Question 1

If you smoke cigarettes,psychologists would urge you to quit so your children won't learn to smoke by
A) modeling.
B) direct reinforcement.
C) discovery learning.
D) respondent conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Modeling is the process of learning by observing the behavior of others. If a parent smokes, their children are more likely to learn and potentially adopt their smoking behavior. Therefore, quitting smoking would decrease the likelihood of children picking up this behavior through modeling. Direct reinforcement (B) refers to a behavior being strengthened by a reward or punishment immediately following it, but it is not necessarily applicable in this scenario. Discovery learning (C) refers to a problem-solving method where learners discover solutions on their own, and respondent conditioning (D) refers to learning through associations between stimuli and responses, neither of which are directly relevant to the issue of smoking and modeling.

Question 2

A critical variable in determining whether modeled behavior will be imitated is
A) the attractiveness of the situation in which the model appears.
B) the unconscious motivation of the learning.
C) the interpersonal relationship between model and learner.
D) whether the model is successful or unsuccessful.

Accepted Answer

The success or failure of the model is a critical variable in determining whether modeled behavior will be imitated. Research has shown that individuals are more likely to imitate the behavior of a model who is perceived as successful rather than unsuccessful. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Question 3

Regarding observational learning studies,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Children tend to blindly imitate adult role models.
B) Observational learning only prepares a person to duplicate a response.
C) Actual imitation depends on whether the model was rewarded or punished for what was done.
D) Children tend to imitate what their parents do, and not what they say.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves more than blind imitation; children and adults alike consider the context, outcomes, and other factors when deciding whether to imitate a behavior.

Question 4

Regarding observational learning studies,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Children cannot learn attitudes, fears, emotions, or personality traits through modeling.
B) Observational learning prepares a person to duplicate a response.
C) Children who witness domestic violence are more likely to commit it themselves as adults.
D) An adolescent is more likely to begin smoking if his or her parents, siblings, and friends smoke.

Accepted Answer

This statement is false as observational learning can lead to the learning of attitudes, fears, emotions, and personality traits through modeling.

Question 5

In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment,most of the children imitated
A) the live adult model, but not the filmed model.
B) the cartoon model, but not the live adult model.
C) the cartoon model and filmed model, but not the live adult model.
D) all of the models, whether live, filmed, or cartoon.

Accepted Answer

In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment, most of the children imitated all of the models - whether live, filmed, or cartoon. This suggests that the children were influenced by the behavior they observed, regardless of whether it was presented in person or through other means of media.

Question 6

A behavior that is learned by modeling or observation must be maintained by
A) repeated observations of the model.
B) direct chaining of the behaviors.
C) direct reinforcement of the behavior once it is modeled.
D) positive transfer of the behavior to other new responses.

Accepted Answer

Observational learning involves acquiring new behaviors or modifying existing ones through observing and imitating others. However, for the behavior to be maintained, it needs to be reinforced once it is modeled. Positive reinforcement such as praise or reward strengthens the behavior and increases the likelihood of it being repeated in the future. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 7

By observing a model,a person may learn all of the following EXCEPT
A) the temperamental preferences in the performance of the skill.
B) how to carry out or avoid previously learned responses.
C) the general rules that can be applied to various situations.
D) new responses.

Accepted Answer

Observing a model can help a person learn how to carry out or avoid previously learned responses, learn general rules that can be applied to various situations, and develop new responses. However, temperamental preferences are individual and unique to each person, and cannot be learned through observation of a model.

Question 8

Six-year-old Mark watches his older brother working his algebra homework.The main reason that Mark will be unable to model his brother's mathematical calculations will be because
A) Mark does not admire his older brother enough.
B) Mark will not be reinforced by anyone if he works the math problems correctly.
C) Mark is probably unable to reproduce the modeled behavior correctly.
D) Mark did not pay enough attention to his brother's modeled behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Mark's inability to model his brother's mathematical calculations is most likely due to his lack of ability or knowledge to reproduce the behavior correctly, rather than any lack of admiration or reinforcement.

Question 9

In one experiment,children watched either live models or films of a person or cartoon character hitting an inflatable doll ("Bo-Bo the Clown"doll).What happened when they had the opportunity to play with the same doll?
A) Few of the children imitated the behaviors they had seen.
B) Those who saw the live model imitated the behavior, but those who saw the cartoon did not.
C) Those who saw the cartoon model imitated the behavior, but those who saw the live models did not.
D) Most of the children imitated the behaviors they had seen.

Accepted Answer

According to the experiment, the children who watched either live models or films of a person or cartoon character hitting the inflatable doll were observed to imitate the behavior they had seen. Therefore, most of the children imitated the behaviors they had seen.

Question 10

Your mother,who is 49 years old,loves to watch professional ice skating.She can name every type of jump and spin used by the athletes and can tell you which type of jump they are about to perform by their body positioning before the jump.However,what is the most likely reason that your mother could not model the athletes' behavior?
A) She does not admire the personality of these athletes.
B) She did not really observe the details required for these behaviors.
C) She did not see these athletes be 100 percent successful during their modeling.
D) She would be unable to reproduce these modeled behaviors even with extensive practice.

Accepted Answer

Even though your mother knows and understands the techniques used by the athletes, she may not be physically capable of modeling them. Modeling involves reproducing the observed behavior, and if your mother does not possess the necessary physical skills or abilities, she may not be able to replicate the jump or spin correctly.

Question 11

In one classic experiment,children learned to hit a "Bo-Bo Clown" doll
A) through operant conditioning.
B) by watching an adult model.
C) through classical conditioning.
D) in order to release anxiety and tension and become calmer.

Accepted Answer

The children learned to hit the "Bo-Bo Clown" doll by observing an adult model. This type of learning is called observational learning, and it is a form of social learning where individuals learn by watching others' behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. It does not involve operant conditioning, classical conditioning, or the release of anxiety and tension.

Question 12

Through modeling of their parents,children often learn which of the following?
A) emotions and personality traits
B) fears and anxieties
C) attitudes and bad habits
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

Children often learn emotions, personality traits, fears and anxieties, attitudes, and bad habits through modeling of their parents. Therefore, all of these options are correct.

Question 13

Greg is trying to read the paper and is becoming very frustrated with his oldest child Tommy,who is making a lot of noise near him,so he "swats" Tommy on his rear end and tells him to be quiet.Later,Tommy is fussing at his younger brother for touching his toys.Greg tells his oldest son to be nice to his little brother.From the learning that took place in these two situations,Tommy will most likely
A) be nice to his younger brother.
B) hit his younger brother when he becomes frustrated.
C) hit his father when he becomes frustrated.
D) do none of these.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Greg is trying to read the paper...

Question 14

Billy's parents beg him not to smoke,but his parents smoke themselves.If Billy continues to smoke,he has been influenced by
A) modeling.
B) the paradoxical intention.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) counter conditioning.

Accepted Answer

Billy has been influenced by modeling, which is observing and imitating the behavior of others. In this case, the behavior of his parents smoking is being modeled to him, regardless of their verbal request for him to not smoke.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT required for observational learning to take place?
A) The learner must pay attention to the model and remember what was done.
B) The learner must completely understand the skill or behavior in detail before any modeling can take place.
C) The learner must be able to reproduce the modeled behavior.
D) For the modeled behavior to be repeated, the learner must be reinforced or receive feedback for performing this behavior.

Accepted Answer

While it may help if the learner has some prior understanding of the behavior or skill being modeled, it is not necessary for observational learning to take place. The other options are all necessary components for observational learning to occur – paying attention to the model, remembering what was done, being able to reproduce the behavior, and receiving reinforcement or feedback for performing the behavior.

Question 16

Children tend to act as if parents give them the message,"Do as I do,not as I say." This is because of the powerful effect of
A) modeling.
B) learning sets.
C) cognitive mapping.
D) punishment.

