Question 1

Bob lives in the ghetto and believes he has no chance of ever getting out,so Bob does not try.This is an example of the:
A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) false definition of reality
C) objectiveness of social reality
D) social construction of reality

Accepted Answer

Bob's belief that he cannot get out of the ghetto becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy when he does not try to improve his situation. His negative belief about his future influences his actions and becomes true as a result.

Question 2

__________,or presentation of self,refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.
A) Impression management
B) Presentational analysis
C) Dramaturgical presentation
D) Ethnomethodological introduction

Accepted Answer

Impression management refers to people's efforts to control or influence the impressions that others have of them. It involves strategic use of verbal and nonverbal communication to create a desired image or impression. This concept is commonly used in social psychology and is relevant in various social contexts such as job interviews, first dates, and social media.

Question 3

Anthropologist Edward Hall asserted that __________ is the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private.
A) intimate space
B) social space
C) public space
D) personal space

Accepted Answer

Edward Hall's concept of "personal space" refers to the immediate area surrounding a person that they claim as their own. This space varies depending on cultural factors, context, and personal preference.

Question 4

According to __________,interaction is based on the assumption of shared expectations.For example,when you are talking with someone,you will probably have certain expectations about taking turns speaking and listening.
A) conflict theorists
B) ethnomethodologists
C) functionalists
D) rational choice theorists

Accepted Answer

Ethnomethodologists study how people make sense of their everyday world and how they produce and reproduce social order through their interactions. They argue that social reality exists through the shared expectations that people have about how to behave in different situations, including interactions. Therefore, the assumption of shared expectations is central to their understanding of interaction. Conflict theorists focus on how power dynamics and competition shape social relations, while functionalists emphasize the importance of institutions in maintaining social order. Rational choice theorists, on the other hand, assume that people make decisions based on rational calculations of benefits and costs.

Question 5

Based on sociologist Erving Goffman's perspectives,__________ is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.
A) ethnomethodology
B) dramaturgical analysis
C) impression management
D) presentational analysis

Accepted Answer

Goffman's perspectives on social interaction involve comparing everyday life to a theatrical performance, which he referred to as "dramaturgical analysis." The concepts of ethnomethodology, impression management, and presentational analysis are related to Goffman's ideas, but they do not specifically refer to the comparison of social interaction to the theater.

Question 6

Sociologist __________ initiated the ethnomethodology approach because he was critical of mainstream sociology for not recognizing the ongoing ways in which people create reality and produce their own world.
A) Erving Goffman
B) Robert Merton
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Harold Garfinkel

Accepted Answer

Harold Garfinkel is the sociologist who initiated the ethnomethodology approach. He believed that mainstream sociology failed to recognize that people actively create and produce their own reality and world, and that studying the everyday practices and interactions of people was crucial for fully understanding social life.

Question 7

A(n) __________ is a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.
A) definition of a situation
B) interactionist dialogue
C) reality impression
D) self-fulfilling prophecy

Accepted Answer

A self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief that leads to actions that cause the belief to become true. For example, if a teacher believes that certain students are "troublemakers," they may treat them differently, which then causes those students to act out and confirm the belief. This cycle reinforces the original false belief, making it come true in the end.

Question 8

According to sociologist Erving Goffman,___________ refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual embarrassing situation.
A) studied nonobservance
B) front stage and back stage behavior
C) face-saving behavior
D) social reconstruction

Accepted Answer

Face-saving behavior refers to the strategies used to rescue one's performance when experiencing a potentially embarrassing situation. Goffman's theory focused heavily on the ways in which individuals manage their social identity, and face-saving behavior is one such tactic used to protect one's self-presentation. A and B are also concepts discussed in Goffman's work, but they are not directly related to the specific behavior described in the question. D is not a concept discussed by Goffman.

Question 9

According to the dramaturgical approach proposed by Goffman,_________ refers to the area where a player performs a specific role before an audience.
A) exterior stage
B) interior stage
C) back stage
D) front stage

Accepted Answer

According to the dramaturgical approach proposed by Goffman, the front stage refers to the area where a player performs a specific role before an audience. The back stage, on the other hand, refers to the area where a player can relax and be their true self, without the pressure of performing for an audience. The exterior and interior stage are not terms used in the dramaturgical approach.

Question 10

A college professor projects a professional image in dress,speech,and mannerisms while actively teaching a classroom full of students.This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior.
A) back stage
B) exterior stage
C) front stage
D) interior stage

Accepted Answer

Goffman's concept of front stage refers to the part of an individual's life where they are performing for an audience, such as in social situations or at work. In this scenario, the college professor is actively teaching and projecting a professional image, which would be considered front stage behavior.

Question 11

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________,a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.
A) studied nonobservance
B) front stage behavior
C) civil disobedience
D) back stage behavior

Accepted Answer

The term described in the question is studied nonobservance, which is a technique for saving face by ignoring flaws in another's performance.

Question 12

In a series of __________,sociologist Harold Garfinkel assigned different activities to his students to see how breaking the unspoken rules of behavior created confusion.
A) breaching experiments
B) structured behavioral episodes
C) background experiments
D) ethnomethodological assessments

Accepted Answer

Garfinkel's experiments are commonly known as "breaching experiments" because they involved deliberately breaking social norms and observing the reactions of others. The other answer choices are not commonly associated with Garfinkel's work.

Question 13

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation,including how,where,when,and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
A) emotional labors
B) dramaturgical guidelines
C) feeling rules
D) socioemotional norms

Accepted Answer

Arlie Hochschild coined the term "feeling rules" to refer to the social norms that dictate how, where, when, and with whom emotions should be expressed. These rules are learned through socialization and shape the appropriate emotional display for a given role or specific situation. Option A, emotional labor, refers to the work an individual puts into managing their own emotions to meet job requirements; Option B, dramaturgical guidelines, refers to the idea that people are actors on a social stage, performing a role and managing their impression on others; Option D, socioemotional norms, is not a term used by Hochschild in her theory of feeling rules.

