagen. Which statement is MOST accurate with respect to whether these women carry the serotonin-related gene?

A) Keiko probably does not carry the gene.
B) Kristin probably carries the gene.
C) Kristin may or may not carry the gene.
D) Keiko does not carry the gene.

Question 34

Brain imaging studies have shown that cultural values can influence brain activity during ______.

A) active learning
B) memorization tasks
C) performing mathematics calculations
D) self-evaluation

Question 35

With respect to psychopathology, Pythagoras's two MOST important contributions were

A) his theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle and the invention of the word philosophy
B) the belief that behavior reflects natural and internal causes and the invention of the word philosophy
C) his theorem regarding the sides of a right triangle and the idea that the brain is the seat of intellect and mental illness
D) the belief that behavior reflects natural and internal causes and the idea that the brain is the seat of intellect and mental illness

Question 36

Descartes suggested that the rational soul was able to control the mechanical body by having both functions come together in a structure of the brain called the ______.

A) brain stem
B) cerebellum
C) pineal gland
D) occipital lobe

Question 37

In the 1970s, psychopathology was seen as ______; this view ______ with current construals.

A) a social construction; accords
B) a social construction; contrasts
C) part of human nature; accords
D) part of human nature; contrasts

Question 38

In explaining why humans are not completely mechanical, Descartes has become associated with the ______ distinction.

A) mind-body
B) voluntary-involuntary
C) heart-brain
D) material-immaterial

Question 39

This physicist, mathematician, engineer, astronomer, and philosopher invented the telescope and led a movement that would eventually replace authority with experimentation.

A) Newton
B) Galileo
C) Descartes
D) Galen

Question 40

Traditionally, psychologists have used the term neurosis to refer to ______.

A) schizophrenia
B) anxiety
C) bipolar disorder
D) antisocial personality disorder

Question 41

______ is often considered to be the father of American psychiatry and saw mental illness as a problem of the mind.

A) Benjamin Rush
B) Phillipe Pinel
C) Vincenzo Chiarugi
D) James Norris

Question 42

Jean-Martin Charcot showed that the human motor cortex is organized with the ______ hemisphere controlling the ______ side of the body and vice versa.

A) dorsal; lateral
B) left; right
C) anterior; posterior
D) superior; volar

Question 43

According to Darwin's idea of ______, if an individual has even a slight variation that helps it to compete for survival, then over time, the species will be made up more of more members with this variation.

A) hierarchical integration
B) encephalization
C) sexual selection
D) natural selection

Question 44

Paul has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Had Paul lived in another century, Phillipe Pinel would MOST likely have diagnosed him with ______.

A) melancholia
B) idiocy
C) dementia
D) mania without delirium

Question 45

______'s area is located in the brain's left frontal lobe and is related to language production.

A) Broca
B) Wernicke
C) Bouillaud
D) Jackson

Question 46

Although Joseph Gall's ideas regarding phrenology were inaccurate, one important idea that he suggested was that

A) functions were localized in the brain
B) the brain was capable of processing and integrating sensory information almost instantaneously
C) the brain was divided into hemispheres that are distinct and connected through the corpus callosum
D) the brain was malleable, and specific regions could be adapted to perform a variety of functions

Question 47

After a stroke, Mr. Larkin's ability to produce fluent speech remains intact. However, he seems unable to understand speech. Because he cannot understand his own words as he speaks them, his speech tends to be nonsensical and often includes made-up words. The stroke appears to have damaged ______'s area in the left ______ lobe.

A) Broca; frontal
B) Broca; temporal
C) Wernicke; frontal
D) Wernicke; temporal

Question 48

Thomas Willis suggested that lower brain structures were responsible for ______, whereas structures located higher in the brain were involved in ______.

A) basic functions of life; advanced processes
B) advanced processes; fine motor movements
C) fine motor movements; basic functions of life
D) basic functions of life; fine motor movements

Question 49

Together, signs and symptoms constitute a ______.

A) diagnosis
B) disease
C) disorder
D) syndrome

Question 50

Sam complains of muscular tension and a constant, nagging sense of worry or apprehension. These complaints reflect ______ of generalized anxiety disorder.

A) symptoms
B) signs
C) self-reports
D) selfies

Question 51

A clinician notes that a patient seems emotionless and remains immobile for long periods. These features reflect ______ of schizophrenia.

A) symptoms
B) signs
C) self-reports
D) syndromes

Question 52

Very roughly, the beginning of the movement toward the humane, or "moral," treatment of those with mental disorders may be dated to approximately ______.

A) 1700
B) 1800
C) 1900
D) 1950

Question 53

At the level of the spinal cord, sensory information is conveyed by the ______ root, whereas motor information is conveyed by the ______ root.

A) lateral; dorsal
B) ventral; lateral
C) dorsal; lateral
D) dorsal; ventral

Question 54

All of the following people were important to the "moral treatment of the insane," EXCEPT this man:

A) Benjamin Rush
B) Phillipe Pinel
C) Vincenzo Chiarugi
D) James Norris

Question 55

The white matter of the brain is involved in ______.

A) storing information
B) transferring information
C) basic functions of life
D) advanced processes

Question 56

The principle of ______ states that the levels of the brain interact with each other and that interactions from the higher levels of the brain restrict or inhibit the lower levels of the brain.

