Question 1

When we alter an unusual story element,substituting a more typical or normal element in its place,we refer to this as reflecting __________.

Accepted Answer

Downhill change refers to the process of altering an unusual or atypical story element to make it more typical or normal, which is easier for people to process and remember.

Question 2

Which of the following represented a "belief" effect?

Accepted Answer

All options represent a "belief" effect where personal beliefs or biases influence judgments or decisions. Clinical psychologists may let personal beliefs about causality affect their diagnoses (A), cultural or educational backgrounds can influence perceptions of historical timing (B), and the confirmation bias (C) is a well-documented tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Question 3

In the three months following the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center buildings in New York City,the rate of traffic fatalities increased by about 350 people.This increase was most likely due to the operation of __________.

Accepted Answer

The salience bias is the tendency to overemphasize and give more weight to information that is more noticeable or prominent. The 9/11 attack was a highly salient event that received extensive media coverage and public attention. As a result, people may have become more fearful or anxious about traveling by airplane and opted to drive instead, leading to an increase in traffic fatalities. This is an example of how the salience bias can affect decision-making and perception of risk.

Question 4

When doing counterfactual thinking,what kind of change is the easiest to imagine and then base decisions upon?

Accepted Answer

Downhill changes are the easiest to imagine and base decisions upon in counterfactual thinking because they involve a simpler and more straightforward path than uphill, transverse, or inverted changes. Downhill changes are also less likely to require significant effort, time, or resources, which means that they are more feasible to implement and achieve in practice. Finally, downhill changes are often associated with positive outcomes and fewer risks, which makes them more attractive and desirable options for decision-makers.

Question 5

__________ is a decision-making strategy based on the ease of retrieval from memory.

Accepted Answer

The strategy described in the question is the availability heuristic, which is based on the ease with which examples or instances can be retrieved from memory. The representativeness heuristic involves making judgments based on the extent to which something is similar to a typical case, while an algorithm is a systematic problem-solving method that is guaranteed to produce a solution if one exists. The retrieval effect is not a commonly recognized decision-making strategy.

Question 6

Sometimes people make decision-making errors because of limited __________.

Accepted Answer

Limited domain knowledge can lead to inaccurate or incomplete information being used to make decisions. It is important to have a thorough understanding of the domain when making decisions.

Question 7

The mistaken belief that a compound outcome of two characteristics can be more likely than either one of the characteristics by itself is __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The mistaken belief that a compound outcome...

Question 8

If you make a decision about what most households in the country are like by thinking about what your college friends are like,you are succumbing to the __________ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the availability heuristic, where people make judgments about the probability of events based on how easily examples come to mind. In this case, the decision about what most households are like is based on the readily available examples of the person's college friends, rather than a more representative sample.

Question 9

The simulation heuristic involves __________.

Accepted Answer

The simulation heuristic involves imagining other possible outcomes of an event to evaluate the likelihood of different scenarios.

Question 10

Judging events as more frequent or important just because they are more familiar in memory illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

Familiarity bias occurs when people judge events as more frequent or important because they are more familiar with them in memory.

Question 11

Two groups of participants read identical stories that differed in their endings: meeting a new person and having the story end in a marriage proposal,a rape scenario,or,as a control,a neutral ending (Carli,1999).People __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Two groups of participants read identical stories...

Question 12

The anchoring and adjustment effect most likely reflects the __________.

Accepted Answer

The anchoring and adjustment effect is related to the availability heuristic, as it involves relying on readily available information (the anchor) and making adjustments from that point.

Question 13

Making a decision based on ease of retrieval of relevant examples from memory (e.g.,the "words with K in the first/third position" example)is __________.This is an informal approach that can be extremely useful in many situations,but it sometimes produces the wrong answer.

Accepted Answer

The given situation describes the availability heuristic, which is the tendency to make judgments based on the ease of recall of relevant information from memory. Option A (representativeness heuristic) is more related to judging the likelihood of an event based on how well it matches a particular prototype or stereotype, and Bayes' theorem (option B) is a mathematical formula for calculating conditional probabilities. Therefore, the correct answer is C (availability heuristic).

Question 14

A German sample was better at (correctly)identifying that San Diego was more populous than San Antonio than a U.S.sample.This result is best described as reflecting __________.

Accepted Answer

The recognition heuristic is the tendency to make judgments based on what we recognize, so the German sample may have been more familiar with San Diego than San Antonio and therefore more likely to correctly identify it as more populous.

Question 15

Stereotypes are a reflection,in part,of the __________ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

The representativeness heuristic is a mental shortcut that relies on our stereotypes and previous experiences to make judgments or assumptions about someone or something. Stereotypes are a product of the representativeness heuristic because they rely on generalizations and assumptions about a certain group of people based on their perceived characteristics.

Question 16

The argument that there is a central flaw in heuristics and bias research-that it is a mistake to assume that the correct answer to any decision-making problem must be the normative answer supplied by classic probability theory-is __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The argument that there is a central...

Question 17

__________ is(are)defined as people's misconceptions of the physical world,in particular their understanding of the principles of motion.

Accepted Answer

Naïve physics refers to people's intuitive understanding of the physical world, including principles of motion. Mental models refer to people's cognitive representations of how things work. Simulation heuristic refers to the tendency to rely on simulations or mental imagery rather than probability or statistical information. Self-conceptualization of beliefs is not a term related to the study of cognition and perception.

Question 18

Recent research suggests that what sort of reasoning might be influencing how people make decisions?

Accepted Answer

Recent research suggests that causal reasoning might be influencing how people make decisions. This means people tend to connect one event or outcome to a specific cause and base their decisions on that causality. For example, if a person believes that a certain food caused them to get sick, they might avoid that food in the future. Understanding this type of reasoning can provide valuable insights into how people make decisions and how to influence those decisions.

Question 19

Kahneman & Tversky (1973)report having people read various personality descriptions and then estimate the likelihood or probability that a person was a member of one or another profession.They report __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Kahneman & Tversky (1973)report having people read...

Question 20

In terms of undoing,which is most involved?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In terms of undoing,which is most involved?
...

Quiz 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning