Quiz 44: Acid-Base Balance

The regulation of acid-base balance in the body fluids refers to the control of _____ ion concentration. A) hydrogen B) bicarbonate C) potassium D) chloride

Which of the following would have the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions? A) pH 2 B) pH 6 C) pH 8 D) pH 10

Which of the following would indicate a neutral solution? A) pH 7 B) pH 6 C) pH 8 D) pH 10

The most acidic substance in the body is: A) stomach acid. B) saliva. C) blood. D) cerebrospinal fluid.

A solution with pH of 7 would contain _____ times the number of hydrogen ions as a solution with a pH of 8. A) 2 B) 3 C) 5 D) 10

The pH of the blood is maintained at approximately: A) 7.1. B) 7.2. C) 7.3. D) 7.4.

Ketone bodies are associated with cellular metabolism of: A) fats. B) carbohydrates. C) proteins. D) vitamins.

Which of the following types of acids would be produced as a result of glucose catabolism? A) Acetoacetic B) Phosphoric C) Lactic D) Sulfuric

Which of the following is (are) classified as an acid-forming food? A) Meat B) Eggs C) Poultry D) All of the above

Hydrogen ions are continually entering the body fluids through: A) acidic ketone bodies. B) phosphoric acids. C) carbonic acids. D) all of the above.

An example of a physiological buffer system (with a delayed response time) would be the _____ system. A) respiratory response B) protein buffer C) bicarbonate buffer D) phosphate buffer

If the pH of the blood were 7.23, it would be A) within the normal range. B) slightly more acidic than normal. C) slightly more basic than normal. D) much more basic than normal.

Which of the following is considered a powerful physiological buffering system of the body? A) Skin B) Liver C) Kidney D) Intestine

In the body, nonvolatile acids, or fixed acids, are buffered mainly by: A) hemoglobin. B) sodium hydroxide. C) sodium bicarbonate. D) plasma proteins.

Which of the following ratios of base bicarbonate to carbonic acid will maintain a normal pH? A) 3:1 B) 5:1 C) 10:1 D) 20:1

Potassium salts of hemoglobin are important in buffering _____ acid. A) lactic B) carbonic C) sulfuric D) phosphoric

Which of the following is a true statement? A) Arterial blood has a higher hydrogen ion concentration than venous blood. B) Venous blood has a higher pH than arterial blood. C) Arterial blood has an average pH of 7.41. D) Venous blood has a lower hydrogen ion concentration than arterial blood.

An increase in respiratory rate would result in a decrease in all of the following except: A) carbon dioxide. B) acidity. C) pH. D) hydrogen ions.

Prolonged hyperventilation tends to: A) produce alkalosis. B) decrease blood pH. C) produce acidosis. D) stimulate increased production of carbonic acid.

In acidosis, the renal tubule excretion of hydrogen ions: A) decreases. B) increases. C) does not change. D) decreases only when potassium ion excretion increases.

Which of the following is considered a direct acid-forming food? A) Citrus fruit B) Vinegar C) Cranberries D) All of the above are considered direct acid-forming foods

A decrease in blood pH below normal tends to: A) stimulate increased respirations. B) produce hypoventilation. C) stimulate a compensatory increase in blood hydrogen ion concentration through the respiratory system. D) do both B and C.

If the blood pH decreases below normal, the kidney tubules secrete _____ urine. A) fewer hydrogen ions from blood to B) more hydrogen ions from blood to C) more sodium ions into the D) Both A and C will occur.

Hyperventilation can result in loss of consciousness because: A) oxygen levels become too high. B) oxygen levels become too low. C) carbon dioxide levels are elevated. D) of alkalosis.

When the kidney secretes hydrogen ions, it primarily reabsorbs _____ ions. A) potassium B) calcium C) chloride D) sodium

Hyperkalemia may have a major effect on which of the following? A) Gastrointestinal tract B) Heart C) Kidney D) Liver

When the renal tubules reabsorb sodium ions, they normally exchange (secrete) which of the following? A) Potassium ions B) Chloride ions C) Hydrogen D) Either potassium or hydrogen

For the body to maintain an acid-base balance, which of the following is (are) necessary? A) Buffering B) Respirations C) Urine secretion D) All of the above

The more hydrogen ions excreted by the renal tubules, the: A) more alkaline the urine. B) more potassium ions excreted. C) fewer potassium ions excreted. D) lower the pH of the blood becomes.

A decrease in blood pH: A) accelerates the renal tubule excretion of ammonia. B) causes a decrease in the renal tubule excretion of ammonia. C) produces an increase in the pH of the urine through the chloride shift. D) has no effect on the renal tubule excretion of ammonia (because of respiratory compensations).

