Question 1

When there is a disruption of one mental process (but not others)due to brain damage,this is called a __________.

Accepted Answer

When there is a disruption of one mental process (but not others) due to brain damage, it is called dissociation. Association refers to the connection between mental processes, partonomy refers to the division of an entity into smaller parts, and finding is not a term specifically related to this concept.

Question 2

A neuron's myelin (if it has any)is produced by __________.

Accepted Answer

Myelin is produced by glial cells, specifically oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. The axons of neurons are covered in myelin, which helps to increase the speed and efficiency of neural communication.

Question 3

The region where neurotransmitters cross from one neuron to another is called the __________.

Accepted Answer

The synapse is the region where neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and travel across the small gap to reach receptors on the next neuron, allowing for communication between the two neurons. The dendrites are the part of the neuron that receive signals from other neurons, while the axon is the part of the neuron that sends signals to other neurons. Neurotransmitter refers to the chemical messenger that is released by one neuron to affect another neuron.

Question 4

Neurologically,a dissociation is when __________.

Accepted Answer

A dissociation in neurology refers to a situation where one specific component of mental functioning is disrupted while others remain intact, indicating that different cognitive processes can operate independently.

Question 5

__________ is the cell that is specialized for receiving and transmitting a neural impulse.

Accepted Answer

A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system that is responsible for receiving and transmitting signals. Neurons are made up of three main parts: the cell body or soma, dendrites, and an axon. The dendrites receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors, and the axon transmits signals to other neurons or muscles. Together, these parts enable neurons to communicate with each other and carry out essential functions in the nervous system.

Question 6

The synapsing of a give neuron with many other neurons is called __________.

Accepted Answer

The process of a single neuron communicating with multiple other neurons is called divergence. This allows for the spread of information throughout the nervous system and is an important aspect of neural communication. Multiplicity is not a term commonly used in neuroscience. Magnification and diffusion are not relevant to the process of synapsing between neurons.

Question 7

Typical neurons in the cortex synapse with how many other neurons?

Accepted Answer

Typical neurons in the cortex synapse with approximately 100-15,000 other neurons. Option A and D are too low, and Option B is too high.

Question 8

The typical size of a synapse is __________.

Accepted Answer

The typical size of a synapse is between 100-200 angstroms. This is about 1/10,000th of a millimeter. Picoleptors are not a unit of measurement relevant to synapses.

Question 9

Neuronal action potentials follow __________.

Accepted Answer

Neuronal action potentials follow the all or none principle, meaning that if the threshold for depolarization is reached, the action potential will fire at full amplitude or not at all. Temporal markers refer to the timing of events or stimuli and are not necessarily a defining characteristic of action potentials. While action potentials can occur in sequence, this is not a necessary feature of their function. An encoding stage may refer to the way information is processed and represented by action potentials, but it is not a fundamental property of their generation.

Question 10

How many neurons does a typical person have in his or her brain?

Accepted Answer

A typical person has billions of neurons in their brain. It is estimated that the human brain contains approximately 100 billion neurons.

Question 11

What are the basic building blocks of the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

The basic building blocks of the nervous system are neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit information throughout the body. While neurotransmitters and action potentials are important components of nervous system function, they are not fundamental building blocks. Dendrites are extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons, but they are not standalone units of the nervous system.

Question 12

A __________ is NOT a type of cell.

Accepted Answer

A synapse is a junction between two nerve cells where electrical or chemical signals are transmitted. It is not a type of cell. The other three options, receptors, effectors, and interneurons, are all types of cells that are involved in the nervous system.

Question 13

Unmyelinated neurons correspond to __________.

Accepted Answer

Unmyelinated neurons are found in gray matter, which is primarily made up of neuronal cell bodies and dendrites.

Question 14

A neuron has a resting potential of __________.

Accepted Answer

The typical resting potential for a neuron is around -70 millivolts (mV). This negative value is maintained by the selective movement of ions across the cell membrane, which is regulated by ion channels and transporters.

Question 15

How many neural connections exist in each person's brain?

Accepted Answer

It is estimated that there are around 100 trillion neural connections in the brain, which is equivalent to 10 to the power of 14.

Question 16

If one patient has a neurological disruption of mental process A but not mental process B,and another patient has a neurological disruption of mental process B,but not mental process A,this is called __________.

Accepted Answer

This is referred to as a double dissociation, where two different functions (A and B) are disrupted in separate individuals. This is a valuable tool for understanding the localization of specific functions within the brain, as it provides evidence that they are separate and independent processes. A double blind study refers to a study design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know which group is receiving the experimental manipulation and which is the control group. Transcranial activity refers to the use of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to modify brain activity. Morphological distinction refers to differences in the physical structure or appearance of an organism or tissue.

Question 17

When an action potential moves down a neuron,the action potential is said to be __________.

Accepted Answer

The term "propagated" is commonly used to describe the movement of an action potential down a neuron. This is because the electrical signal of the action potential is propagated or transmitted along the length of the axon. Options A, C, and D do not accurately describe the process of an action potential moving down a neuron.

Question 18

What is it called when a neuron fires?

Accepted Answer

When a neuron fires, it undergoes a brief electrical impulse called an action potential, which travels down the axon and triggers the release of neurotransmitters at the synapse. Choice A (synapsing) refers to the process of communication between neurons at the synapse, but does not specifically describe the firing of a neuron. Choices B (excitation) and C (inhibition) describe factors that can influence whether or not a neuron will fire, but do not specifically refer to the actual firing process itself.

Question 19

What kinds of neurons are most commonly found in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Interneurons are the most common type of neuron found in the brain. They are responsible for communicating between other neurons and can be either inhibitory or excitatory in their effects. Sensor neurons receive information from sensory organs and motor neurons control muscle movements, but they are not as abundant in the brain as interneurons. "Dissociation neurons" is not a recognized category of neurons.

Question 20

Information comes into a neuron through the __________.

Accepted Answer

Information comes into neurons through their dendrites, which receive signals from other neurons or sensory receptors. The axon carries the signal away from the cell body to transmit it to other cells, while the myelin sheath and nodes of Ranvier aid in the conduction of the electrical impulse along the axon.

Quiz 2: Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science

When there is a disruption of one mental process (but not others) due to brain damage,this is called a __________.

A neuron's myelin (if it has any) is produced by __________.