Question 1

Printed money has little or no value of its own,but you can exchange it for food,water,lodging,and other necessities.Thus,money would be considered a type of __________ reinforcer.
A) token
B) unconditional
C) higher-order
D) negative transfer

Accepted Answer

A token reinforcer is a type of conditioned reinforcer that gains value through its association with other reinforcing stimuli. Money is considered a token reinforcer because it has no inherent value, but gains its reinforcing properties through its ability to be exchanged for other reinforcing stimuli like food, water, and shelter.

Question 2

A type of reinforcer in which the reward is attention or approval from others is called a __________ reinforcer.
A) primary
B) social
C) token
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

A social reinforcer is one in which the reward is attention or approval from others. Primary reinforcers are those that relate to basic needs, such as food or water. Token reinforcers involve earning tokens that can be exchanged for other rewards. Cognitive reinforcers relate to internal feelings of satisfaction or achievement.

Question 3

Social reinforcers consist of
A) primary and secondary reinforcers.
B) knowledge and ability.
C) the learned desires for attention and approval.
D) positive environment stimuli and a lack of punishment.

Accepted Answer

Social reinforcers specifically refer to the learned desires for attention and approval from others, which motivate behavior.

Question 4

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child learning to do household chores?
A) chocolate-chip cookies
B) black cherry ice cream
C) gold stars on a chart
D) an afternoon nap

Accepted Answer

Gold stars on a chart are least likely to lose their effectiveness because they can be used as a consistent, non-consumable reward. Unlike food items or naps, their appeal does not diminish with satiation or specific circumstances.

Question 5

In the textbook example regarding "Shaping a Teacher," psychology students would look interested in the teacher's lecture when she was standing on the right side of the room; and they would look bored when she was standing on the left side.The students were shaping the teacher's behavior using __________reinforcers.
A) social
B) primary
C) token
D) cognitive

Accepted Answer

Social reinforcers are based on social interactions and can include attention, approval, or praise. In this scenario, the students' reactions to the teacher's position in the room (attention and interest when she's on the right, boredom when she's on the left) are social reinforcers that shape her behavior to stay on the right side of the room. Primary reinforcers are natural reinforcers like food, water, and shelter. Token reinforcers are secondary reinforcers that are given tokens to be used for reinforcement, and cognitive reinforcers are related to internal mental processes. None of these options fit the scenario as well as social reinforcers.

Question 6

Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers,such as money,gold stars,and poker chips that can be exchanged for food,lodgings,and other necessities?
A) token reinforcers
B) social reinforcers
C) unconditioned reinforcers
D) negative reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Token reinforcers are tangible objects that serve as secondary reinforcers and can be exchanged for primary reinforcers such as food, lodging, and other basic necessities. Examples of token reinforcers include money, gold stars, and poker chips.

Question 7

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well.If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework.The stickers in this example could also be called
A) token reinforcers.
B) primary reinforcers.
C) bribes.
D) prepotent responses.

Accepted Answer

Stickers are considered token reinforcers because they are symbols or tokens that represent a larger or more meaningful reward. In this case, the larger reward is being exempt from homework. Primary reinforcers, on the other hand, are rewards that are inherently pleasurable or satisfying (e.g. food, water, warmth) and do not require any learning. Bribes are typically given before a behavior occurs to convince someone to engage in that behavior, whereas stickers are given after the behavior has already occurred. Prepotent responses are actions or behaviors that are innate or automatic rather than learned.

Question 8

Secondary reinforcers are
A) almost never effective.
B) reinforcing because they fulfill a biological need.
C) innate.
D) learned.

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers are learned, meaning they gain their reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforcers, such as food or water. Examples of secondary reinforcers include money or praise.

Question 9

Chimpanzees have been taught to work for tokens to be used in a "Chimp-O-Mat." In these experiments,the tokens were considered__________ reinforcers.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) stimulus
D) negative

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers are learned associations that gain their value through being associated with primary reinforcers. In this case, the tokens have no inherent value to the chimpanzees, but they have learned that they can be exchanged for primary reinforcers like food or toys in the Chimp-O-Mat.