Which of the following would be important in treating metabolic alkalosis? A) Chloride ions B) Bicarbonate ions C) Sodium ions D) Potassium ions

Which of these is true about the metabolism of glucose? A) Aerobic metabolism produces lactic acid. B) Anaerobic metabolism produces lactic acid. C) Anaerobic metabolism produces carbonic acid. D) Both A and C are true about the metabolism of glucose.

Which of these is not an acid-forming element? A) Chloride B) Potassium C) Sulfur D) Phosphorus

Which of the following is not a base-forming element? A) Chlorine B) Potassium C) Sodium D) Magnesium

A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 × 10-¹ per liter would have a pH of: A) 10. B) -1. C) 1. D) none of the above.

A solution with a hydrogen ion concentration of 1 × 10-⁴ per liter would be a(n): A) acid. B) base. C) neutral solution. D) There is not enough information to determine the type of solution it would be.

A solution with a pH of 6 would have a hydrogen ion concentration of _____ per liter. A) 0.000006 B) 0.0000001 C) 0.000001 D) None of the above is correct.

A solution with a pH of 6 would have _____ ions than a solution with a pH of 4. A) more hydrogen B) fewer hydrogen C) fewer hydroxide D) Both A and C are correct.

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid results from the metabolism of: A) glucose. B) amino acids. C) fats. D) ribonucleotides.

Carbonic acid results primarily from the metabolism of: A) glucose. B) amino acids. C) fats. D) ribonucleotides.

Sulfuric acid results from the metabolism of: A) glucose. B) amino acids. C) fats. D) ribonucleotides.

Which of the following is not a weak acid? A) Hemoglobin B) Oxyhemoglobin C) Proteins D) Na2HPO4

In the body, which of the following substances might be used to buffer a strong acid such as HCl? A) H₂CO₃ B) Hemoglobin C) NaHCO3 D) None of the above

In the body, which of the following substances might be used to buffer a strong base such as NaOH? A) H₂CO₃ B) KHCO3 C) Proteins D) None of the above

Which of the following is most basic? A) Oven cleaner B) Baking soda C) Household ammonia D) Great Salt Lake water

The respiratory center is stimulated if the: A) amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood increases. B) amount of carbon dioxide in venous blood increases. C) pH of the blood goes above 7.41. D) Any of the above will stimulate the respiratory center.

Which of the following statements is true? A) Hypoventilation can cause alkalosis. B) Hyperventilation can cause acidosis. C) Hyperventilation can cause a drop in pH. D) Hypoventilation can cause a drop in pH.

Respiratory acidosis is also: A) carbonic acid excess. B) carbonic acid deficit. C) bicarbonate excess. D) bicarbonate deficit.

An abnormal change in pH in the body could disrupt the functioning of: A) enzymes. B) cell membrane receptors. C) hemoglobin. D) all of the above.

The functioning of the Na-K pump transport mechanism falls by 50% if the pH: A) falls by 1 unit. B) falls by 2 units. C) falls by 3 units. D) rises by 1 unit.

The biological activity of phosphofructokinase (an important enzyme in anaerobic respiration) falls by 90% if the pH: A) falls by 1 unit. B) falls by 0.5 units. C) falls by 0.1 units. D) rises by 1 unit.

The numerical value of pH represents the: A) hydrogen ion concentration squared. B) negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. C) logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. D) square root of the hydrogen ion concentration.

Phosphoric acid accumulates when what is broken down in the body? A) Fats B) Amino acids C) Ribonucleotides D) Carbohydrates

Toxic accumulation of acidic ketone bodies is a common complication of untreated: A) kidney disease. B) diabetes mellitus. C) respiratory distress syndrome. D) deficiency of carbonic anhydrase in the blood.

The most rapidly acting buffer system in the body is the _____ buffering system. A) chemical B) respiratory C) kidney D) Both physiological buffering systems act with equal speed and are faster than the chemical.

If HCl were buffered by NaHCO₃, the formation of _____ would not occur. A) NaCl B) water C) H-HCO3 D) All of the above would occur.

If HCl were buffered by NaHCO₃, what would occur? A) There would be a slight rise in pH. B) There would be a large drop in pH. C) There would be a slight drop in pH. D) There would be a large rise in pH.

If NaOH were buffered by H-HCO₃, what would not occur? A) Concentration of NaHCO3 would increase. B) Water would be formed. C) The number of hydroxide ions would greatly increase. D) All of the above would occur.

If NaOH were buffered by H-HCO₃, what would occur? A) There would be a slight drop in pH. B) There would be a large drop in pH. C) There would be a slight rise in pH. D) There would be a large rise in pH.

