Question 1

Being motivated by a challenge and a personal sense of satisfaction is to _____ as being motivated by rewards such as money, grades, or fame is to _____.
A)extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation.
B)divergent thinking; convergent thinking.
C)intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation.
D)convergent thinking; divergent thinking.

Accepted Answer

Being motivated by a personal sense of satisfaction and challenge is referred to intrinsic motivation. Motivations that are external to the individual, such as rewards, grades, or fame, are referred to extrinsic motivation. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Question 2

The Buraku people of Japan, who are looked down upon by other Japanese and whose IQ scores are 10 to 15 points below mainstream Japanese, illustrate the fact that:
A)IQ scores are genetically determined.
B)IQ is fixed at birth and unlikely to change.
C)Social discrimination can affect IQ scores.
D)Environmental factors have no effect on IQ scores.

Accepted Answer

The Buraku people of Japan illustrate that social discrimination can affect IQ scores. This suggests that IQ scores are not solely determined by genetic factors or fixed at birth, and that environmental factors can have an impact on IQ scores. Therefore, option C is the best choice. Option A is incorrect because it suggests that IQ scores are solely determined by genetics. Option B is incorrect because it suggests that IQ scores cannot change over time. Option D is incorrect because it suggests that environmental factors have no impact on IQ scores.

Question 3

People are most creative when influenced by:
A)money.
B)extrinsic factors.
C)intrinsic motivation.
D)creativity "managers."

Accepted Answer

Studies show that people are most creative when they are intrinsically motivated, meaning they are interested and engaged in the task for its own sake rather than for external rewards such as money or recognition. Intrinsic motivation can come from a sense of curiosity, challenge, or personal enjoyment. Extrinsic factors like money or creativity managers may provide some motivation, but they do not necessarily lead to the highest levels of creativity.

Question 4

The acronym CREATE may be used to capture the following elements of creativity EXCEPT:
A)choose the goal of creativity.
B)reinforce creative behavior.
C)engage in extrinsically motivated activities.
D)acquire relevant knowledge.

Accepted Answer

The acronym CREATE stands for:
C - Choose the goal of creativity
R - Reinforce creative behavior
E - Explore ideas and options
A - Acquire relevant knowledge
T - Target ideas for development
E - Evaluate ideas and solutions

Engaging in extrinsically motivated activities is not a part of the CREATE model. The model focuses more on intrinsic motivation and personal goals for creativity.

Question 5

Your textbook discusses Art Fry, a singer in his church choir and a researcher at the 3M corporation. His case illustrates the importance of:
A)extrinsic motivation.
B)uselessness.
C)heuristics.
D)problem finding.

Accepted Answer

Art Fry's case illustrates the importance of problem finding, as he recognized the problem of keeping his bookmark in place while singing in choir and thought of a solution that eventually led to the invention of the Post-it Note.

Question 6

In a driving simulator, women who were reminded of the stereotype that females are bad drivers were more than twice as likely to run over pedestrians as women who were NOT reminded of the stereotype. This example illustrates which of the following?
A)neurotypical threat
B)stereotype threat
C)neurotypical lift
D)stereotype lift

Accepted Answer

This scenario represents the phenomenon of stereotype threat, where individuals conform to negative stereotypes about their group, leading to underperformance or negative outcomes. In this case, the reminder of the stereotype that women are bad drivers led to an increased likelihood of running over pedestrians for women in the driving simulator.

Question 7

When a young scientist went hiking in the Swiss Alps, he found that the thorny burrs on some plants stuck to his pants and shirt. Rather than dismissing this trivial annoyance, Heinz took the burrs to his lab and analyzed their properties. His work eventually led to the invention of Velcro. This illustrates one aspect of creativity called:
A)algorithmic thinking.
B)problem finding.
C)trial and error approaches.
D)heuristic thinking.

Accepted Answer

Problem finding is illustrated in this scenario because the scientist noticed a problem or a peculiar situation (burrs sticking to clothing) and took the initiative to explore and understand it further, leading to a creative invention.

Question 8

When reminded of the "elderly as wise" stereotype, senior adults scored higher on a memory test than those who were not reminded of that positive stereotype. This example illustrates which of the following?
A)neurotypical threat
B)stereotype threat
C)neurotypical lift
D)stereotype lift

Accepted Answer

This is an example of stereotyping lift, which refers to the increase in performance due to positive stereotypes. The reminder that the elderly are wise led to a boost in the seniors' memory test scores.

