Question 1

Declarative memories are more likely to be __________,whereas nondeclarative memories are more likely to be__________.
A)implicit; explicit
B)explicit; implicit
C)formal; informal
D)informal; formal

Accepted Answer

Declarative memories refer to memories that can be consciously and explicitly recalled, such as facts and events. Nondeclarative memories refer to memories that are not consciously or explicitly recalled, such as skills and habits. Therefore, choice B accurately describes this distinction between the two types of memory.

Question 2

The reduction in the number of trials (or the time,in other studies)necessary for relearning compared to the original learning is a result of __________.
A)operant learning
B)savings
C)metamemory
D)mnemonic device

Accepted Answer

The reduction in the number of trials or time necessary for relearning compared to the original learning is a result of savings. Savings refer to the phenomenon where information is learned faster the second time it is encountered, as the brain retains some memory of the original learning.

Question 3

Which does NOT contribute to how mnemonics work?
A)acquisition/encoding: structure for learning (encoding)the information
B)retention: builds a durable record
C)retrieval: provides effective retrieval cues
D)confidence: overlearning increases our willingness to rely on memory

Accepted Answer

All of the other choices contribute to how mnemonics work. Acquisition/encoding helps us learn and remember information more effectively. Retention builds a strong, lasting memory of the information. Retrieval provides cues that make it easier to retrieve the information, and confidence makes us more willing to rely on our memory, which can improve retention and retrieval.

Question 4

Which is a classic mnemonic device?
A)subtractive method
B)method of loci
C)additive factors method
D)method of savings

Accepted Answer

The method of loci is a classic mnemonic device that uses visualization and spatial memory to associate information with specific locations. This technique has been used for centuries and was famously used by ancient Greek and Roman orators to memorize long speeches. The other options listed are not classic mnemonic devices. The subtractive method and additive factors method are experimental design techniques, and the method of savings refers to a measure of memory retention in psychology.

Question 5

Episodic memories generally convey __________.
A)general world knowledge
B)skills
C)hunches
D)personally experienced events

Accepted Answer

Episodic memories are specific personal events and experiences that have been encoded and stored in the brain, such as a memory of a recent vacation or a childhood birthday party. They are different from semantic memories, which are general knowledge about the world and language. Therefore, the correct choice is D) personally experienced events.

Question 6

People feel like they are working harder with __________ practice,but they are really not learning all that much.
A)distributed
B)massed
C)episodic
D)semantic

Accepted Answer

Massed practice refers to cramming or practicing a skill or task for an extended period without rest. While it may feel like a more intense and productive way of learning, research shows that it is less effective than distributed practice (spreading out practice sessions over time). Therefore, people may feel like they are working harder with massed practice, but they are not actually learning all that much.

Question 7

__________ is knowledge about one's own memory functioning: how it works and fails to work.
A)Metaanalysis
B)Metacognition
C)Metaawareness
D)Metamemory

Accepted Answer

Metamemory is knowledge about one's own memory functioning, including how it works and fails to work. Metaanalysis is a statistical technique for combining the results of multiple studies, and metacognition and metaawareness both refer to the ability to reflect on and monitor one's own thought processes.

Question 8

Metamemory is __________.
A)knowledge of how memory works in other people
B)awareness of one's own memory contents and processes
C)knowing what other people are likely to know
D)knowledge that is inborn or innate

Accepted Answer

Metamemory refers to an individual's awareness of their own memory processes, including what they know and do not know, how well they remember things, and strategies they use to improve their memory.

Question 9

The knowledge that you acquire in class is more likely to be stored in __________ memory.
A)declarative
B)simple
C)implicit
D)nondeclarative

Accepted Answer

Declarative memory is responsible for the storage of facts, events, and information that can be consciously recalled and declared. This type of memory includes semantic memory (knowledge of facts) and episodic memory (memory for personal experiences). The knowledge acquired in class fits within this definition, making A the best choice.

Question 10

Another name for the von Restorff effect is __________.
A)the memory effect
B)the forgetting effect
C)chunking
D)the isolation effect

Accepted Answer

The von Restorff effect is also known as the isolation effect, which states that an item that stands out or is distinctive from its surroundings is more likely to be remembered. The other options, such as the memory effect and chunking, are related to memory but not specifically to the von Restorff effect. The forgetting effect is generally not related to the topic at hand.

Question 11

Which is NOT part of Ebbinghaus's legacy?
A)use of operational definitions
B)use of statistical testing
C)use of rigorous methodology
D)use of mnemonic devices to cue memory recall

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which is NOT part of Ebbinghaus's legacy?
A)use...

Question 12

In the Ebbinghaus's tradition,savings are __________.
A)the amount of information saved from forgetting over time
B)the reduction in confusion from preexisting knowledge
C)a reduction in the number of trials to relearn a set of information
D)an increase in the speed with which memories are recalled

Accepted Answer

Savings refer to the reduction in the number of trials required to relearn a previously learned set of information. This means that if we learn something and then forget it, we will relearn it faster than we initially learned it due to the previous learning experience. This is known as the savings method in the Ebbinghaus's tradition.

