Question 1

The Gemeinschaft refers to:
A) a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
B) a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
C) a traditional society in which social relationships have come to be based on corporate procedures
D) a postindustrial social order in which traditionalism has been restored

Accepted Answer

The Gemeinschaft is a traditional society where social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and have intergenerational stability.

Question 2

Based on sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies' perspective,most people in __________ societies are "strangers" who perceive that they have very little in common with most people.Consequently,self-interest dominates and little consensus exists regarding values.
A) Gemeinschaft
B) organic solidarity
C) Gesellschaft
D) mechanical solidarity

Accepted Answer

Ferdinand Tönnies used the term "Gesellschaft" to describe societies where people are strangers to each other and have little in common, leading to self-interest dominating and values being less consensual.

Question 3

__________ is the term used to describe people with a commitment to the entire group and who feel a sense of togetherness.
A) Total institution
B) Gesellschaft
C) Organic solidarity
D) Gemeinschaft

Accepted Answer

Gemeinschaft is a social structure in which individuals are tied to one another by interdependent relationships, such as family, community, and shared traditions. They have a commitment to the entire group and feel a sense of togetherness, which is known as Gemeinschaftsgefühl.

Question 4

Sociologist Erving Goffman's term,__________,refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.
A) civil inattention
B) selective attention
C) passive rudeness
D) reserved rejection

Accepted Answer

Civil inattention refers to the behavior of acknowledging someone's presence without giving them special attention, such as by making eye contact or initiating conversation. It is a common form of interaction in public places where individuals respect each other's personal space and privacy. The term was coined by sociologist Erving Goffman. Choices B, C, and D are not relevant to the concept of civil inattention.

Question 5

In __________ societies,the division of labor between men and women in the middle and upper classes became more distinct: men were responsible for being "breadwinners"; women were seen as "homemakers."
A) hunting and gathering
B) agrarian
C) industrial
D) horticultural and gathering

Accepted Answer

The division of labor between men and women in the middle and upper classes became more distinct during the industrial society. This was due to the emergence of factory work and the idea that men were responsible for providing financially for the family, while women were responsible for the home and children. In hunting and gathering societies, there was typically a more equal sharing of labor, while in agrarian and horticultural societies, both men and women were involved in the production of food and goods.

Question 6

The fact that people engage in civil inattention demonstrates that interaction does have a pattern,or __________,which regulates the form and processes (but not the content) of social interaction.
A) patterned interaction
B) interaction order
C) socially programmed interaction
D) reasonable interaction expectation

Accepted Answer

The term "interaction order" refers to the patterned social interaction that regulates how people behave in social situations, such as civil inattention. This term is used in sociology to describe the way that social interactions are organized and structured, even though they may seem spontaneous and unscripted. Therefore, option B is the best choice. Option A and D are not commonly used terms in sociology to describe social interaction. Option C is similar to the concept of interaction order, but it is not the most common term used in this context.

Question 7

The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience is referred to as the:
A) recertified analysis of reality
B) objectification of social reality
C) subjective assessment of reality
D) social construction of reality

Accepted Answer

The social construction of reality refers to the process by which our perception of reality is shaped by the subjective meaning we give to our experiences. It highlights the fact that reality is not objective and exists independently of human experience; rather, it is socially constructed through collective interpretation and agreement among members of a particular society or culture.

Question 8

The Gesellschaft refers to:
A) a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability
B) a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
C) a traditional society in which social relationships have come to be based on corporate procedures
D) a postindustrial social order in which traditionalism has been restored

Accepted Answer

The Gesellschaft refers to a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. This is in contrast to Gemeinschaft which refers to a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Question 9

According to Durkheim,social interaction in preindustrial societies is characterized by face-to-face,intimate,and primary group relationships.This type of interaction is referred to as:
A) organic solidarity
B) cohesive bonding
C) primitive bonding
D) mechanical solidarity

Accepted Answer

Durkheim refers to this type of interaction as mechanical solidarity, which is based on a shared culture and sameness among individuals in preindustrial societies. It is contrasted with organic solidarity, which is based on specialized roles and interdependence among individuals in industrial societies. Cohesive bonding and primitive bonding are not terms used by Durkheim to describe social interaction.