Question 14

According to sociologist Arlie Hochschild,feeling rules apply to our occupational roles.Although all jobs place some burden on our feelings,__________ occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or production of a state of mind (such as hope,desire,or fear) in others.
A) demeanor
B) emotional labor
C) deference
D) external labor

Accepted Answer

The term "emotional labor" refers to the effort and skills required to manage emotions and create a desired emotional state in others. This concept is related to feeling rules, which are socially constructed norms regarding how people should feel and express emotions in certain situations. Hence, emotional labor occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or production of a state of mind (such as hope, desire, or fear) in others.

Question 15

The transfer of information between persons without the use of speech is referred to as __________.
A) on-stage dramatization
B) nonverbal communication
C) emotional interaction
D) back-stage implication

Accepted Answer

Nonverbal communication refers to the transfer of information between people without using speech. This includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, and other forms of nonverbal cues. On-stage dramatization refers to a performance, emotional interaction is a more general term that could refer to any type of interaction that involves emotions, and back-stage implication is not a commonly used term in communication studies.

Question 16

In a participant observation study of domestic (household) workers and their employers,sociologist Judith Rollins found that domestics were expected to show __________ by averting their eyes when they talked to their employers and by standing less erect and walking tentatively.
A) deference
B) subtle verbalizations
C) verbal cues
D) socioeconomic expectations

Accepted Answer

The word "deference" means showing respect or submission, which is exactly what domestic workers were expected to demonstrate towards their employers by averting their eyes and by showing a less confident body posture. B, C, and D can be eliminated as they are not relevant to the given context.

Question 17

According to the dramaturgical approach proposed by Goffman,__________ refers to the area where a player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of view of a given audience.
A) front stage
B) exterior stage
C) back stage
D) interior stage

Accepted Answer

According to Goffman's dramaturgical approach, the back stage is the area where a player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of view of a given audience. This is where individuals can let down their guard and be themselves without the pressure of performing for others. The front stage, on the other hand, is where individuals perform their roles and present themselves in a particular way to the audience. Therefore, the best choice is C, back stage.

Question 18

According to sociologist Erving Goffman,__________ is the symbolic means by which subordinates give a required permissive response to those in power; it confirms the existence of inequality and reaffirms each person's relationship to the other.
A) demeanor
B) facial expression
C) deference
D) structured inequality

Accepted Answer

Deference is the act of showing respect or submission to someone in a position of power or authority. Goffman argues that deference is a symbolic ritual that reinforces the power dynamics of a hierarchical society, where subordinates are expected to give a permissive response to superiors in order to maintain social order and stability. This practice of deference, although necessary for social organization, also confirms the existence of structured inequality and reaffirms each person's subordinate or dominant position in relation to others.

Question 19

__________ is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.
A) Behavioral modification
B) Background expectancy
C) Ethnomethodology
D) Method realism

Accepted Answer

Ethnomethodology is the study of the common-sense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves. It focuses on how people make sense of their everyday world by using shared understandings and assumptions. The other options mentioned are not related to the study of commonsense knowledge.

Question 20

A college professor engages in preparatory work in her office alone.This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior.
A) back stage
B) interior stage
C) front stage
D) exterior stage

Accepted Answer

Back stage behavior refers to an individual's behavior when they are alone or with a small group, and they are not in the presence of an audience or other individuals who they need to maintain a certain impression or role in front of. The professor, while alone in her office, is engaging in back stage behavior as she is not putting on a performance or maintaining a certain image for anyone else.

Quiz 5: Society,Social Structure,and Interaction

Bob lives in the ghetto and believes he has no chance of ever getting out,so Bob does not try.This is an example of the:

__________,or presentation of self,refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.

Anthropologist Edward Hall asserted that __________ is the immediate area surrounding a person that the person claims as private.

According to __________,interaction is based on the assumption of shared expectations.For example,when you are talking with someone,you will probably have certain expectations about taking turns speaking and listening.

Based on sociologist Erving Goffman's perspectives,__________ is the study of social interaction that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation.

Sociologist __________ initiated the ethnomethodology approach because he was critical of mainstream sociology for not recognizing the ongoing ways in which people create reality and produce their own world.

A(n) __________ is a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.

According to sociologist Erving Goffman,___________ refers to the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual embarrassing situation.

According to the dramaturgical approach proposed by Goffman,_________ refers to the area where a player performs a specific role before an audience.

A college professor projects a professional image in dress,speech,and mannerisms while actively teaching a classroom full of students.This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior.

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________,a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

In a series of __________,sociologist Harold Garfinkel assigned different activities to his students to see how breaking the unspoken rules of behavior created confusion.

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shapes the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation,including how,where,when,and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

According to sociologist Arlie Hochschild,feeling rules apply to our occupational roles.Although all jobs place some burden on our feelings,__________ occurs only in jobs that require personal contact with the public or production of a state of mind (such as hope,desire,or fear) in others.

The transfer of information between persons without the use of speech is referred to as __________.

In a participant observation study of domestic (household) workers and their employers,sociologist Judith Rollins found that domestics were expected to show __________ by averting their eyes when they talked to their employers and by standing less erect and walking tentatively.

According to the dramaturgical approach proposed by Goffman,__________ refers to the area where a player is not required to perform a specific role because it is out of view of a given audience.

According to sociologist Erving Goffman,__________ is the symbolic means by which subordinates give a required permissive response to those in power; it confirms the existence of inequality and reaffirms each person's relationship to the other.

__________ is the study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves.

A college professor engages in preparatory work in her office alone.This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior.