Question 1

Which of the following teaches students in a format that presents information in small amounts,gives immediate practice,and provides continuous feedback to learners?
A) programmed instruction
B) latent learning
C) variable interval scheduling
D) vicarious learning

Accepted Answer

Programmed instruction is a teaching method that presents information in small amounts, gives immediate practice, and provides continuous feedback to learners. It often uses self-paced materials and is designed to help students learn at their own pace. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without any noticeable reinforcement, variable interval scheduling is a type of reinforcement schedule used in behaviorism, and vicarious learning happens when someone learns by observing the behavior of others.

Question 2

Some computer-assisted (CAI)programs make use of instructional games involving stories,competition with a partner,sound effects,and game-like graphics that increase interest and motivation.These CAI programs are known as
A) token economies.
B) educational feedback loops.
C) latent learning exercises.
D) serious games.

Accepted Answer

The CAI programs described in the question that use instructional games, competition, sound effects, and game-like graphics are commonly referred to as serious games. Therefore, the best choice is D. A is incorrect because token economies involve rewarding certain behaviors with tokens or points, whereas the question focuses on instructional games. B is incorrect because educational feedback loops involve providing students with feedback on their performance and allowing them to use that feedback to improve their learning, but it does not necessarily involve the use of games or game-like elements. C is incorrect because latent learning exercises involve learning that occurs without external reinforcement, which is not the focus of the question.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective feedback?
A) frequent
B) immediate
C) positive
D) detailed

Accepted Answer

Effective feedback should not only be frequent, immediate, and detailed, but it should also include constructive criticism or suggestions for improvement, rather than being solely positive. While positive feedback is important, it should be balanced with areas for growth and development.

Question 4

After you finish reading several paragraphs in your textbook,you then complete the Knowledge Builder section.You work through the Recite questions one at a time,checking your answer before moving on.This format illustres which of the following?
A) insight learning
B) a fixed interval scheduling
C) programmed instruction
D) vicarious learning

Accepted Answer

The format described in the scenario, where the learner reads a section and then completes a series of questions to check their understanding, is a hallmark of programmed instruction. This type of instruction is characterized by breaking down information into small, incremental steps and providing immediate feedback to the learner after each step. This helps ensure that the learner has a solid grasp of the material before moving on to the next level of complexity. Programmed instruction is often used in computer-based and online learning environments.

Question 5

The most complex serious games allow students to explore an imaginary situation or "microworld" to learn to solve real-world problems,and by seeing the effects of their choices,students discover basic principles of physics,biology,psychology,or other subjects.These complex serious games are referred to as
A) token economies.
B) educational simulations.
C) latent learning exercises.
D) educational feedback loops.

Accepted Answer

The statement mentions that these games allow students to explore an imaginary situation or "microworld" to learn to solve real-world problems. This matches the description of educational simulations, which are specifically designed to create a realistic learning environment for students and allow them to make choices and see the consequences of those choices. Token economies, latent learning exercises, and educational feedback loops do not necessarily involve exploring an imaginary world or solving real-world problems.

Question 6

Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced
A) for every correct or incorrect response.
B) for every correct response.
C) every day that the schedule is being used.
D) continually until the person satiates.

Accepted Answer

Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced for every correct response, not for incorrect responses or other criteria like time periods such as every day or until satiation.

Question 7

Many people are not calculating the volume of greenhouse gases that their consumption adds to the atmosphere,which is referred to as their
A) consumption code.
B) green initiative.
C) carbon footprint.
D) ozone depletion level.

Accepted Answer

The term "carbon footprint" refers to the amount of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, that an individual, organization, or activity generates. It is a measure of the impact of human activities on the environment, particularly climate change. Thus, option C is the best choice as it directly addresses the concept mentioned in the question. The other options, i.e., A, B, and D, are either irrelevant or incorrect.

Question 8

Which of the following lets students work at their own pace and provides frequent feedback to keep learners from practicing errors?
A) programmed instruction
B) latent learning
C) variable interval scheduling
D) vicarious learning

Accepted Answer

Programmed instruction allows students to work at their own pace and provides frequent feedback to keep learners from practicing errors. The program presents material in small steps, allowing the learner to master one before moving on to the next. It emphasizes active responding and provides immediate feedback on responses. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without reinforcement, variable interval scheduling is a schedule of reinforcement where the reinforcement is delivered after a variable amount of time, and vicarious learning is learning through observation and imitation of others. None of these options offer the same benefits as programmed instruction.

