Question 1

Young Bobby is anxious, fearful, and soft-hearted. Because of these characteristics, his father is worried that Bobby is not masculine enough. Bobby's father is endorsing:
A)passive aggression.
B)benevolent sexism.
C)gender stereotypes.
D)unconscious repression.

Accepted Answer

Bobby's father is endorsing gender stereotypes by suggesting that Bobby should conform to traditional masculine traits and not exhibit characteristics that are traditionally associated with femininity. This reinforces the idea that there are specific gender roles and expectations that individuals must adhere to, which can be damaging to those who do not fit into these narrow categories.

Question 2

Segal, a developmental psychologist, contends that gender roles develop because young children observe others modeling particular gender-appropriate behaviors. She also thinks that the children are rewarded when they behave accordingly and punished when they don't. Dr. Segal's views are most consistent with the _____ theory of gender-role development.
A)cognitive development
B)evolutionary
C)gender-schema
D)social learning

Accepted Answer

Dr. Segal's views are most consistent with the social learning theory of gender-role development, which asserts that children acquire gender roles through observing how others behave and being rewarded or punished for their own behavior. This theory emphasizes the influence of social and environmental factors in shaping gender roles, rather than innate or genetic factors.

Question 3

As children grow older, girls become _____ in their views of gender-appropriate activities and attributes, and boys become _____ in their views of gender-appropriate activities and attributes.
A)less flexible; more flexible
B)more flexible; less flexible
C)more flexible; more flexible
D)less flexible; less flexible

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that as children grow older, girls generally become more flexible in their views of what activities and attributes are appropriate for each gender, while boys tend to become less flexible, adhering more strictly to traditional gender roles.

Question 4

Whenever Julie played with toy vehicles or blocks her mother would be very disapproving. Whenever she played with dolls and domestic toys her mother would smile and praise her. As Julie grew up, she played less and less with "boys" toys and more and more with dolls, dollhouses, and domestic accessories. This description of gender-role development exemplifies _____ theory.
A)social learning
B)evolutionary
C)gender schema
D)gender identity

Accepted Answer

This description of Julie's gender-role development exemplifies social learning theory, which suggests that children learn gender roles and behaviors through observation and imitation of others in their environment, such as parents and peers. Julie's mother's disapproval of her playing with "boys" toys and praise for playing with dolls and domestic toys likely influenced Julie's gender-role development.

Question 5

In a study in which children played with gender-neutral gadgets, some of which were labeled as "boy toys" and some as "girl toys," boys played more with "boy gadgets," and girls played more with "girl gadgets." A week later, both the boys and girls remembered which toys were associated with each sex. This evidence most strongly supports the importance of _____ in learning and remembering new information.
A)gender schemas
B)reinforcement and punishment
C)modeling and observation
D)genetic influences

Accepted Answer

The study suggests that children have pre-existing gender schemas which influence their choice of toys, as well as their memory and recall of which toys were labeled as for boys or for girls. This demonstrates how gender schemas play an important role in learning and remembering new information related to gender roles and expectations. Reinforcement and punishment, modeling and observation, and genetic influences were not directly tested or proven to have a significant impact in this study.

Question 6

The theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of mental representations of masculinity and femininity is called _____ theory.
A)social learning
B)evolutionary
C)social identity
D)gender schema

Accepted Answer

The theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of mental representations of masculinity and femininity is called gender schema theory. Social learning theory proposes that gender roles are acquired through observation and imitation of role models. Evolutionary theory emphasizes the role of biological and evolutionary factors in shaping gender roles. Social identity theory focuses on how group membership and social categorization influence our perceptions of self and others.

Question 7

A group of 5-year-old children are shown pictures of children engaged in activities that violate common gender stereotypes, such as girls playing with toy vehicles and boys playing with dolls. If the children are questioned a few days later, gender schema theory would predict that they will:
A)not remember having seen any pictures.
B)accurately recall that the boys were playing with dolls and the girls with trucks and cars.
C)tend to recall having seen the boys playing with trucks and cars and the girls playing with dolls.
D)tend to recall having seen pictures of dinosaurs, cartoon characters, and TV animals, such as Big Bird and Barney.

Accepted Answer

According to gender schema theory, children have mental categories of what is expected and acceptable behavior for males and females. Therefore, the 5-year-olds are likely to remember the pictures that fit into their gender schemas, which would be pictures of boys playing with trucks and cars and girls playing with dolls.

Question 8

Little Taylor wants to be a scientist when she grows up. However, when she told her junior high school guidance counselor about this goal, he discouraged her from pursuing science, saying, "Girls aren't logical." The counselor's statement is an example of:
A)a gender stereotype.
B)benevolent sexism.
C)passive aggression.
D)unconscious repression.