How is the renal tubule excretion of ammonia involved in maintaining the acid-base balance? A) An increase in blood pH accelerates tubule excretion of both hydrogen and ammonia. A decrease in blood pH produces the opposite effects, thus maintaining pH balance. B) A decrease in blood pH accelerates tubule excretion of both hydrogen and ammonia. An increase in blood pH produces the opposite effects, thus maintaining pH balance. C) Renal tubule excretion of ammonia causes the combining of hydrogen to form ammonium ions that decrease the blood bicarbonate buffer pair ratio. D) Ammonia excreted by renal tubules has no effect on acid-base balance.

A decrease in blood pH: A) accelerates the renal tubule ion exchange mechanisms. B) causes a decrease in the renal tubule excretion of ammonia. C) has no effect on the renal tubule excretion of ammonia (because of respiratory compensations). D) produces an increase in the pH of the urine through the chloride shift.

The respiratory center becomes stimulated if the: A) amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood increases, so more CO₂ is exhaled, thus lowering the blood pH. B) amount of carbon dioxide in venous blood increases to retain more CO₂, thus lowering the blood pH. C) pH of the blood goes above 7.41. D) All of the above occur if the respiratory center becomes stimulated.

If the blood pH decreases below normal, the kidney tubules secrete: A) fewer hydrogen ions from blood to urine. B) more hydrogen ions from blood to urine. C) more sodium ions into the urine. D) Both A and C are correct.

Why does arterial blood have a lower hydrogen ion concentration than venous blood? A) More carbon dioxide remains in the arterial blood leaving the lung capillaries, causing an increase in the amount of carbonic acid and the number of hydrogen ions. B) Because there are more red blood cells in arteries than veins, the arterial blood has a greater ability to carry fewer hydrogen ions. C) Less carbon dioxide remains in the arterial blood leaving the lung capillaries, causing a reduction in the amount of carbonic acid and the number of hydrogen ions. D) The carbon dioxide diffuses out of the venous blood as it moves through the lung capillaries. Therefore, more carbon dioxide remains in the arterial blood leaving the lung capillaries, causing a decrease in the number of hydrogen ions.

Some athletes engage in a technique called bicarbonate loading that is said to counteract the lactic acid buildup. This practice raises concerns because excess bicarbonate intake: A) can trigger fluid and electrolyte imbalances, which may lead to metabolic acidosis. B) can trigger fluid and electrolyte imbalances, which may lead to metabolic alkalosis. C) may lead to uncompensated acidosis. D) may lead to "acid blood."

Susan has been experiencing prolonged hypoventilation. If not treated soon, Susan may develop what condition? A) Prolonged hypoventilation may decrease blood pH enough to produce acidosis. B) Prolonged hypoventilation may increase blood pH enough to produce alkalosis. C) Prolonged hypoventilation may reduce the renal tubule ion exchange mechanisms. D) Prolonged hypoventilation may lead to hyperkalemia.

A rare but very serious complication of metformin therapy is: A) hyperkalemia. B) lactic acidosis. C) uncompensated acidosis. D) uncompensated alkalosis.

Kidney tubule base bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion excretion both tend to: A) acidify blood by creating alkaline urine. B) alkalinize blood by acidifying urine. C) increase blood pH, which accelerates tubule excretion of both hydrogen and ammonia. D) decrease blood pH, which reduces tubule excretion of both hydrogen and ammonia.

Why are metabolic and respiratory acidosis treated by the intravenous infusion of solutions containing sodium lactate? A) The infused lactate ions are metabolized by the liver cells and converted to sodium ions, which help replace the depleted sodium reserves required to restore acid-base balance. B) The infused lactate ions are metabolized by the liver cells and converted to potassium ions, which help restore the depleted potassium reserves required to restore acid-base balance. C) The infused lactate ions are metabolized by the liver cells and converted to carbonic acid, which helps restore the depleted bicarbonate reserves required to restore acid-base balance. D) The infused lactate ions are metabolized by the liver cells and converted to bicarbonate ions, which help restore the depleted bicarbonate reserves required to restore acid-base balance.

A pregnant patient who has been experiencing repeated vomiting episodes is admitted to the hospital by her obstetrician. After a series of tests determines that she is suffering from metabolic alkalosis, the physician orders intravenous administration of normal saline. How will this help the patient? A) It will reduce the vomiting episodes. B) The chloride ions of the solution will replace the acidic ions and relieve the acidic excess responsible for her condition. C) The chloride ions of the solution will replace bicarbonate ions and relieve the bicarbonate excess responsible for her condition. D) The sodium ions of the solution will introduce more bicarbonate ions and relieve the bicarbonate shortage responsible for her condition.

