Quiz 6: Early Childhood

During early childhood,healthy children grow about __________ a year. A)10 centimetres B)20 centimetres C)30 centimetres D)40 centimetres

During early childhood,healthy children gain about __________ kilograms a year. A)1.2 B)2.3 C)3.4 D)4.7

During early childhood: A)girls and boys grow at about the same rate. B)girls grow faster than boys. C)boys grow faster than girls. D)growth in both boys and girls is not predictable.

The part of the brain that shows the most dramatic growth in early childhood is the: A)frontal lobe. B)parietal lobe. C)limbic system. D)brain stem.

Five-year-old Jack's frontal lobe has been growing dramatically.This means that he will: A)have better perceptual capacities. B)be more coordinated in balance and running. C)be better at planning and organization. D)understand more vocabulary when he hears the words.

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in early childhood? A)Boys are heavier than girls because boys are shorter with more fatty tissue. B)Girls are heavier than boys because girls are taller and have more muscle tissue. C)Girls are shorter than boys but are heavier because they have more muscle tissue. D)While girls are shorter than boys and have more fatty tissue,girls still tend to weigh less than boys.

During the early childhood years,brain growth is largely characterized by: A)structural changes. B)changes on a functional level. C)changes on a neurochemical level. D)changes on a neuronal level.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding brain development? A)Brain development allows young children to construct new understandings. B)Brain development occurs much faster in early childhood compared with infancy. C)The formation of neural pathways in the frontal lobe slows significantly in early childhood D)The number of connections the brain forms in early childhood varies depending on gender.

A six-year-old child has a longer attention span than a 3-year-old child.This is largely due to: A)greater myelination in the brain of the older child. B)more opportunities for parents to influence the six-year-old. C)the effects of schooling. D)a decrease in the tissue of the prefrontal cortex.

Her mother is noticing indications that 3-year-old Tina is starting to favor her left hand over her right for eating and manipulating objects.This development of preference is referred to as: A)handedness. B)functionalization. C)specialization. D)lateralization.

If people are right-handed: A)their left cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of their body and their speech. B)their right cerebral hemisphere controls the right side of their body and their speech. C)their left cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of their body and their right hemisphere controls their speech. D)their right cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of their body and their left controls their speech.

__________ refers to abilities using small muscles in the hands and fingers that result from physical development. A)Gross motor skills B)Intermediate motor skills C)Fine motor skills D)Hemispheriation

Which of the following behaviours should a two-year-old child be able to complete successfully? A)color in the lines B)hold a crayon in a pincer grip C)balance on one foot D)turn pages in a book

Which of the following is an example of a gross motor skill children have typically acquired by the age of 4? A)Balancing on one foot B)Pedaling a tricycle C)Catching a small ball D)Jumping rope

Which of the following is important regarding nutrition during early childhood? A)Children should be allowed to eat what and when they want,as they are growing rapidly during this period. B)Three meals a day are sufficient for children during this period,as growth has yet to increase remarkably. C)A well-balanced diet with plenty of healthy snacks and limited sweets and soft drinks should be provided as the eating habits established now can last a lifetime. D)Children,at this age,require extra energy at this point,but any nutritional shortfalls can be made up during adolescence.

Stress and anxiety in early childhood are associated with: A)a predisposition to physical and mental disorders. B)development of a resilient temperament. C)children who have a weak genetic growth plan. D)slow growth patterns.

Which of the following statements concerning socioeconomic class and childhood development is correct? A)There seems to be no difference in developmental patterns based on socioeconomic status. B)Children from the lower economic classes tend to be somewhat delayed than those from the higher classes. C)Children from higher economic classes tend to be somewhat larger,but less robust than those from lower classes. D)Children who grow up in more favorable economic conditions develop differently than those who grow up in less favorable conditions.

__________ is Piaget's second stage of cognitive development,extending from about two to seven years. A)The preoperational period B)The sensorimotor period C)Concrete operations D)Formal operations

An important milestone achieved during Piaget's preoperational period is: A)reversibility. B)the acquisition of basic language skills. C)the recognition that natural forces are not driven by humans. D)the ability to see the world from another's point of view.

During the preoperational period,children usually: A)understand that inanimate objects are not alive. B)can perform reverse operations. C)learn to read. D)are able to focus on more than one element of a problem.

Which of the following concepts would a preoperational child understand? A)3 + 2 = 5 is the same as 5 - 3 = 2 B)a flower may be yellow and a rose,but a rose doesn't have to be yellow C)a glass that is short and wide may hold the same amount of milk as a tall,skinny glass D)"candy" is a word for a delicious food

Layla is 5 years old.Her mother has given both her brother and her each a piece of cake.Layla's is bigger than her brother's piece.He cuts his small piece in half and asks Layla if she wants to trade.What will Layla do? A)She will trade because she will think that two pieces are better than one,as she will centre on the number rather than the sizes. B)She will keep her piece,because she knows it is bigger than his two pieces. C)She will keep her piece,because she can't understand the concept of trading. D)She will tell her mother that her brother is trying to take her cake.

__________ is a child's application of abstract thinking during the preoperational period. A)Imagination B)Depiction C)Representation D)Portrayal

Piaget stated that the major accomplishment of the preoperational period is developing the cognitive ability to: A)use reverse logic. B)think in terms of representation. C)use conservation. D)defer imitation.

When a child understands that the word "car" refers to the vehicle that sits in her driveway,she has achieved: A)egocentrism. B)deferred imitation. C)reversibility. D)representation.

When 4-year-old Sally tells her mother that her doll cannot come and play,because she is sick and has to stay in bed,she is exhibiting: A)animism. B)artificialism. C)egocentrism. D)realism.

While visiting her aunt's house,5-year-old Tabitha saw her 16-year-old cousin getting ready to go out on a date.At home the next evening,Tabitha came downstairs wearing one of her mother's dresses and carrying her mother's purse,and made the announcement that she was going out.This is an example of: A)deferred imitation. B)representation. C)artificialism. D)egocentrism.

Piaget assumed that symbolic play served which of the following purposes? A)It provides a way for children to imitate the adults in their world. B)It provides children a means of relating aspects of reality that are difficult to understand back to themselves. C)It provides an avenue for children to learn how to socialize among themselves. D)It serves no purpose other than being an outlet for natural childhood curiosity.

Children in the preoperational phase cannot recognize that other viewpoints exist.This is called: A)centration. B)egocentrism. C)classification. D)selfism.

Four year old Zoe is playing a board game with her older friend,Sydney.When it was Sydney's turn to move,she asked Zoe to move her game piece for her because it was hard to reach the other side of the board.Instead,Zoe moved her own piece.What is going on with Zoe? A)Zoe wants to win the game,so she will take any turn she can get. B)Sydney wasn't clear in her request,so Zoe moved the wrong game piece. C)Zoe is egocentric and so can't see the board from Sydney's point of view. D)Zoe is pretending she didn't understand Sydney,because she thinks it's funny.

Jason,who is 4½ years old,is unable to understand that he cannot go to his friend Tommy's house,because Tommy has the measles and that the measles are contagious.All Jason understands is that he cannot play with Tommy.This is an example of: A)classification. B)artificialism. C)centration. D)negation.

If a preoperational child can place items in a group based on traits they share,then the child has the fundamental concept of: A)centration. B)classification. C)reversibility. D)symbolism.

__________ is the understanding that an object retains certain properties even though surface features change. A)Reversibility B)Conservation C)Classification D)Centration

Carter and his younger brother,Owen,are having lemonade.Carter first pours the lemonade into two identical glasses,but then he notices one glass is cracked.Carter then pours the lemonade from that glass into another taller glass.Owen immediately wants the second glass,because he is sure there is more lemonade in it.Clearly,Owen: A)is egocentric. B)lacks reversibility. C)lacks classification. D)lacks conservation.