Question 9

The act of creativity is typically:
A)associated with solving some problem.
B)restricted to artistic expression, such as painting or writing fiction.
C)motivated only by intrinsic rewards.
D)extremely rare.

Accepted Answer

The act of creativity is typically associated with solving some problem. This can be a problem in the arts, sciences, business, or any other area where innovative solutions are needed.

Answer: B 
 This is not true. Creativity can be expressed in many ways beyond art such as inventing, problem-solving, and entrepreneurship.

Answer: C 
 While intrinsic rewards (such as personal satisfaction) may be a driving motivator for some individuals, there can also be external motivators such as financial gain, recognition or approval by peers or the desire to make an impact in the world.

Answer: D 
 This is not true; creativity is a common and natural human capacity.

Question 10

Which of the following is the best example of the phenomenon called stereotype threat?
A)Noah develops a sudden fear of flying after repeatedly watching graphic film footage of a commercial aircraft crashing shortly after takeoff and killing all of the passengers.
B)Haley thinks she's more likely to win the lottery after someone she knows wins five million dollars.
C)Hannah does poorly on her calculus final after overhearing her math instructor make a joking remark about how few female students manage to pass his course.
D)Eric is an extremely talented artist and sculptor, but his IQ score is only within the average range.

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat refers to the experience of anxiety or concern in a situation where a person has the potential to confirm a negative stereotype about their social group. In the given example, Hannah's poor performance on the calculus final is likely due to her overhearing the instructor's remark about female students, which may have activated a stereotype threat. Option A involves fear conditioning and option B involves availability heuristic, which are not related to stereotype threat. Option D does not involve a stereotype threat as there is no negative stereotype about artists or sculptors with average IQ scores.

Question 11

Your textbook discussed research on the effects of stereotype threat involving all of the following stereotypes EXCEPT:
A)physical appearance.
B)race.
C)age.
D)gender.

Accepted Answer

Stereotype threat research has extensively covered how stereotypes related to race, age, and gender can impact individuals' performance and behaviors. However, while there may be research on stereotypes related to physical appearance, it is not as commonly discussed in the context of stereotype threat as the other categories.

Question 12

A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation. These results provide support for environmental influences on IQ scores because:
A)the amount of time involved is far too short for genetically influenced changes to have occurred.
B)genetics have no contribution to IQ scores.
C)evolution only occurs in nonhuman animals.
D)the amount of time involved is far too long for genetically influenced changes to have occurred.

Accepted Answer

The fact that significant increases were observed in IQ scores in just one generation suggests that environmental influences, such as changes in education, nutrition and social factors, are the more likely explanation, as genetic changes would take much longer to manifest. Option B is incorrect as genetics do contribute to IQ but not exclusively. Option C is incorrect as evolution can and does occur in human populations. Option D is incorrect as it is contradictory to the time frame in the question.

Question 13

_____ refers to a group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions.
A)Intuition
B)Insight
C)Creativity
D)Functional fixedness

Accepted Answer

Creativity is the group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions. Intuition refers to the ability to know something instinctively. Insight is an understanding of a specific cause-and-effect relationship in a given context. Functional fixedness is a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object in only the way it is traditionally used.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about creativity is FALSE?
A)A useful technique to help inspire creative thinking is to engage in problem finding.
B)Divergent thinking, in which you consider a problem from a variety of angles, can help generate creative solutions.
C)Only a small percentage of people have the capacity to be creative.
D)Creativity requires effort and persistence.

Accepted Answer

Research on creativity suggests that everyone has the potential to be creative, and that it is a matter of developing skills and habits that promote creativity. While some people may have a predisposition towards certain types of creativity or find it easier to be creative in certain domains, creativity is not a fixed trait.

Question 15

In many ways, creativity depends on:
A)functional fixedness.
B)usefulness.
C)heuristics.
D)problem finding.

Accepted Answer

Creativity often involves identifying and solving problems, which requires being able to find and recognize problems in the first place. This is referred to as problem finding. Functional fixedness, usefulness, and heuristics can all play a role in creativity, but they are not as essential as problem finding.

Question 16

Cross-cultural research has found that members of stigmatized groups in many different societies tend to score _____ on intelligence tests than members of dominant social groups, even if the stigmatized group members are of the same race as the dominant group.
A)about the same
B)10 to 15 points higher
C)10 to 15 points lower
D)25 to 30 points lower

Accepted Answer

Cross-cultural research has consistently found that members of stigmatized groups score lower (about 10 to 15 points) on intelligence tests than members of dominant social groups, even if they are of the same race as the dominant group. This phenomenon is known as the "achievement gap" or "cultural deficit hypothesis."