Question 10

Which of the following is a system for managing and altering behavior through the immediate reinforcement of selected responses with poker chips or slips of paper that can be exchanged for food and/or special privileges?
A) a time-out system
B) a token economy
C) systematic desensitization
D) an EMDR program

Accepted Answer

This is the definition of a token economy, which involves using items such as poker chips or slips of paper as a form of positive reinforcement to encourage and reinforce desired behavior. Option A is incorrect because a time-out system involves removing a child from a situation or activity as a consequence for undesirable behavior. Option C is incorrect because systematic desensitization is a therapeutic technique used to treat anxiety disorders by gradually exposing a person to anxiety-provoking stimuli while in a relaxed state. Option D is incorrect because EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) is a psychotherapy approach used to treat trauma and PTSD that involves bilateral stimulation of the brain through eye movements, hand tapping, or other methods.

Question 11

Tokens have reinforcing value because they may be exchanged for primary reinforcers.Thus,they are a type of __________ reinforcer.
A) secondary
B) stimulus
C) higher-order
D) negative

Accepted Answer

Tokens do not have inherent value but gain their value from being exchangeable for primary reinforcers such as food, toys, or privileges. Therefore, they are considered a type of secondary reinforcer.

Question 12

In a behavior modification program at the local school,children were given "good behavior" slips that could be exchanged for candy or toys at the end of the week.Which of the following would be a FALSE statement regarding this type of reinforcement?
A) The "good behavior" slips would be considered token reinforcers.
B) The "good behavior" slips would be considered secondary reinforcers.
C) The "good behavior" slips will lose their reinforcing value more quickly than primary reinforcers.
D) The students can exchange their "good behavior" slips at the end of the week for primary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

This is a false statement because token reinforcers (such as the "good behavior" slips) tend to maintain their reinforcing value over time, even when primary reinforcers (such as candy or toys) are not immediately available. Therefore, the "good behavior" slips may actually maintain their reinforcing value for a longer period of time compared to primary reinforcers, making them a useful tool in behavior modification programs.

Question 13

When children engage in negative attention seeking,they are demonstrating the power of
A) stimulus generalization.
B) social reinforcers.
C) response costs.
D) primary reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

Children engaging in negative attention seeking behavior are trying to obtain social attention as a reinforcer. Through this behavior, they might get attention in the form of scolding, shouting, or warnings which can sometimes act as positive reinforcements for negative behavior. As a result, social reinforcers can sometimes be more powerful than primary reinforcers like food or water.

Question 14

Using poker chips to reinforce mentally ill patients for healthy and productive behaviors would be an example of using which of the following to facilitate learning?
A) negative reinforcement.
B) classical conditioning.
C) extinction.
D) tokens.

Accepted Answer

Using poker chips as tokens is a form of operant conditioning, where positive reinforcement is used to strengthen desired behaviors. The tokens serve as a tangible reward that can be exchanged for privileges or rewards, which helps to increase the likelihood of patients engaging in healthy and productive behaviors.

Question 15

In a drug rehabilitation center,the residents earn points for attending therapy sessions on time,writing in their journals,and performing their designated chores.These points can be used to gain various privileges or tangible items.This drug rehabilitation center is using
A) a time-out system.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) a token economy.
D) an EMDR program.

Accepted Answer

The drug rehabilitation center is using a token economy system in which desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens or points. These points can then be exchanged for rewards or privileges.

Question 16

Connie's children earn gold stars during the week for good behavior and completing their chores.If they earn enough gold stars,they are allowed on Sunday to choose one item out of a "grab bag" of small prizes.Connie is using which of the following with her children?
A) primary reinforcers
B) token reinforcers
C) bribes
D) response costs

Accepted Answer

Connie is using a token economy with her children, where gold stars act as tokens that can be exchanged for small prizes from the grab bag. This is an example of token reinforcement, where a token (gold star) is given for a desired behavior (good behavior and completing chores), and the token can later be exchanged for a reward (prize from the grab bag).