Piaget asserted children in the preoperational stage lacked the ability to conserve,but more recent research indicates that children as young as __________ years of age can be taught conservation skills. A)7 B)5 C)4 D)3

__________ is the idea that children create,organize,and transform knowledge through active engagement in their environment. A)Connectionism B)Classification C)Constructivism D)Compilation

__________ is the concept that children build knowledge through social interactions. A)Social constructivism B)Sociobiology C)Social instruction D)Scaffolding

For Vygotsky,__________ was a key component in a child's learning process. A)independence B)modeling C)instruction D)reinforcement

__________ is the range of ability a child possesses on a given task,from working independently to working with assistance from adults or older children. A)The zone of proximal development B)The area of scaffolding C)The boundary of behaviour D)The circle of instruction

The zone of proximal development emphasizes: A)the independent nature of learning. B)the importance of letting preoperational children work out problems themselves. C)how children learn more efficiently if adults model tasks for them initially. D)that children's learning involves interaction with adults playing a supporting role.

Which of the following illustrates scaffolding? A)Connor is watching his son attempt to tie his shoes. B)Arianna holds the bowl while her daughter mixes the cake and then shows her the next ingredient to add. C)Zachary gives his son a quarter every time he makes his bed without being reminded. D)Carolina helps her daughter climb into the swing before pushing her.

__________ is a broad theory that provides an explanation for how children's thinking develops when they are confronted with large amounts of data. A)Constructivism B)Social constructivism C)Behavioursim D)Information processing

Which of the following is true regarding changes in information processing? A)Selective attention skills increase during the early childhood years,but memory and organization skills decrease. B)Selective attention and memory skills increase during the early childhood years,but organization skills decrease. C)Memory and organization skills increase during the early childhood years,but selective attention skills decrease. D)Selective attention,memory,and organization skills all increase during the early childhood years.

Which of the following refers to the act of reciting information in order to enhance learning? A)Rehearsal B)Recall C)Retrieval D)Organization

__________ is the memory strategy that entails discovering and imposing an easy-to-remember structure on information to be memorized. A)Recall B)Constructivism C)Organization D)Reconstruction

Theory of mind in developmental research looks into the: A)relationship between children's age and their maturational levels. B)relationship between children's growing awareness of their own thoughts and how this affects their behaviour. C)observable behaviours exhibited by children. D)the environmental influences on children's development.

In the development of a theory of mind,a major milestone for children who are four to five years old is: A)expression of more complex emotions such as cravings. B)volume conservation. C)the recognition of false beliefs. D)reversibility.

According to Gardner,which of the following is a critical consideration in any preschool program? A)Assumptions about the minds of children B)Understanding of how society affects cognition C)Visions about the kind of society we desire D)both assumptions about the minds of children and visions about the kinds of society we desire

In __________,children are encouraged to be active participants in building knowledge and learn by interacting with their environment. A)the constructivist approach B)the behavioural model C)operant conditioning D)the analytical technique

Which of the following individuals provided the inspiration for many of the current education programs that are based on developmental theory? A)Jean Piaget and Lev Vygostky B)Paul McGhee and Jerome Kagan C)Erik Erikson and Alfred Adler D)Karen Horney and Harry Stack Sullivan

In constructivist approach to learning,which of the following would be found in the classroom? A)desks in rows B)activity centers for hands-on learning C)worksheets for practice of multiplication tables D)lists of words to be mastered for reading

In which of the following educational models would group work be emphasized? A)The constructivist approach B)Behaviourism C)Operant conditioning D)The Rush Initiative

Which of the following developmentalists asserted that children pass through different physical and mental growth phases that alternate with periods of transition? A)Jean Piaget B)Lev Vygotsky C)Richard Lerner D)Maria Montessori

__________ refers to the periods of development marked by readiness to learn. A)Sensitive periods B)Critical eras C)Responsive periods D)Receptivity cycles

Montessori proposed the concept of __________ to indicate a child's heightened readiness to learn a set type of information at a particular time. A)prepared environment B)absorbent mind C)sensitive periods D)critical juncture

Montessori referred to ___________ as a series of "new births." A)mental milestones B)developmental tasks C)biopsychosocial crises D)sensitive periods

According to Montessori,a child's entry into a sensitive period was: A)sharp and distinctive as is they had been born into a new understanding. B)gradual,with understanding accumulating over time. C)based on accommodating new information into existing schemas. D)difficult to identify,but the exit from each period was obvious.