Question 13

The relearning task in the Ebbinghaus tradition is when __________.
A)people need to change how they learn information
B)previously learned information needs to be purged or forgotten to make room for new information
C)there is a reduction in the amount of time needed to learn something
D)people are asked to relearn a set of information after it has been forgotten

Accepted Answer

In the Ebbinghaus tradition, the relearning task refers to the process of relearning a previously learned set of information after it has been forgotten. This task is used to measure the rate at which information is forgotten and the amount of time it takes to relearn the information. Therefore, option D is the correct choice.

Question 14

In __________,a list is originally learned,set aside for some period of time,then later relearned to the same criterion of accuracy.
A)a relearning task
B)a cued recall task
C)paired associate learning
D)a mnemonic task

Accepted Answer

A relearning task is where a list is learned and then later relearned to the same criterion of accuracy after a period of time has elapsed. This method is often used to measure retention and the amount of time it takes to re-learn the material.

Question 15

The mnemonic that relies on a person using a previously memorized rhyme is called __________.
A)peg-word mnemonic
B)trails task
C)the method of loci
D)familiarity mnemonic

Accepted Answer

The peg-word mnemonic involves using a previously memorized rhyme or set of words as an anchor for new information to be remembered. The other options are different memory techniques, such as the method of loci involving imagining a familiar environment and associating pieces of information with different locations within it.

Question 16

In general,memory is better after __________ practice than __________ practice.
A)distributed; massed
B)massed; distributed
C)concentrated; intense
D)intense; concentrated

Accepted Answer

Distributed practice refers to spacing out study sessions over time, while massed practice refers to cramming all studying into one intense session. Research has consistently shown that memory is better after distributed practice, as it allows the brain time to consolidate the information and create stronger neural connections. Massed practice, on the other hand, can lead to fatigue and overload of the brain, resulting in weaker memory retention.

Question 17

According to Squire,what is LTM knowledge that can influence thought or behavior without any necessary involvement of conscious awareness?
A)episodic
B)explicit
C)functional
D)nondeclarative

Accepted Answer

Nondeclarative memory, also known as implicit or procedural memory, is knowledge that can influence thought or behavior without conscious awareness. This includes skills, habits, and emotional associations that are learned through repetition and practice over time. Episodic and explicit memory both involve conscious recollection of specific facts and events, while functional memory is not a recognized category of long-term memory.

Question 18

The mnemonic that relies on a person using a set of already familiar places is called overlearning
A)peg-word mnemonic
B)trails task
C)the method of loci
D)familiarity mnemonic

Accepted Answer

The method of loci, also known as the memory palace technique, is a mnemonic that involves associating pieces of information with a series of physical locations that are already familiar to the person. This technique relies on overlearning, as the person must develop a strong mental image of each location and the items associated with it in order to successfully retrieve the information later.

Question 19

The improved retention of one piece of information that is made distinct or different from the information around it (e.g.,underlining one word in a to-be-remembered list in red ink)is __________.
A)content accuracy
B)technical accuracy
C)priming
D)von Restorff / isolation effect

Accepted Answer

The von Restorff effect, also known as the isolation effect, refers to the improved retention of a distinctive or unusual item in a list of other similar items. This effect occurs because the distinctive item stands out and is more likely to be remembered. Underlining one word in a different color is an example of creating a distinctive item in a list to take advantage of this effect.

Question 20

Semantic memories generally convey __________.
A)general world knowledge
B)skills
C)hunches
D)personally experienced events

Accepted Answer

Semantic memories store general world knowledge such as facts, concepts, and language rules, rather than personally experienced events or skills.

Quiz 6: Learning and Remembering

Declarative memories are more likely to be ,whereas nondeclarative memories are more likely to be.

The reduction in the number of trials (or the time,in other studies) necessary for relearning compared to the original learning is a result of __________.

Which does NOT contribute to how mnemonics work?

Which is a classic mnemonic device?

Episodic memories generally convey __________.

People feel like they are working harder with __________ practice,but they are really not learning all that much.

__________ is knowledge about one's own memory functioning: how it works and fails to work.

Metamemory is __________.

The knowledge that you acquire in class is more likely to be stored in __________ memory.

Another name for the von Restorff effect is __________.

Which is NOT part of Ebbinghaus's legacy?

In the Ebbinghaus's tradition,savings are __________.

The relearning task in the Ebbinghaus tradition is when __________.

In __________,a list is originally learned,set aside for some period of time,then later relearned to the same criterion of accuracy.

The mnemonic that relies on a person using a previously memorized rhyme is called __________.

In general,memory is better after practice than practice.

According to Squire,what is LTM knowledge that can influence thought or behavior without any necessary involvement of conscious awareness?

The mnemonic that relies on a person using a set of already familiar places is called overlearning

The improved retention of one piece of information that is made distinct or different from the information around it (e.g.,underlining one word in a to-be-remembered list in red ink) is __________.

Semantic memories generally convey __________.