Question 10

Which of the following sociologists used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to characterize the degree of social solidarity and social control found in societies?
A) Emile Durkheim
B) Ferdinand Tönnies
C) Max Weber
D) Talcott Parsons

Accepted Answer

Ferdinand Tönnies developed the concepts of Gemeinschaft (often translated as "community") and Gesellschaft (often translated as "society") in his 1887 book "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft". These concepts describe two different types of social relationships and types of societies. Gemeinschaft refers to societies characterized by close-knit relationships based on kinship, tradition and a sense of shared identity. Gesellschaft refers to societies characterized by more impersonal, contractual relationships, often based on individual self-interest. These concepts have had a significant impact on sociological thought, particularly in the study of social change and modernity.

Question 11

From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective,__________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies,in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
A) organic solidarity
B) mechanical solidarity
C) high-technology bonding
D) industrial cohesion

Accepted Answer

Emile Durkheim's concept of organic solidarity refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence. In contrast, mechanical solidarity refers to the social cohesion found in pre-industrial societies, in which people perform similar tasks and are united by shared values and traditions. Therefore, Choice A, organic solidarity, is the correct answer.

Question 12

Our perceptions and behavior are influenced by how we initially define situations.In other words,we act on reality as we see it.This concept is referred to as the:
A) recertified analysis of reality
B) objectiveness of social reality
C) subjective assessment of reality
D) social construction of reality

Accepted Answer

The concept described in the statement is the social construction of reality, which emphasizes how reality is not objective, but rather created and defined by social interactions and meanings attributed by individuals and groups.

Question 13

Our perceptions about the meaning of a situation vary widely based on the statuses we occupy and our unique personal experiences.In her study of women's reactions to street encounters,sociologist Carol Brooks Gardner determined that women:
A) usually perceive such encounters as "routine" rituals
B) are generally unafraid during such encounters
C) fear for their personal safety and try to avoid comments and propositions that are sexual in nature when they walk down the street
D) view street encounters in the same way that men do

Accepted Answer

In the study conducted by Carol Brooks Gardner, it was found that women fear for their personal safety and try to avoid comments and propositions that are sexual in nature when they walk down the street. Therefore, option C is the correct choice. Option A and D are incorrect because they misrepresent women's reactions to street encounters. Option B is incorrect because it does not reflect the findings of Carol Brooks Gardner's study.

Question 14

Knowledge is viewed as the basic source of innovation and policy formulation in __________.As a result,education becomes one of the most important social institutions.Formal education and other sources of information become crucial to the success of individuals and organizations.
A) horticultural and pastoral societies
B) postindustrial societies
C) industrial societies
D) agrarian societies

Accepted Answer

Postindustrial societies rely heavily on innovation and policy formulation, which require a strong knowledge base. As a result, education is crucial to the success of individuals and organizations in these societies. In contrast, horticultural and pastoral societies and agrarian societies have more limited technology and rely more on traditional knowledge and skills, while industrial societies also value knowledge but may place more emphasis on skills training and practical experience.

Question 15

From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective,__________ refers to the social cohesion in preindustrial societies,in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
A) organic solidarity
B) mechanical solidarity
C) primitive bonding
D) preindustrial bonding

Accepted Answer

Emile Durkheim's perspective of mechanical solidarity refers to the social cohesion in preindustrial societies where there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds. This type of solidarity is characterized by a strong sense of community and shared identity.

Question 16

__________ are characterized by an information explosion and an economy in which large numbers of people either provide or apply information,or are employed in service jobs (such as fast-food server or health care worker).
A) Industrial societies
B) Agrarian societies
C) Horticultural and pastoral societies
D) Postindustrial societies

Accepted Answer

Postindustrial societies are characterized by an information explosion and an economy in which large numbers of people either provide or apply information, or are employed in service jobs (such as fast-food server or health care worker). Industrial societies are characterized by a high level of mechanization and a factory-based economy, agrarian societies by reliance on agriculture, and horticultural and pastoral societies by small-scale farming or herding.

Question 17

According to Durkheim,social interaction in industrial societies is less personal,more status-oriented,and more focused on specific goals and objectives.This type of interaction is referred to as:
A) mechanical solidarity
B) status-oriented bonding
C) high-technology bonding
D) organic solidarity

Accepted Answer

Durkheim referred to this type of interaction as organic solidarity. Organic solidarity refers to social cohesion based on interdependence of individuals who have specialized roles and functions. This type of solidarity is found in modern, industrialized societies where there is a high level of division of labor and individuals rely on one another to fulfill their specific roles and achieve common goals.