The __________ approach to early childhood education views children as curious and competent and presents a curriculum based on children's emerging interests and their desire to build relationships with others. A)Montessori B)Reggio Emilia C)Head Start D)Piagetian

The educators of Reggio Emilio viewed children as: A)blank slates waiting to be written upon. B)vessels into which knowledge should be poured. C)curious citizens with rights and valuable contributions. D)native thinkers who have a genetic potential to be fulfilled.

What would a typical classroom look like in the Reggio Emilia model of education? A)Minimal decoration and soft colors so as not to distract from the educational process B)Carrels with various activities set up for individual exploration C)Large windows and views into other classrooms,each of which is filled with various materials for interaction D)Desks replaced by tables with assigned seating so that children will be sure to be exposed to others of various backgrounds

__________ is a government-supported early childhood program that provides educational,health,nutrition,social,and other services to First Nations children and their families. A)The Montessori School B)The Abecedarian project C)Upward Bound D)Head Start

Play-based learning is central to the full-day kindergarten program in: A)Saskatchewan B)Ontario C)Alberta D)PEI

A typical first-grader has a vocabulary of approximately: A)3,000 words. B)5,000 words C)10,000 words. D)50,000 words.

What language rule describes how to put sounds together to form words? A)Phonology B)Semantics C)Syntax D)Pragmatics

Evan is chanting rhymes as he puts together a puzzle.His mother smiles as she hears him practice with the sounds of the words.Evan is perfecting his use of: A)pragmatics. B)phonology. C)morphemes. D)semantics.

Rules of __________ determine sentence structure and word order. A)syntax B)pragmatics C)phonology D)semantics

If a child understands the difference between "Where doggie go?" and "Doggie go home," then they have mastered the rules of: A)phonology. B)pragmatics. C)syntax. D)semantics.

Rules of __________ describe how to interpret the meanings of words. A)semantics B)syntax C)pragmatics D)phonology

If a child knows that "through" and "threw" sound the same but have different meanings,then they have a good grasp of: A)phonology. B)pragmatics. C)semantics. D)grammar.

Rules of __________ describe how language is used in social contexts. A)phonology B)grammar C)pragmatics D)semantics

Which language rule governs how to take part in a conversation? A)Syntax B)Semantics C)Phonology D)Pragmatics

__________ language is the ability of the child to understand written and spoken communication. A)Grammatical B)Syntactical C)Expressive D)Receptive

A child's tendency to use a word in a broader context than it is intended for is called: A)overregularities. B)overgeneralization. C)overextension. D)telegraphic speech.

Maxime,who doesn't know the past tense of "come" is "came," says "Daddy comed home." This is an example of: A)overregularities. B)telegraphic speech. C)holophrastic speech. D)overextension.

In early childhood,children identify themselves mostly by: A)the associations around them such as family. B)input from others. C)their activities. D)their physical characteristics.

The development of self in children is dependent upon: A)improvement in representational thinking. B)identification of tangible characteristics such as hair color or freckles. C)independence from the opinion of others. D)receptive language.

When asked to describe himself,Hao says he has dark hair and dark eyes and big feet.Hao is: A)at least twelve years of age. B)at beginning to be self conscious. C)able to define himself without social comparisons. D)the early stage of self-development.

In the latter part of early childhood,ages 5 and on,children are usually beginning to assess themselves based on: A)their physical characteristics. B)the tangible objects around them. C)their family interactions. D)self-evaluations based on the input of others.

Self-representations refer to how individuals: A)feel the world views them. B)feel they are. C)behave in a social setting. D)behave in a private setting.

As children mature,when they define themselves,they tend to: A)rely on factors such as height and weight. B)understand abstract concepts such as intelligence and generosity. C)compare their performances to others. D)use the same self-descriptions as their parents.

According to Erik Erikson,the important task for children in early childhood is to: A)resolve feelings of guilt versus initiative. B)learn to trust the adults in their world. C)develop a sense of willpower. D)discover a way to stay true to their beliefs when they have friends who disagree.

Erikson argued that an important task of early childhood is to: A)balance a sense of initiative with guilt over failure. B)develop a sense of willpower when tackling a difficult problem. C)modify their unconditional trust in others. D)foster a strong sense of self.

Which of the following contribute to a child's developing sense of self? A)increased ability for self expression B)an appreciation of the perspective of others C)relationships with family and friends D)all of these contribute to a child's developing sense of self

As their sense of self emerges in the early years,children become increasingly sensitive to: A)their looks and appearance B)their changing bodies C)cultural values D)others' judgments

Most developmental psychologists agree that the most influential institution in a child's development is: A)the educational system. B)the family. C)organized religion. D)the health care system.

__________ parenting is Baumrind's term for parents who are demanding and want immediate obedience as the most desirable trait in a child. A)Authoritative B)Indulgent C)Dictatorial D)Authoritarian

Austin is a bit of a bully when he interacts with other children,but,for the most part,he is withdrawn.At school he opted not to stay in wood shop rather than take chemistry,because he thought it would be easier.Baumrind would predict Austin's behavioir is the result of __________ parenting. A)uninvolved B)authoritarian C)permissive D)neglectful

In general,children whose parents adopt the authoritarian approach are: A)withdrawn,shy or hostile,have a low need for achievement,and feel incompetent. B)self-assertive,independent,friendly and cooperative,with a high need for achievement. C)impulsive,with little self-reliance,low maturity,and a tendency towards aggression. D)antisocial,with little self control,low maturity,and feelings of incompetence.

_________ parenting is Baumrind's term for parents who respond to their child's needs and wishes but believe in control,explaining the reasons for it to their child. A)Authoritarian B)Assertive C)Authoritative D)Democratic

Aaliyah was raised in a strict household,but she understood she was expected to make responsible choices rather than adhere to inflexible rules.Aaliyah's mother and father have adopted Baumrind's __________ parenting style. A)authoritative B)assertive C)authoritarian D)mandating

Valerie is a friendly,self-assured 10-year-old.At a parent-teacher conference,her teacher tells her parents that Valerie is cooperative with classmates,highly competent,and has a high need to achieve.Valerie's parents are most likely the: A)authoritarian type. B)authoritative type. C)permissive type. D)restrictive type.

Jason failed to call home when he was going to be late coming home from his friend's house.An authoritative parent would most likely say: A)"You're not going out with that crowd again." B)"When you act like an adult,I'll treat you like an adult." C)"When you're 18,you can do anything you want; until then,you'll follow our rules." D)"Looks like your judgment was off this time; we're disappointed.Let's discuss what went wrong."

Children who have been reared with a permissive parenting style often are: A)withdrawn,shy or hostile,have a low need for achievement and feel incompetent. B)self-assertive,independent,friendly and cooperative,with a high need for achievement. C)impulsive,with little self-reliance,low maturity and a tendency towards aggression. D)antisocial,with little self control,low maturity and feelings of incompetence.

Many children,who have been reared with an uninvolved or neglectful parenting style,are: A)withdrawn,shy or hostile,have a low need for achievement,and feel incompetent. B)self-assertive,independent,friendly and cooperative,with a high need for achievement. C)impulsive,with little self-reliance,low maturity,and a tendency towards aggression. D)antisocial,with little self control,low maturity,and feelings of incompetence.

The term sibling underworld refers to: A)gender differences between siblings. B)the age differences found in sibling relationships. C)the identification and differentiation between siblings. D)a subsystem of brothers and/or sisters that functions as a powerful coalition.

Causes of sibling rivalry include which of the following? A)Differences in friendships B)Differences in ability due to age C)Differences in likes and preferences D)Differences in age

What behaviour should parents exhibit that will help reduce the trauma of the conflict that precedes a divorce? A)maintain separate households as soon as possible B)settle their conflicts out of earshot of the children C)attempt to model reconciliation and forgive each other D)engage the assistance of mediators so they don't have to deal with each other's anger

There is often an increase in the incidence of problem behaviours seen in children after a divorce.Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this reaction? A)Discipline is erratic and parental care is erratic as the parents are struggling to deal with their personal issues. B)The children are likely attempting to distract the parent they are with from the pain of the situation. C)Children are emulating the strife they have witnessed in the marriage. D)Children hate their parents and wish to punish them.