Accepted Answer

Modeling is the process of observing and imitating others' behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions. Children are more likely to imitate their parents' actions than to follow their instructions because modeling has a more powerful effect than verbal instructions. This is why the saying "Do as I do, not as I say" is so relevant to parenting.

Question 17

Research suggests that children will usually model what parents
A) say and not what the parents do.
B) do rather than what the parents say.
C) wish the child would do.
D) tell older siblings to do.

Accepted Answer

Research shows that children are more likely to model their behavior based on what their parents do rather than what they say. This is because actions speak louder than words and children are more likely to internalize and copy behaviors that they see in action, rather than just hearing about them.

Question 18

Which of the following was NOT one of the findings of Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment?
A) Most of the children imitated the model's attack on the Bo-Bo doll.
B) Some of the children added new aggressive acts toward the doll that were not performed by the model.
C) The cartoon model was only slightly less effective in encouraging aggression than the live model and the filmed model.
D) The children imitated the cartoon and live models of children, but did not imitiate the filmed adult models.

Accepted Answer

This was not one of the findings of the Bo-Bo doll experiment. The other options are all true statements about the experiment.

Question 19

Which of the following determnes whether a new response learned through modeling will be repeated?
A) whether the learner saw the behavior performed more than once
B) whether the learner receives normal reinforcement or feedback for the modeled behavior
C) whether the model praised the learner for observing the behavior and whether the learner reciprocated the reinforcement
D) whether the learner observed the model in a real-life or filmed setting

Accepted Answer

The reinforcement or feedback that the learner receives for the modeled behavior is the key factor in whether the behavior will be repeated. This is known as vicarious reinforcement, which means the learner sees the model being reinforced for a certain behavior, and is more likely to imitate that behavior if they believe it will also lead to reinforcement for themselves. The other choices are not necessarily determining factors in whether the behavior will be repeated.

Question 20

A beginning auto mechanic carefully observes a skilled mechanic perform a complex tune-up on a foreign car for the first time.What is the most likely reason that this beginning auto mechanic will be unable to perform this tune-up completely on his own?
A) He did not observe the skilled mechanic in enough detail and did not ask enough questions.
B) He is not really motivated to become a mechanic.
C) He is unable to remember all the steps, having observed the procedure only once.
D) He is not coordinated enough to reproduce the procedure.

Accepted Answer

It is unlikely that the beginning auto mechanic would be able to remember all the steps and details of the complex tune-up after having only observed it once. Reproducing the procedure on their own would require more practice and repetition.

Quiz 6: C: Conditioning and Learning

If you smoke cigarettes,psychologists would urge you to quit so your children won't learn to smoke by

A critical variable in determining whether modeled behavior will be imitated is

Regarding observational learning studies,which of the following statements is FALSE?

Regarding observational learning studies,which of the following statements is FALSE?

In Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment,most of the children imitated

A behavior that is learned by modeling or observation must be maintained by

By observing a model,a person may learn all of the following EXCEPT

Six-year-old Mark watches his older brother working his algebra homework.The main reason that Mark will be unable to model his brother's mathematical calculations will be because

In one experiment,children watched either live models or films of a person or cartoon character hitting an inflatable doll ("Bo-Bo the Clown"doll) .What happened when they had the opportunity to play with the same doll?

In one classic experiment,children learned to hit a "Bo-Bo Clown" doll

Through modeling of their parents,children often learn which of the following?

Billy's parents beg him not to smoke,but his parents smoke themselves.If Billy continues to smoke,he has been influenced by

Which of the following is NOT required for observational learning to take place?

Children tend to act as if parents give them the message,"Do as I do,not as I say." This is because of the powerful effect of

Research suggests that children will usually model what parents

Which of the following was NOT one of the findings of Bandura's classic Bo-Bo doll experiment?

Which of the following determnes whether a new response learned through modeling will be repeated?

A beginning auto mechanic carefully observes a skilled mechanic perform a complex tune-up on a foreign car for the first time.What is the most likely reason that this beginning auto mechanic will be unable to perform this tune-up completely on his own?