Question 9

Programmed learning can be effective in book form or in
A) a fixed ratio or fixed interval form.
B) a computerized form.
C) a latent or insight learning format.
D) all of these.

Accepted Answer

Programmed learning is most effective when presented in a computerized form because it allows for immediate feedback and can adapt to the learner's pace and level of understanding. Book form can also be effective, but it does not provide the same level of interactivity and feedback as a computerized format. Choice A and C are both incorrect as they refer to different types of schedules or modes of learning, rather than the format in which programmed learning is presented.

Question 10

Regarding learning principles being applied to recycling efforts,which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) The use of energy taxes is an example of the use of latent learning to encourage individuals to consume less fossil fuels.
B) When factories, work groups, and dorms receive feedback on a weekly basis about how much they recycled, they typically recycle more.
C) Recycling is more effective when entire families participate, with some family members reinforcing the recycling behavior of the other family members.
D) People are able to calculate the volume of greenhouse gases that their individual consumption adds to the atmosphere by using an ecological footprint calculator.

Accepted Answer

The use of energy taxes is an example of operant conditioning and not latent learning. Latent learning refers to learning that occurs without reinforcement or reward, while operant conditioning involves reinforcement or punishment to shape behavior.

Question 11

By a continuous reinforcement schedule,we mean that
A) reinforcements occur continuously regardless of the subject's behavior.
B) responding without pausing is the requirement for reinforcement.
C) each correct response is reinforced.
D) reinforcement continues even when errors are made.

Accepted Answer

A continuous reinforcement schedule means that every correct response is reinforced, without any breaks or pauses. This is in contrast to partial reinforcement schedules in which only some correct responses are reinforced. Therefore, choice C is the best description of a continuous reinforcement schedule.

Question 12

Programmed instruction and computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
A) combine response chaining with secondary reinforcement.
B) are both applications of the principle of feedback.
C) are both applications of classical conditioning.
D) are based on simple cognitive maps.

Accepted Answer

Programmed instruction and CAI both provide immediate feedback to the learner, which is a key principle of operant conditioning. Response chaining and secondary reinforcement are not necessarily required for these instructional methods. Classical conditioning and simple cognitive maps are not the primary basis for programmed instruction and CAI.

Question 13

In programmed instruction,learners are prevented from practicing errors through
A) response cost.
B) frequent feedback.
C) the fixed interval scheduling.
D) positive reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

In programmed instruction, learners are provided with frequent feedback so that they can correct any errors immediately. This helps to prevent them from practicing the wrong behavior or making the same mistake repeatedly. Response cost (A) involves punishing unwanted behavior by taking away a reward or privilege, which is not typically used in programmed instruction. Fixed interval scheduling (C) involves delivering reinforcement after a fixed period of time, which may not be effective in correcting errors in a timely manner. Positive reinforcement (D) involves rewarding and reinforcing desired behavior, which can be useful in programmed instruction, but may not specifically prevent learners from practicing errors.

Question 14

Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as
A) schedules of reinforcement.
B) successive approximations.
C) token economies.
D) programmed instruction.

Accepted Answer

Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as schedules of reinforcement. Option B refers to the gradual shaping of a behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations. Option C refers to a system of rewards using tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges. Option D refers to a method of teaching that involves presenting material in small steps and providing immediate feedback.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using computer-assisted instruction (CAI)?
A) CAI can give hints about why an answer was wrong and what needs to be corrected.
B) CAI can save teachers and learners much time and effort.
C) People often do better with feedback from a computer because they can freely make mistakes and learn from them.
D) CAI has been shown to lead to significantly higher levels of mastery than traditional methods.

Accepted Answer

This statement is not necessarily true. While CAI has been shown to be effective in improving learning outcomes, it is not always the case that mastery levels are significantly higher than traditional methods.

Question 16

New tools that make it easier for individuals to get feedback about their individual resource consumption are called
A) recycling data recorders.
B) green initiative diaries.
C) carbon footprint calculators.
D) ozone depletion updates.