Children who are in the __________ period of their lives are most likely to think they are the cause of their parents' divorce. A)late childhood B)middle childhood C)early childhood D)infant

Research on maternal attachment and daycare has shown: A)children are independent of their mother and less attached. B)children are independent of their mother but more attached. C)children tend to be more dependent on their mother but less attached. D)children tend to be independent of their mothers but attachment is not affected.

Which of the following terms refers to an individual's conviction that he or she belongs to the sex of their birth? A)Gender identity B)Gender stereotype C)Gender role D)Gender schema

Allyson is a mechanic at an auto dealership.She specializes in diagnostics and engine tune-ups.In the traditional sense of American society,Allyson is defying A)gender roles. B)gender schemas. C)gender stereotypes. D)gender identity.

__________ refers to culturally defined expectations about how females and males should act. A)Gender stereotype B)Gender schema C)Gender role D)Gender identity

At what age do children first begin to indicate an understanding of sexual identity? A)Between 4 and 6 years B)Between 6 and 7 years C)Between 2 and 3 years D)Between 3 and 4 years

Parents begin to treat girls and boys differently: A)around the start of middle childhood. B)toward the middle of early childhood. C)about the beginning of early childhood. D)even before their babies are born.

What is the conclusion regarding sibling influences on gender-type behaviour? A)Both same-sex and other-sex siblings have a strong influence B)Same-sex siblings have more influence than do other-sex siblings C)Other-sex siblings have more influence than do same-sex siblings D)Siblings do not have much influence on the gender behaviour of their brothers and sisters

Five-year-old Bobby likes to play with dolls.We can expect his peers will react to this by: A)joining in his play. B)ignoring him. C)questioning him. D)criticizing and isolating him.

What does the term sex cleavage refer to? A)Reinforcement for sex-typed play B)Conviction that one belongs to the sex of one's birth C)Beliefs about characteristics associated with males and females D)A tendency for children of the same sex to play together

The more children watch television: A)the more they avoid stereotypic behaviour because of the diversity of models shown. B)the more they grasp the need for sex cleavage. C)the more gender stereotypical is their behaviour. D)the more they realize women can be corporate leaders and sports heroes.

The media generally portrays men and women A)in equal roles. B)in realistic gender roles. C)in interchangeable gender roles. D)in stereotypical gender roles.

Play has the benefit of: A)helping children learn socialization skills. B)helping children decide what they like. C)providing a means for children to exercise their bodies. D)all of these are benefits of play.

__________ play occurs when children are seen as observers and not actually engaged in any activity. A)Solitary B)Onlooker C)Parallel D)Unoccupied

Adam is busily stacking his Legos to resemble a castle and then arranging his toy knights so that they can attack the walls.Other children are engaged in different games in other parts of the daycare,but Adam is only paying attention to his own battle.In Parten's categories,Adam is engaged in __________ play. A)solitary B)unoccupied C)parallel D)private

Rui is waiting for her turn to play a video game.While she waits,she offers tips to her brother,so that he can get to a higher level.Rui is categorized as in __________ play,according to Parten. A)onlooker B)solitary C)unoccupied D)extrinsic

Jamie and Caroline are both building blocks beside each other,but they are not playing together.According to Parten,they are engaging in: A)solitary play. B)unoccupied play. C)parallel play. D)cooperative play.

Ramatulai and her girl friends are playing a board game.As they move the pieces around the board,they are often consumed by giggles and chatting about what happened at school that day.It appears that Ramatulai and her friends are engaged in __________ play,as identified by Parten. A)Parallel B)Competitive C)Cooperative D)Associative

A group of children are building a snow ramp.When it is done,they will all take turns pushing each other on their sleds so they can fly through the air on their new run.Parten would label this as __________ play. A)parallel B)altruistic C)associative D)cooperative

According to __________,play is a critical component of children's cognitive development,because it allows them to pretend to do things they would not be able to do in reality. A)Vygotsky B)Piaget C)Skinner D)Bowlby

Puzzles and games that involve patterns are included in the __________ of play materials. A)social and fantasy B)imagination C)exploration and mastery D)fine and gross motor skills

Pauline loves to draw.By analyzing her drawings,a psychologist can learn much about Pauline's: A)cognitive development. B)family background C)favourite colours D)future career