Question 17

Praise,approval,affection,and money are considered __________ reinforcers.
A) secondary
B) primary
C) unconditional
D) negative

Accepted Answer

Praise, approval, affection, and money are examples of secondary reinforcers, as they have acquired their reinforcing properties through association with primary reinforcers such as food, water, and sexual stimulation. Negative reinforcers are stimuli that, when removed, increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again in the future. Unconditional reinforcers do not depend on the occurrence of any specific behavior and are therefore not relevant in this context.

Question 18

Which type of reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers?
A) secondary reinforcers
B) stimulus reinforcers
C) higher-order reinforcers
D) negative reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Secondary reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers. Primarily reinforcers include food, water, and shelter, which are necessary for survival. Examples of secondary reinforcers include money, praise, and grades, which can be exchanged for primary reinforcers or associated with them.

Question 19

Which of the following reinforcers are used to provide immediate incentives for learning and to avoid the problem of satiation?
A) tokens
B) candy
C) conditional reinforcers
D) primary reinforcers

Accepted Answer

Tokens are a type of conditioned reinforcer that serve as a symbol or token for a primary or secondary reinforcer that can be exchanged for a desirable item or activity. They are effective for providing immediate incentives for learning because they can be easily administered and accumulated throughout a task or learning activity, and they avoid the problem of satiation because they are not dependent on a single type of primary reinforcer (such as candy) that can lose its effectiveness over time.

Question 20

Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral,but gain their reinforcing properties by being associated with __________ reinforcers.
A) negative
B) positive
C) primary
D) conditional

Accepted Answer

Primary reinforcers are inherently reinforcing, such as food, water, and shelter. When a neutral stimulus (such as a sound, a symbol, or a word) is paired with a primary reinforcer (such as food or praise), it can acquire the ability to reinforce behavior as well. These neutral stimuli become secondary (or conditioned) reinforcers.

Quiz 6: B: Conditioning and Learning

Printed money has little or no value of its own,but you can exchange it for food,water,lodging,and other necessities.Thus,money would be considered a type of __________ reinforcer.

A type of reinforcer in which the reward is attention or approval from others is called a __________ reinforcer.

Social reinforcers consist of

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to lose its effectiveness as a reinforcer for a child learning to do household chores?

Which of the following are tangible secondary reinforcers,such as money,gold stars,and poker chips that can be exchanged for food,lodgings,and other necessities?

The first grade teacher gives students stickers when they perform well.If they earn five stickers in one day they are exempt from homework.The stickers in this example could also be called

Secondary reinforcers are

Chimpanzees have been taught to work for tokens to be used in a "Chimp-O-Mat." In these experiments,the tokens were considered__________ reinforcers.

Which of the following is a system for managing and altering behavior through the immediate reinforcement of selected responses with poker chips or slips of paper that can be exchanged for food and/or special privileges?

Tokens have reinforcing value because they may be exchanged for primary reinforcers.Thus,they are a type of __________ reinforcer.

In a behavior modification program at the local school,children were given "good behavior" slips that could be exchanged for candy or toys at the end of the week.Which of the following would be a FALSE statement regarding this type of reinforcement?

When children engage in negative attention seeking,they are demonstrating the power of

Using poker chips to reinforce mentally ill patients for healthy and productive behaviors would be an example of using which of the following to facilitate learning?

In a drug rehabilitation center,the residents earn points for attending therapy sessions on time,writing in their journals,and performing their designated chores.These points can be used to gain various privileges or tangible items.This drug rehabilitation center is using

Connie's children earn gold stars during the week for good behavior and completing their chores.If they earn enough gold stars,they are allowed on Sunday to choose one item out of a "grab bag" of small prizes.Connie is using which of the following with her children?

Praise,approval,affection,and money are considered __________ reinforcers.

Which type of reinforcers gain their ability to promote learning because they are associated with primary reinforcers or can be exchanged for primary reinforcers?

Which of the following reinforcers are used to provide immediate incentives for learning and to avoid the problem of satiation?

Secondary reinforcers are originally neutral,but gain their reinforcing properties by being associated with __________ reinforcers.