Question 18

Sociologist __________ asserted that preindustrial societies are held together by strong traditions and by the members' shared moral beliefs and values.As societies industrialized and developed more specialized economic activities,social solidarity came to be rooted in the members' shared dependence on one another.
A) Max Weber
B) Ferdinand Tönnies
C) Emile Durkheim
D) Talcott Parsons

Accepted Answer

Emile Durkheim is known for his theory of social solidarity, which asserts that preindustrial societies are held together by strong traditions and shared moral beliefs and values, while industrialized societies are held together by the shared interdependence of their members.

Question 19

Social institutions are transformed in __________ societies.The family
Diminishes in significance as the economy,education,and political
Institutions grow in size and complexity.
A) industrial
B) agrarian
C) hunting and gathering
D) horticultural and pastoral

Accepted Answer

Industrial societies are characterized by large-scale and complex economic, educational, and political institutions. The role of the family becomes less central as people rely more on these institutions for their needs. In contrast, in agrarian societies, the family retains significant importance as it is often the primary unit of agricultural production. Hunting and gathering societies and horticultural and pastoral societies are typically smaller in scale and less complex in terms of their social institutions.

Question 20

In __________ societies,there is a corresponding rise of a consumer society and the emergence of a global village in which people around the world communicate with one another by electronic technologies,such as television,telephone,fax,e-mail,and the Internet.
A) postindustrial
B) horticultural and pastoral
C) industrial
D) agrarian

Accepted Answer

Postindustrial societies are characterized by a shift towards service and knowledge-based industries, as well as a greater reliance on technology and communication. This has led to the emergence of a global village through electronic technologies, which has facilitated communication and commerce across the world. In contrast, horticultural and pastoral societies are based on subsistence agriculture and have less access to technology, while industrial societies are focused on manufacturing and primary industries, and thus may not have the same level of emphasis on communication and technology. Agrarian societies are also based on subsistence agriculture and may have limited access to technology.

Quiz 5: Society,Social Structure,and Interaction

The Gemeinschaft refers to:

Based on sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies' perspective,most people in __________ societies are "strangers" who perceive that they have very little in common with most people.Consequently,self-interest dominates and little consensus exists regarding values.

__________ is the term used to describe people with a commitment to the entire group and who feel a sense of togetherness.

Sociologist Erving Goffman's term,__________,refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.

In __________ societies,the division of labor between men and women in the middle and upper classes became more distinct: men were responsible for being "breadwinners"; women were seen as "homemakers."

The fact that people engage in civil inattention demonstrates that interaction does have a pattern,or __________,which regulates the form and processes (but not the content) of social interaction.

The process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience is referred to as the:

The Gesellschaft refers to:

According to Durkheim,social interaction in preindustrial societies is characterized by face-to-face,intimate,and primary group relationships.This type of interaction is referred to as:

Which of the following sociologists used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to characterize the degree of social solidarity and social control found in societies?

From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective,__________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies,in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

Our perceptions and behavior are influenced by how we initially define situations.In other words,we act on reality as we see it.This concept is referred to as the:

Our perceptions about the meaning of a situation vary widely based on the statuses we occupy and our unique personal experiences.In her study of women's reactions to street encounters,sociologist Carol Brooks Gardner determined that women:

Knowledge is viewed as the basic source of innovation and policy formulation in __________.As a result,education becomes one of the most important social institutions.Formal education and other sources of information become crucial to the success of individuals and organizations.

From sociologist Emile Durkheim's perspective,__________ refers to the social cohesion in preindustrial societies,in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

__________ are characterized by an information explosion and an economy in which large numbers of people either provide or apply information,or are employed in service jobs (such as fast-food server or health care worker) .

According to Durkheim,social interaction in industrial societies is less personal,more status-oriented,and more focused on specific goals and objectives.This type of interaction is referred to as:

Social institutions are transformed in __________ societies.The family Diminishes in significance as the economy,education,and political Institutions grow in size and complexity.

In __________ societies,there is a corresponding rise of a consumer society and the emergence of a global village in which people around the world communicate with one another by electronic technologies,such as television,telephone,fax,e-mail,and the Internet.