Quiz 5: Infancy

Which lifespan theorist argued that children are like little sponges waiting for something to absorb? A)Skinner B)Piaget C)Emilia D)Montessori

Educators in __________ argue that even the youngest infants exercise some control over the direction of their learning A)Toulouse,France B)Tel Aviv,Israel C)Reggio Emilia,Italy D)Sapporo,Japan

__________ proposed that children were "active constructors" in their worlds. A)Piaget B)Watson C)Skinner D)Freud

One of the strengths of the educational system proposed by the Reggio Emilia group is: A)careful record keeping to inform teachers and parents about the children's progress. B)reliance on self-reports of adults on what contributed to their educational successes. C)a focus on reinforcement to encourage learning. D)development of an unstructured environment to foster creativity.

Victor is a full term,healthy baby.If he is similar to an average baby,he will weigh: A)1.2 kilograms. B)2 kilograms. C)close to 3 kilograms. D)3.4 kilogram.

Shaoqiang's parents are happy that he is healthy and fits into the typical weight and size of newborns.How many centimetres long is Shaoqiang? A)20 B)30 C)40 D)50

Terry and Sheila's first born son,Tristan,is now 3 weeks old.If Tristan is a typical infant,his parents can expect his weight to __________ during the first year of his life. A)double B)triple C)fluctuate D)stay the same

If Imari is like most babies,during her first year of life,her body length will be __________ when she was born. A)three times longer than B)two times longer than C)about the same as D)fifty percent longer than

Of the following countries,which had the highest infant mortality rate in 2009? A)Japan B)Canada C)the United States D)Iceland

Of the following countries,which had the lowest infant mortality rate in 2009? A)the United States B)Italy C)Canada D)Japan

Infant death in Canada is often due to: A)breach births. B)teratogens. C)maternal smoking. D)low birth weight and early birth.

Of the following characteristics,which is linked to early delivery of babies in Canada? A)poor mothers with less education B)poor fathers with less education C)maternal obesity D)paternal obesity

At birth,an infant's head is __________ of the body's total length. A)one third B)one half C)one fourth D)one seventh

An adult's head is __________ of the body's total length. A)one seventh B)one half C)one fourth D)one tenth

Of the following,which is likely to influence whether a woman chooses to breastfeed or to use formula for her baby? A)her family's attitudes B)society's norms C)her physician's recommendation D)All of these are correct

If Addison is like most mothers in Canada,she will be encouraged by her physician and other health officials to breastfeed her infant exclusively for: A)six months. B)four months. C)three months. D)six weeks.

Which of the following is an advantage of breastfeeding that cannot be matched by formula? A)A high protein content B)Longer infant sleep cycles C)Faster growth D)Protection against disease

With appropriate complementary feeding,the recommended interval for nursing is __________,according to the Canadian Paediatric Society. A)two years B)one year C)six months D)six weeks

The brain's __________ is responsible for primary vision. A)occipital lobe B)frontal lobe C)cerebellum D)parietal lobe

While four-year-old Andrew is articulate and speaks in complete sentences,he can't tell you anything about when he was under a year old because of: A)infantile amnesia. B)lack of opportunity. C)anterograde amnesia. D)retrograde forgetting.

The infant's brain at birth is about __________ of its adult size. A)10 percent B)25 percent C)50 percent D)75 percent

Alex gets so frustrated that his infant nephew won't stop crying that he shakes him until the baby's brain loses control over heart rate,respiration,and temperature.What condition was the infant exposed to? A)Fragile X B)Shaken Baby syndrome C)Hippocampus dysfunction D)Down syndrome

Which of the following statements concerning the developing infant brain is correct? A)The first six months of development are genetically hardwired and undergo little environmental alteration. B)The infant's brain at 6 months old is approximately 75 percent of its adult weight. C)The infant's brain is continually rewiring itself based on environmental stimulation. D)The infant's brain at birth is 10 percent of its adult weight.

Which of the following regarding neurons is TRUE? A)Neurons randomly die throughout our lifetime. B)Neurons that receive contradictory information die. C)Neurons that are not stimulated lose their synapses in a pruning process. D)Neurons that are over-stimulated lose their synapses in a pruning process.

By the age of __________ most infants are able to hold their heads steady while sitting and lift their head and shoulders to a 90-degree angle while lying on their stomachs. A)8 months B)4 months C)2 months D)1 month

Ryan is seven months old and is able to get around in what his older brother calls an "army crawl" because Ryan can't get his stomach off the ground.Ryan is actually: A)creeping. B)crawling. C)crab walking. D)rolling.

Failure-to-thrive infants are in the bottom __________ of height and weight measures. A)3 percent B)10 percent C)18 percent D)25 percent

Sarah is a toddler who weighs far less than other children her age.When her parents sought medical help,they discovered Sarah has a problem with her intestines so that she doesn't absorb food.Sarah's condition is: A)categorized as organic failure to thrive. B)an example of intestinal dwarfism. C)known as nonorganic failure to thrive. D)the result of Munchausen's syndrome by proxy.

Of the following infants,who is most at risk of SIDS? A)Taylor,whose mother places her on her back each night B)Christian,who sleeps in quilted pajamas with no blanket or pillow C)Alim,whose mother smokes cigarettes D)Jayden,who is 3 weeks old

__________ is the term for an infant's becoming increasingly inattentive to a familiar stimulus. A)Aversion B)Activation synthesis C)Habituation D)Assimilation

Johnny is 4 months old and his older brother Gus is playing with him.Gus holds up a bright red ball for Johnny to look at,but after a couple of minutes Johnny stops looking and looks away when his brother attempts to capture his attention again with the ball.Johnny has: A)developed a mild fear of the ball. B)habituated to the ball. C)developed an aversion to the ball. D)become unable to separate the ball from the background of the room.

Sebastian is three weeks old.If his parents want to decorate his crib with items he will most enjoy looking at,they should include: A)soft pastels. B)cartoon characters of animals. C)black and white polka dots or checkerboards. D)bright primary colours,including greens and blues.

Lucie is holding her newborn.Lucie wants to make sure her baby has sufficient visual stimulation to develop normally.What could you tell Lucie? A)"If you make sure you dress in bright yellow and blue clothing,your baby's color perception will develop normally." B)"Be sure to avoid strong black and white patterns as they will inhibit color perception." C)"While all colours are acceptable,babies are particularly attracted to soft colors." D)"By holding your baby,you are allowing her to see your face,which she prefers to look at."

Now that Jackson is 9 months of age and is actively crawling,his parents are worried that he will not recognize stairs and the edge of the bed.What could you tell them? A)"You are right to worry,as babies don't develop depth perception until they begin walking." B)"Jackson will be fine,because babies are born with the ability to perceive depth." C)"Jackson has been able to perceive depth since he was about 8 weeks old,so he will be safe." D)"While you are right to be cautious,if Jackson is crawling,he is developing depth perception."

When do babies begin to process auditory stimuli? A)by 2 months of age B)by 1 month of age C)by one week of age D)before they are born

Hailey is only three days old.If she is typical of newborns,she will prefer: A)to listen to people talking. B)to listen to music. C)to look at brightly colored patterns. D)to have only quiet,muted sounds around her.

According to Piaget,the sensorimotor period of infant development is characterized by the child's: A)egocentrism. B)empathy. C)accommodation. D)actualization.

__________ is Piaget's term for infants' motor activity that is repeated in developing stages. A)Circular reactions B)Cyclical behaviour C)Cyclothymia D)Redundant actions

According to Piaget,it is necessary that babies __________ in order to learn about the world. A)are rewarded B)tutored C)are able to move and interact with objects D)try things once

According to Piaget,the dominant behaviour seen in Stage 1 of the sensorimotor period is: A)sucking. B)crying. C)temperature regulation. D)achieving object conservation

Théo is two weeks old.The behaviour that he exhibits most of the time is sucking or looking for something to suck on.Théo is in __________ of Piaget's sensorimotor period. A)third stage B)second stage C)first stage D)the prestage

Piaget's term for infants' activities that are focused on their own bodies and reflexes is: A)tertiary circular reactions. B)secondary circular reactions. C)coordination of secondary schemes. D)primary circular reactions.

At 3 months of age,Niu spends her time watching her toes kick.She is fascinated by this repeated movement.Niu's behavior is an example of Piaget's: A)first stage of the sensorimotor period. B)primary circular reactions. C)secondary circular reactions. D)tertiary circular reactions.

An 8-month-old child sitting in a high chair and repeatedly banging a spoon on the tray would be exhibiting what Piaget termed: A)primary circular reactions. B)secondary circular reactions. C)tertiary circular reactions. D)secondary schemata.

Intentional or goal-driven behaviour is first evidenced when the infant begins to combine behaviours to achieve a goal.According to Piaget,this is known as: A)secondary circular reactions. B)tertiary circular reactions. C)coordination of secondary schemes. D)internal representation.