Question 17

Factors such as motivation, expectations, attitudes toward test-taking, previous experience with tests, and use of different strategies in problem solving may affect performance and test scores. The textbook notes that these factors:
A)explain all aspects of individual, racial, and ethnic differences in IQ scores.
B)may relate to cultural differences in test-taking behavior.
C)have little or no influence on differences in IQ scores.
D)are less likely than genetics to influence IQ scores.

Accepted Answer

Cultural differences in test-taking behavior may influence how individuals approach tests and affect their performance and scores. However, these factors do not fully explain differences in IQ scores that also have genetic components.

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for enhancing creativity?
A)use the additive model
B)acquire relevant knowledge
C)try different approaches
D)engage in problem finding

Accepted Answer

The additive model is not a suggestion for enhancing creativity. It is a mathematical concept used in statistics to describe the relationship between two or more variables. The other options- acquiring relevant knowledge, trying different approaches, and engaging in problem finding are all suggestions for enhancing creativity.

Question 19

When Dr. Cera, an expert on intelligence testing, is asked if it is possible to design an intelligence test that is culture-free, she is most likely to suggest that it is:
A)not possible, because intelligence itself is not free of cultural influence
B)possible, because intelligence is genetically determined
C)possible, because intelligence itself is not affected by cultural influences
D)not possible, because nobody has yet formulated a theory of what intelligence is

Accepted Answer

Dr. Cera is an expert on intelligence testing, so it is safe to assume that she is knowledgeable about the concept of intelligence. The idea that intelligence is free from cultural influence is widely debated, and a number of research studies have demonstrated that cultural background can affect intelligence test scores. Thus, Dr. Cera is most likely to suggest that it is not possible to design an intelligence test that is culture-free, as intelligence itself is not free of cultural influence.

Question 20

A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation. These results provide support for _____ on IQ scores.
A)the effect of racial characteristics
B)environmental influences
C)genetic influences
D)the effect of diet

Accepted Answer

The significant gains in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation suggest that environmental influences are the main factor affecting IQ scores rather than genetics or racial characteristics. The effect of diet may also play a role in IQ scores, but it is not as strongly supported by this evidence as environmental influences.

Quiz 7: Section 2: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Being motivated by a challenge and a personal sense of satisfaction is to _ as being motivated by rewards such as money, grades, or fame is to _.

The Buraku people of Japan, who are looked down upon by other Japanese and whose IQ scores are 10 to 15 points below mainstream Japanese, illustrate the fact that:

People are most creative when influenced by:

The acronym CREATE may be used to capture the following elements of creativity EXCEPT:

Your textbook discusses Art Fry, a singer in his church choir and a researcher at the 3M corporation. His case illustrates the importance of:

In a driving simulator, women who were reminded of the stereotype that females are bad drivers were more than twice as likely to run over pedestrians as women who were NOT reminded of the stereotype. This example illustrates which of the following?

When reminded of the "elderly as wise" stereotype, senior adults scored higher on a memory test than those who were not reminded of that positive stereotype. This example illustrates which of the following?

The act of creativity is typically:

Which of the following is the best example of the phenomenon called stereotype threat?

Your textbook discussed research on the effects of stereotype threat involving all of the following stereotypes EXCEPT:

A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation. These results provide support for environmental influences on IQ scores because:

_____ refers to a group of cognitive processes used to generate useful, original, and novel ideas or solutions.

Which of the following statements about creativity is FALSE?

In many ways, creativity depends on:

Cross-cultural research has found that members of stigmatized groups in many different societies tend to score _____ on intelligence tests than members of dominant social groups, even if the stigmatized group members are of the same race as the dominant group.

Factors such as motivation, expectations, attitudes toward test-taking, previous experience with tests, and use of different strategies in problem solving may affect performance and test scores. The textbook notes that these factors:

Which of the following is NOT a suggestion for enhancing creativity?

When Dr. Cera, an expert on intelligence testing, is asked if it is possible to design an intelligence test that is culture-free, she is most likely to suggest that it is:

A worldwide survey of intelligence test scores showed that there were significant gains in average IQ scores in 14 nations in just one generation. These results provide support for _____ on IQ scores.