Accepted Answer

Carbon footprint calculators are the tools that make it easier for individuals to get feedback about their individual resource consumption. Recycling data recorders do not necessarily measure individual resource consumption, and green initiative diaries and ozone depletion updates are not specific tools for measuring carbon footprints.

Question 17

People using computer-assisted instruction (CAI)often do better with feedback from a computer because CAI
A) is more accurate than traditional instruction.
B) allows learners to freely make mistakes and learn from them.
C) reinforces on a fixed ratio schedule rather than a fixed interval schedule.
D) provides a consistent format of behavioral contracting.

Accepted Answer

Computer-assisted instruction allows learners to freely make mistakes and learn from them, which can be beneficial for learning. Feedback from the computer can help learners see where they went wrong and how to improve, which can be more effective than feedback from a human teacher in some cases. While CAI may be more accurate than traditional instruction in some ways, this is not the main reason why feedback from the computer is beneficial. Reinforcement on a fixed ratio schedule and consistency in behavioral contracting may also be factors in the effectiveness of CAI, but they are not directly related to feedback from the computer.

Question 18

Educational simulations allow students to explore an imaginary situation and are the most complex type of
A) serious games.
B) token economies.
C) latent learning exercises.
D) educational feedback loops.

Accepted Answer

Educational simulations are a type of serious game, which are designed to educate while also providing a game-like experience. Token economies involve using tokens or other tangible rewards to reinforce positive behaviors, and are not the same as simulations. Latent learning exercises focus on reinforcing knowledge or skills that have already been learned, rather than teaching new concepts. Educational feedback loops provide students with feedback on their learning progress, but are not simulations.

Question 19

Student pilots can learn all the ins and outs of flying a jumbo jet through a complex computer-assisted instructional (CAI)program that allows them to see the effects of their choices while flying under different weather conditions.These CAI programs are referred to as
A) insight learning programs.
B) acquisitional trainers.
C) educational simulations.
D) educational feedback loops.

Accepted Answer

The CAI program described in the sentence is a type of educational simulation that allows student pilots to practice their skills and see the effects of their choices in different scenarios. Choices A and D do not accurately describe the nature of the program, and choice B is not a commonly used or recognized term in this context.

Question 20

When it is frequent,immediate,and detailed,which of the following is more likely to be effective?
A) conditioned stimuli
B) feedback
C) punishers
D) operants

Accepted Answer

Feedback that is frequent, immediate, and detailed is more likely to be effective in changing behavior than conditioned stimuli, punishers, or operants. This type of feedback provides clear information to the individual about what they are doing well and what they need to improve on, allowing them to adjust their behavior accordingly.

Quiz 6: B: Conditioning and Learning

Which of the following teaches students in a format that presents information in small amounts,gives immediate practice,and provides continuous feedback to learners?

Some computer-assisted (CAI) programs make use of instructional games involving stories,competition with a partner,sound effects,and game-like graphics that increase interest and motivation.These CAI programs are known as

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of effective feedback?

After you finish reading several paragraphs in your textbook,you then complete the Knowledge Builder section.You work through the Recite questions one at a time,checking your answer before moving on.This format illustres which of the following?

Continuous reinforcement means that the person will be reinforced

Many people are not calculating the volume of greenhouse gases that their consumption adds to the atmosphere,which is referred to as their

Which of the following lets students work at their own pace and provides frequent feedback to keep learners from practicing errors?

Programmed learning can be effective in book form or in

Regarding learning principles being applied to recycling efforts,which of the following statements is FALSE?

By a continuous reinforcement schedule,we mean that

Programmed instruction and computer-assisted instruction (CAI)

In programmed instruction,learners are prevented from practicing errors through

Plans for determining which responses will be reinforced are known as

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using computer-assisted instruction (CAI) ?

New tools that make it easier for individuals to get feedback about their individual resource consumption are called

People using computer-assisted instruction (CAI) often do better with feedback from a computer because CAI

Educational simulations allow students to explore an imaginary situation and are the most complex type of

Student pilots can learn all the ins and outs of flying a jumbo jet through a complex computer-assisted instructional (CAI) program that allows them to see the effects of their choices while flying under different weather conditions.These CAI programs are referred to as

When it is frequent,immediate,and detailed,which of the following is more likely to be effective?