Accepted Answer

The counselor's statement is an example of a gender stereotype, which is a generalized view or preconception about attributes or characteristics that are or ought to be possessed by, or the roles that are or should be performed by, men and women. Saying "Girls aren't logical" applies a stereotype about women's abilities in logic and reasoning, which is unrelated to an individual's actual abilities or interests.

Question 9

Gender schema theory is to _____ as social learning theory is to _____.
A)cognitive categories; reinforcement, punishment, and modeling
B)genetics; environment
C)reinforcement, punishment, and modeling; cognitive categories
D)environment; genetics

Accepted Answer

Gender schema theory focuses on how cognitive categories (schemas) influence our understanding and behavior related to gender, while social learning theory emphasizes how reinforcement, punishment, and modeling shape our behavior.

Question 10

Kelsey investigates gender-role development. If the results of her studies are consistent with other researchers in the field, she is likely to find that:
A)girls tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise and verbal conflict resolution.
B)boys tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise, conciliation, and verbal conflict resolution.
C)boys tend to establish very close bonds with one or two friends, and avoid competition and rough play.
D)girls learn to assert themselves within a group of same-sex friends and are more likely than boys to be competitive.

Accepted Answer

This is consistent with research on girls' social development, which tends to focus on cooperation, communication, and compromise in social situations. Boys, on the other hand, tend to place more emphasis on competition and physical play in their social interactions.

Question 11

Little Sadie received a remote-controlled toy dump truck as a birthday present from her grandmother. Little Sadie responded negatively to the gift, stating, "Grandma, this is a toy for boys!" Little Sadie has formed a(n) _____ around the idea of toy trucks.
A)gender schema
B)unconscious resentment
C)negative reinforcement
D)categorization partiality

Accepted Answer

Little Sadie has formed a gender schema, which is a framework for organizing information about gender. She has come to believe that toy trucks are toys for boys, and this belief is likely the result of exposure to societal norms and gender stereotypes. Gender schemas often lead people to categorize objects and behaviors according to gender, and can contribute to gender-based discrimination and bias.

Question 12

The theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling, is called _____ theory.
A)gender schema
B)social learning
C)gender identity
D)evolutionary

Accepted Answer

The theory that gender roles are acquired through learning processes, such as reinforcement, punishment, and modeling, is known as social learning theory. Gender schema theory suggests that individuals develop a schema, or mental framework, for understanding gender roles and stereotypes. Gender identity refers to an individual's sense of their own gender, while evolutionary theory suggests that gender roles have evolved as a result of natural selection. Therefore, the best choice for this question is B) social learning theory.

Question 13

Based on numerous studies he has conducted, Dr. Galindro is convinced that children actively develop cognitive categories for masculinity and femininity. He contends that these mental representations influence how children perceive, interpret, and remember representations of gender-appropriate behavior. Dr. Galindro's views are most consistent with the _____ theory of gender-role development.
A)gender schema
B)evolutionary
C)social learning
D)transgendered

Accepted Answer

Dr. Galindro's belief that children actively develop cognitive categories for masculinity and femininity, which influence how they perceive and interpret gender-appropriate behavior, is most consistent with the gender schema theory of gender-role development. This theory proposes that individuals create mental frameworks (schemas) for understanding gender and use them to guide their behavior and interpretations of the world.

Question 14

Many researchers have noted gender differences in how children interact with peers. Which of the following statements reflects our current understanding of these differences?
A)Girls, more often than boys, learn to assert themselves within a group of same-sex friends.
B)Boys, more often than girls, tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise, conciliation, and verbal conflict resolution.
C)Boys, more often than girls, establish very close bonds with one or two friends, and avoid competition and rough play.
D)Girls, more often than boys, tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise, conciliation, and verbal conflict resolution.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that girls tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise, conciliation, and verbal conflict resolution, while boys often establish very close bonds with one or two friends and engage in more competitive and rough play. Girls also tend to assert themselves within a group of same-sex friends, whereas boys are more likely to assert themselves in mixed-sex groups.

Question 15

Mandy and Michael are fraternal twins who will be celebrating their sixth birthday very soon. If they are typical of children at this age, Mandy will ask for _____ and Michael will ask for _____ as birthday presents.
A)dolls and a dollhouse; toy cars and trucks
B)sports equipment; dolls and a dollhouse
C)toy cars and trucks; sports equipment
D)toy guns and toy soldiers; dolls and a dollhouse

Accepted Answer

According to stereotypes and gender norms, girls at this age tend to prefer dolls and dollhouses, while boys prefer toy cars and trucks. Mandy and Michael being fraternal twins does not necessarily mean that they will have the same interests, but given that they are typical of children at this age, option A seems to be the most likely choice.

Question 16

Little Timmy received a princess tiara and scepter as a birthday present from his grandmother. Little Timmy reacted negatively to the gift, stating, "Grandma, these are toys for girls!" Sandra Bem might interpret Timmy's response as an example of a(n):
A)positive reinforcement.
B)unconscious resentment.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)gender schema.

Accepted Answer

Sandra Bem developed gender schema theory, which suggests that individuals develop mental frameworks that influence their understanding of gender and gender roles. Little Timmy's response indicates that he has developed a gender schema based on societal norms that associate tiaras and scepters with girls and princesses.

Question 17

_____ influence how people pay attention to, perceive, interpret, and remember gender-relevant behavior.
A)Genes
B)Gender schemas
C)Gender roles
D)Norms

Accepted Answer

Gender schemas are cognitive structures that guide the processing of gender-relevant information, including behavior. They influence how individuals pay attention to, perceive, interpret, and remember gender-relevant behavior. For example, if someone has a gender schema that associates men with being tough and aggressive, they may be more likely to pay attention to, perceive, and remember instances of male aggression.

Question 18

In preschool, 4-year-old Daisy is _____ likely to play with other girls, and 4-year-old Daniel is _____ likely to play with other boys.
A)less; more
B)more; less
C)less; less
D)more; more

Accepted Answer

At the age of 4, children tend to exhibit gender-specific play preferences, with girls more likely to play with other girls and boys more likely to play with other boys, reflecting a natural inclination towards same-gender playmates.

Question 19

In the United States, _____ have a more _____ view of the female gender-role stereotype than the male gender-role stereotype.
A)females but not males; negative
B)males but not females; negative
C)both males and females; positive
D)both males and females; negative

Accepted Answer

Both males and females in the United States tend to have a more positive view of the female gender-role stereotype compared to the male gender-role stereotype.

Question 20

Which of the following people developed gender schema theory to explain gender-role development?
A)psychologist Sandra Bem
B)physician William Masters
C)behavioral scientist Virginia Johnson
D)psychologist David Buss

Accepted Answer

Psychologist Sandra Bem developed gender schema theory to explain gender role development.

Quiz 9: Section 2: Lifespan Development

Young Bobby is anxious, fearful, and soft-hearted. Because of these characteristics, his father is worried that Bobby is not masculine enough. Bobby's father is endorsing:

As children grow older, girls become _ in their views of gender-appropriate activities and attributes, and boys become _ in their views of gender-appropriate activities and attributes.

The theory that gender-role development is influenced by the formation of mental representations of masculinity and femininity is called _____ theory.

A group of 5-year-old children are shown pictures of children engaged in activities that violate common gender stereotypes, such as girls playing with toy vehicles and boys playing with dolls. If the children are questioned a few days later, gender schema theory would predict that they will:

Little Taylor wants to be a scientist when she grows up. However, when she told her junior high school guidance counselor about this goal, he discouraged her from pursuing science, saying, "Girls aren't logical." The counselor's statement is an example of:

Gender schema theory is to _ as social learning theory is to _.

Kelsey investigates gender-role development. If the results of her studies are consistent with other researchers in the field, she is likely to find that:

Little Sadie received a remote-controlled toy dump truck as a birthday present from her grandmother. Little Sadie responded negatively to the gift, stating, "Grandma, this is a toy for boys!" Little Sadie has formed a(n) _____ around the idea of toy trucks.

The theory that gender roles are acquired through the basic processes of learning, including reinforcement, punishment, and modeling, is called _____ theory.

Many researchers have noted gender differences in how children interact with peers. Which of the following statements reflects our current understanding of these differences?

Mandy and Michael are fraternal twins who will be celebrating their sixth birthday very soon. If they are typical of children at this age, Mandy will ask for _ and Michael will ask for _ as birthday presents.

Little Timmy received a princess tiara and scepter as a birthday present from his grandmother. Little Timmy reacted negatively to the gift, stating, "Grandma, these are toys for girls!" Sandra Bem might interpret Timmy's response as an example of a(n) :

_____ influence how people pay attention to, perceive, interpret, and remember gender-relevant behavior.

In preschool, 4-year-old Daisy is _ likely to play with other girls, and 4-year-old Daniel is _ likely to play with other boys.

In the United States, _ have a more _ view of the female gender-role stereotype than the male gender-role stereotype.

Which of the following people developed gender schema theory to explain gender-role development?