In Piaget's model,__________ occur(s)when children use symbols to think about real events without actually experiencing them. A)Coordination of secondary schemes B)Internalization of schemes C)Tertiary circular reactions D)Combination of quaternary schemes

Which of the following children is demonstrating internalization of schemes? A)Leah,as she annoys her mother by continuously dropping her spoon so she can watch her mother pick it up B)Dylan,who is carefully kicking his mobile to watch it go around C)Jonathan,who is pretending the hair dryer is a power drill D)Laria,who is carefully stacking cereal boxes

An infant who does not attempt to retrieve or seek out a stuffed animal she and her father have been playing with after he hides it behind his back has likely not yet developed a sense of: A)habituation. B)seriation. C)causality. D)object permanence.

Caleb tried to get his mother's attention by whining,but this didn't work.Caleb thought about what behaviours worked in the past when his mother talked to him,so he tugged on her sleeve and said,"Mama." She hugged him.Caleb's solution of this problem is an example of _________ approach to cognitive development. A)a biological B)an instrumental C)the information processing D)Piaget's

In contrast to many explanations of development,information processing theory is not: A)a stage approach. B)based on assumptions of internal behaviour. C)dependent on the active behaviour of the child. D)limited by biological models.

Infants are not passive observers; they actively process incoming stimuli.An infant who hears her father's voice will likely become more alert.The area of the brain directly responsible for this change in arousal level is located in the: A)limbic system. B)brain stem. C)auditory system. D)cortex.

Memories are stored in the connections between the neurons in the brain.These connections are known as: A)junctions. B)synapses. C)nodes. D)myelin.

__________ refers to children's use of surrounding context to understand words' meanings. A)Fast mapping B)Coordination of secondary schemes C)Internal processing D)Syntax

At about what age have children acquired the fundamentals of their language? A)3 years B)5 years C)7 years D)9 years

What is the correct sequence of language development during the child's first year? A)Crying,cooing,babbling,single words B)Babbling,crying,cooing,single words C)Cooing,crying,babbling,single words D)Crying,babbling,cooing,single words

According to Vygotsky,crying,cooing,and babbling are all part of: A)preintellectual speech. B)native psychology. C)egocentric speech. D)inner speech.

Obelix entertains his parents by cooing and distresses them by crying.These sounds are essential parts of communication and indicate that Obelix is in the __________ stage of language development according to Vygotsky. A)third B)second C)first D)final

__________ is Vygotsky's term for the stage when children explore the concrete objects in their world and begin to label them. A)Egocentric speech B)Internalization of objects C)Inner speech D)Naive psychology

Three-year-old Estevan is chatting away in a deep conversation.The interesting part is that there is no one in the room with him but his dog and his toys.Estevan is exhibiting: A)egocentric speech. B)autistic behaviour. C)preintellectual speech. D)holophrases.

The final stage of Vygotsky's approach to language development involves: A)inner speech. B)egocentric speech. C)babbling. D)telegraphic speech.

Six-year-old Avery is putting together a model horse that is quite challenging.As she sorts through the pieces of tack,she sometimes talks to herself out loud and sometimes she mutters quietly.Her parents are concerned that their daughter talks to herself.What should you tell them? A)"Talking to herself is important in planning and guiding complex behaviour." B)"Your daughter is delayed in development,because she has to talk to herself." C)"Avery will likely have trouble with impulse control later." D)"It is important that Avery learn self control,and so limit her talk to conversations."

Gavin's primary communication is in the form of gurgles and coos.How old is Gavin? A)no older than 2 months B)from 2 to 5 months C)5 to 7 months D)around 8 months

"Da da da da da ba ba ba ba ma ma ma," chortles little Ji while his father rocks him in the recliner.Because Ji can produce these repetitive syllables,he must be: A)around 3 months old. B)between 4 and 5 months of age. C)close to 6 months of age. D)7 months or older.

When 4-year-old Sada learns to say "I want a drink of water" instead of pointing and saying "water,drink" she is mastering the __________ of the English language. A)syntax B)semantics C)phonology D)morphology

Interactions between a parent and infant are: A)passive on the parent's part. B)passive on the child's part. C)active on the child's,as well as the parent's part. D)primarily emphasised by responses to physical needs.

Which of the following components of family relationships is important to the development of an infant,physically as well as socially? A)Marital satisfaction of the parents B)Sibling-sibling interactions C)Parent-sibling interactions D)all of these are correct

__________ refer to the mutual changes that occur in a relationship resulting from the behaviours and attitudes of the individuals involved. A)Reciprocal interactions B)Synchronous dynamics C)Autonomous relations D)Entrainment rhythms

If an infant has an easygoing demeanor,his or her parents will likely respond favourably to the child most of the time,which in turn will increase the infant's security and confidence and cause the parents to treat the child even more favourably.This is an example of: A)autonomy. B)reciprocal interactions. C)attachment expectations. D)synchrony.