A) encephalization
B) evolutionary functioning
C) hierarchical integration
D) natural selection

Question 57

______ removed the chains from asylum inmates in Paris, abandoned bloodletting as a cure for mental illness, and developed a classification system of mental illness, published in 1789.

A) Benjamin Rush
B) Phillipe Pinel
C) Vincenzo Chiarugi
D) James Norris

Question 58

Myelin is made up of fats and proteins and wraps around axons to ______.

A) store information
B) increase the speed of information transmission
C) protect the nerve
D) provide support and stability for the nerve

Question 59

In the 1850s, Hermann von Helmholtz measured the speed of the nerve impulse at about ______ feet per second.

A) 30
B) 60
C) 90
D) 120

Question 60

One contribution that helped scientists to understand how the nervous system developed and worked was the realization that the body created and used

A) specific nerve cells called glial cells
B) an intricate system of sensory nerve endings
C) the primary motor cortex to control motor movement
D) electrical activity in its basic processes

Question 61

The deinstitutionalization of the mentally ill in the United States is BEST described as a(n) ______.

A) complete failure
B) mixed blessing
C) unqualified success
D) unrealized dream

Question 62

With respect to biological treatments for mental illness, invasive is to noninvasive as ______ is to ______.

A) frontal lobotomy; deep brain stimulation
B) electroconvulsive therapy; transcranial magnetic stimulation
C) deep brain stimulation; frontal lobotomy
D) deep brain stimulation; transcranial magnetic stimulation

Question 63

Which idea BEST matches the principles of a psychodynamic approach?

A) Behaviors are the result of input from the environment, not a process in the mind.
B) Experiencing is the basis of thought, feeling, and action.
C) Behaviors and experiences may be influenced by processes that are outside of our awareness.
D) Negative thought patterns are the basis of disorders like depression.

Question 64

Dynamic psychotherapy is an effective treatment for ______.

A) personality disorders
B) major depression
C) schizophrenia
D) phobias

Question 65

The ______ approach to psychotherapy focuses on the experience of the person in the moment and the manner in which he or she interprets these experiences.

A) psychodynamic
B) existential-humanistic
C) behavioral
D) cognitive

Question 66

______ was the creator of client-centered therapy.

A) Carl Rogers
B) Leslie Greenburg
C) Abraham Maslow
D) Carl Jung

Question 67

The ______ perspective is based on the notion that psychological problems are the result of unresolved inner conflicts.

A) behavioral
B) humanist
C) existential
D) psychodynamic

Question 68

Emotion-focused therapy is one example of a(n) ______ therapy.

A) existential-humanistic
B) psychodynamic
C) biological
D) cognitive behavioral

Question 69

Which drug is matched with the disorder it is used to treat?

A) Prozac-bipolar disorder
B) Thorazine-schizophrenia
C) lithium-anxiety
D) Valium-depression

Question 70

______ is NOT a key characteristic of Rogers's client-centered therapy.

A) Empathic understanding
B) Unconditional positive regard
C) Genuineness and congruence
D) Challenging cognitive distortions

Question 71

______ is a technique that involves a focused, purposeful awareness of the present moment in an accepting, nonjudgmental manner.

A) Presentism
B) Person-centered experience
C) Relativism
D) Mindfulness

Question 72

Beginning in the 1950s and 1960s, there was a movement to determine the effectiveness of medical and psychological treatments in a scientific manner. In psychology, treatments that have scientific evidence that the treatment is effective are called ______.

A) empirically based treatments
B) systematically supported treatments
C) research-based treatments
D) evidence-based treatments

Question 73

Empirically based treatments in psychology are BEST seen as ______ to evidence-based medicine.

A) unrelated
B) dissimilar
C) analogous
D) identical

Question 74

Nobel Prize winner ______ demonstrated that a sensory stimulus, such as a sound, would produce salivation when it was paired with food.

A) Ivan Pavlov
B) John Watson
C) B. F. Skinner
D) Aaron Beck

Question 75

One example of a benzodiazepine is ______; it is used to treat ______.

A) Thorazine; anxiety
B) Thorazine; schizophrenia
C) Valium; anxiety
D) Valium; schizophrenia

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of client-centered therapy?

A) the need to meet lower-level needs before attaining higher-level needs
B) empathic understanding
C) unconditional positive regard
D) genuineness and congruence

Question 77

According to the text, the discovery of psychotropic drugs allowed for those with mental illnesses to live more independently. Considering deinstitutionalization, the discovery of these drugs MOST likely occurred in the ______.

A) 1930s
B) 1950s
C) 1970s
D) 1980s

Question 78

In Freud's concept of repression, higher cortical areas inhibit the experience of lower ones. Repression MOST directly reflects ______'s concept of ______.

A) Darwin; hierarchical integration
B) Darwin; natural selection
C) Hughlings Jackson; hierarchical integration
D) Hughlings Jackson; natural selection

Question 79

The final phase in emotion-focused therapy is ______.

A) transformation and generation of alternatives
B) evocation and exploration
C) mindfulness and meditation
D) bonding and awareness

Question 80

Psychoanalysis was developed by Freud and based on

A) the search for ideas and emotions that are in conflict on an unconscious level
B) the search for self-actualization
C) the need for individuals to receive unconditional positive regard
D) the notion that dreams are the window into the unconscious