Baby Sean may be cooing,smiling,and kicking primarily to: A)exercise his newly developing muscles. B)maintain reciprocal interactions with his parents. C)further his own cognitive development. D)develop autonomy.

The success of any child-parent relationship hinges upon how the parents view and exercise their roles and: A)the age of the child. B)the number of children they have. C)their age when they have children. D)how the child reacts to the parenting style.

Ideally,parents' expectations of their child and their sense of how to parent that child should: A)be patterned after their relationship with their own parents. B)mesh with their child's abilities and personality. C)be founded on authoritarian principles. D)reflect the mores of their particular community.

__________ are considered "the language of infancy." A)Emotions B)Babbling C)Biological needs D)Frustrations

Evan was playing with Kayla when she decided she wanted to play with the truck Evan had.Evan protested,but his mother told him to share.Evan smiled as he handed Kayla the truck.Evan's smile may be interpreted as evidence that: A)sharing makes him happy. B)he is glad that he can make Kayla happy. C)he is being polite but would really rather cry. D)any of these are

Of the following,which one is an important milestone in the development of healthy emotional expression? A)Knowing which emotion is appropriate B)Managing emotional reactions C)Recognizing the motivations triggered by emotions D)all of these are correct

Which emotions are typically expressed by newborn? A)Delight,wariness,anger B)Fear,anxiety,shyness C)Shame,defiance D)Pleasure,distress,disgust

Tahirah is crying loudly at being left alone in her crib.Tahirah is 2 months old.What emotion is she likely showing? A)Shame B)Fear C)Anxiety D)Distress

Anger first appears as an emotion in babies that are __________ months old. A)two B)three C)seven D)twelve

Landon is delighted when his mother picks him up from his crib and angry when she sets him down in the playpen.Landon must be at least __________ of age. A)one month B)two months C)three months D)one year

A baby that is six to nine months old will begin to display: A)pleasure,distress,and disgust. B)fear,anxiety,pleasure,and shyness. C)elation. D)shame and defiance.

When Angel was placed in a crib with an older child who immediately started to cry,Angel tried to climb out of the crib.It was clear to his father that Angel was anxious about the situation.How old must Angel be to experience this emotion? A)Angel must be between six and nine months B)Angel must be between three to four months C)Angel must be around five months D)Angel must be at least one year old.

For most infants,stranger anxiety occurs between the ages of: A)3 to 6 months B)6 to 9 months C)9 to 12 months D)12 to 18 months

Ten-month-old Brooklyn is going to meet her aunt for the first time.Brooklyn has always been a friendly baby,but when her aunt tried to hold her,Brooklyn clung to her mother and began to whimper.Brooklyn is exhibiting: A)stranger anxiety. B)separation anxiety. C)defiance. D)insecure attachment.

Separation anxiety typically appears around the age of: A)9 to 12 months. B)6 to 9 months. C)3 to 5 months. D)birth to 3 months.

When does a baby's smile indicate recognition of faces in a social context? A)by the sixth week B)by the third week C)newborns can do this D)when a baby displays a smile of recognition depends upon cultural influences

__________ is defined as behaviour intended to keep a child or adult in close proximity to a significant other. A)Infant aggression B)Reciprocal interactions C)Symbiosis D)Attachment

Two of the most influential researchers in attachment are: A)Bowlby and Ainsworth. B)Watson and Raynor. C)Masters and Johnson. D)Freud and Jung.

What is Bowlby's basic premise of attachment? A)A warm,intimate relationship between mother and infant is essential to mental health,as the child's need for comfort is as great as its need for nourishment. B)The total range of reinforcement provided by the caregiver explains attachment. C)Attachment is an intellectual achievement involving cognitive concepts based on prediction and outcomes. D)Infants become attached to those who provide them oral satisfaction.

Bowlby found that the most important caregiver in a child's life is: A)the biological mother. B)the biological father. C)a grandparent. D)not necessarily the biological parent.

What is the correct sequence of behaviours,as seen in Bowlby's work,when children who have good relationships with their mothers are separated from them? A)Detachment,despair,protest B)Despair,protest,detachment C)Despair,detachment,protest D)Protest,despair,detachment

In the __________ stage of separation,the child cries loudly,is restless,and rejects all adult figures. A)protest B)despair C)detachment D)alarm

Lucas's mother experienced complications from an emergency appendectomy.She has been in the hospital for more than a week.Lucas has withdrawn,become lethargic,and cries softly for hours.According to Bowlby,Lucas: A)is in despair. B)has become detached. C)is resistant. D)is avoidant.

Lucas's mother has been hospitalized for an extended period of time.At first,Lucas was consolable,but now he will allow caregivers to pick him up,and he has resumed eating and playing.Unlike before his mother left,Lucas is quiet and reserved.As predicted by Bowlby,Lucas is: A)detached. B)protesting his mother's absence. C)in despair. D)exhausted.

If an infant is apathetic to those around them after separation from their parent,Bowlby would say they are: A)exhausted. B)protesting their loss. C)detached. D)in despair.

From Bowlby's work on attachment,how would a 9-month-old infant behave if separated from its mother? A)He would exhibit little or no initial reaction. B)He would cry when his mother leaves. C)He would notice her impending departure,signaling a better understanding of his surrounding world. D)He would accept his mother's temporary absence.

From Bowlby's work on attachment,how would a 4-month-old infant behave if separated from its mother? A)She would show distress when her mother leaves. B)She would cry unceasingly when her mother leaves. C)She would notice her mother's impending departure,signaling a better understanding of her surrounding world. D)She would begin to accept her mother's temporary absence.

Children's behaviour indicates secure attachment when they: A)are not distressed upon the mother's departure. B)do not notice the mother's departure. C)are distressed and cry at the mother's departure. D)do not seek contact upon the mother's return.

How did Ainsworth describe mothers of avoidant attached infants? A)Anxious during separation from their child B)Reluctant to seek help from others C)Indifferent to physical contact D)Encouraged exploration in their infants

Children who did not seem distressed upon their mother's departure,and who did not seek contact with her upon her return,would be classified as: A)securely attached. B)avoidantly attached. C)ambivalently attached. D)disorganized in their attachment.

Behaviours of infants who are categorized as ambivalently attached include: A)distress at being left by the caretaker,and immediate contact upon their return. B)neutrality at being left by the caretaker,and avoidance upon their return. C)little show of emotion upon the caretaker's departure,and confusion upon their return. D)distress at being left by the caretaker,and uncertainty upon their return.

What was the important conclusion from Harlow's work with monkeys and attachment? A)Contact comfort is more important than association with food for developing attachment. B)Food is the initial attraction but shifts to contact comfort as the infant matures. C)Consistency was more important that either food or contact. D)The effects of early neglect can be overcome later by adequate nutrition.

An individual's unique and stable style of behaviour make up his or her: A)personality. B)temperament. C)attitude. D)emotional set.

An individual's temperament is formed: A)through both genetic and environmental influences. B)almost exclusively through environmental factors. C)almost exclusively through genetic factors. D)by parents and teachers.

Results from the New York Longitudinal Study by Chess and Thomas indicate that children as young as _________ exhibit specific temperament types. A)12 to 18 months B)10 to 12 months C)6 to 8 months D)2 to 3 months

Which of the following is true of temperament in children? A)Once temperament is established in early childhood,it never changes. B)Temperament tends to fluctuate considerably during early developmental years. C)A child's temperament easily can be changed to match parental expectations. D)Temperament is established early on in the developmental process but can change with ongoing development.

Chess and Thomas characterized children as having an easy temperament if they exhibited: A)a regularity of bodily functions and low or moderate intensity of reactions. B)moderate reactions,but showed signs of withdrawal from novel situations. C)low intensity of reactions and a somewhat negative mood. D)high intensity of reactions,but interest in new situations.

All four of Beth and John's children have temperaments that Chess and Thomas would call "easy." These children are among the __________ of classifiable children. A)10 percent B)15 percent C)40 percent D)75 percent

A child classified by Chess and Thomas as having a difficult temperament would likely: A)be attracted to a novel situation. B)be indifferent to a novel situation. C)be fearful of a novel situation. D)be both fearful of and attracted to a novel situation.

A(n)__________ infant is characterized by a low intensity of reactions and somewhat of a negative mood by Chess and Thomas. A)ambivalent B)difficult C)slow-to-warm-up D)detached

__________ is the ability to recognize the meaning of a child's behaviour. A)Reciprocal interactions B)Goodness of fit C)Attachment D)Sensitive responsiveness

The best way to maintain goodness of fit in a child-parent relationship is for the parents to: A)change their expectations as the child's needs change. B)establish early expectations and maintain them consistently C)continually encourage the child to perform beyond his or her current abilities. D)remain somewhat complacent,and let the child determine the direction of the relationship.