A man was advised to acidify his urine to help reduce the development of kidney stones. To accomplish that, he has been drinking a large glass of grapefruit juice every day. Which of the following explains why this is ineffective and gives a food choice that will make his urine acidic? A) Grapefruit juice is not acid forming when metabolized; cranberry juice is acid forming and will acidify his blood, resulting in a decreased urine pH. B) Grapefruit juice is not acid forming when metabolized; orange juice is acid forming and will acidify his blood, resulting in a decreased urine pH. C) Grapefruit juice will acidify both blood and urine, thereby balancing the urine pH; beet juice will change the pH in the urine. D) Grapefruit juice is not acid forming when metabolized; a calcium carbonate tablet will acidify his blood resulting in a decreased urine pH.

A minor bladder infection is often the result of urine not being acidic enough. Which of the following actions could correct this problem? A) Drinking orange juice B) Eating large amounts of high-protein foods such as meat, fish, poultry, and eggs, which are acid forming C) Eating fruits and vegetables D) Eating foods rich in acids, such as cranberries and rhubarb

Which of the following would be important in treating metabolic alkalosis? A) Increasing bicarbonate ions B) Increasing chloride ions C) Decreasing potassium ions D) Decreasing sodium ions

How does the body respond if respiratory mechanisms are unable to stop a pH shift? A) A renal physiological buffer system involving the excretion of either an acid or alkaline urine will be initiated within 24 hours. B) Bicarbonate buffers immediately combine with any added acid or alkali that enters the body fluids, thus preventing drastic changes in pH. C) Phosphate buffers immediately combine with any added acid or alkali that enters the body fluids, thus preventing drastic changes in pH. D) Protein buffers immediately combine with any added acid or alkali that enters the body fluids, thus preventing drastic changes in pH.

Which of the following type(s) of acids would be produced as a result of glucose catabolism? A) Acetoacetic and lactic B) Lactic C) Phosphoric and sulfuric D) Sulfuric

Which statement best outlines the reason hyperventilation can result in loss of consciousness? A) Hyperventilation eliminates too little CO₂, causes an increase in blood H₂CO₃ and consequently in blood H+, and thereby may produce acidosis. B) Increases in oxygen ion concentration above a certain level depress the central nervous system and, therefore, produce such symptoms as disorientation and coma. C) Decreases in hydrogen ion concentration above a certain level depress the central nervous system and, therefore, produce such symptoms as disorientation and coma. D) Increases in hydrogen ion concentration above a certain level depress the central nervous system and, therefore, produce such symptoms as disorientation and coma.

The kidney gets rid of excess hydrogen ions by the process of filtration.

A blood pH of 7.1 indicates the body is more acidic than normal.

Stomach acid is the most alkaline substance in the body.

CO₂ entering venous blood gives it a slightly lower pH than arterial blood.

Saliva is normally acidic.

Venous blood returning from the lungs would have a higher pH than blood returning from the inferior vena cava.

Arterial blood has a lower pH than venous blood.

High-protein foods are referred to as acid forming.

Mineral elements that are acidic include potassium, calcium, and sodium.

Citrus fruits are mainly acid forming when metabolized.

A vegetarian diet would tend to produce an alkaline state in body fluids.

Direct acid-forming foods contain acids that cannot be metabolized.

Potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium are all mineral elements that are acidic in solution.

The protein buffer system represents a chemical buffer system in the body with a delayed response time.

Most body fluid buffer pairs contain a strong base and a weak acid.

The physiological buffers serve as a secondary defense against harmful shifts in the pH of body fluids.

The respiratory system is an important buffer system.

Normally the blood buffer system converts a strong acid to a weak acid.

Blood buffers work primarily by preventing marked changes in blood pH.

A chloride shift that occurs in the neutralization of carbonic acid involves the replacement of a bicarbonate ion for chloride ions.

Ketone bodies are buffered mainly by plasma proteins.

The type of acid formed when carbon dioxide and water unite is carbonic acid.

The chloride shift makes it possible for carbon dioxide to be buffered in the red blood cell and then carried as bicarbonate in the plasma.

Under normal body conditions, the chemical buffer system can maintain normal body pH.

The process of exchanging a bicarbonate ion formed in the red blood cell with a chloride ion from the plasma is called the chloride shift.

An increase in the base bicarbonate/carbonic acid ratio causes uncompensated acidosis.

An increase in the base bicarbonate/carbonic acid ratio causes a decrease in the pH.

Prolonged hypoventilation may increase blood pH enough to produce alkalosis.

An increase in blood pH above normal may result in hypoventilation.

Overall, the kidney is less effective in controlling blood hydrogen ion concentration than is the respiratory system.

The respiratory mechanism is a much more effective device for adjusting hydrogen output to hydrogen input than is the urinary mechanism.

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme necessary for the formation of carbonic acid in the kidney tubules.

An elevated blood bicarbonate level may be an indication that the kidneys are excreting hydrogen ions.

The compensatory mechanisms that respond to acidosis may lead to hyperkalemia and cause heart blockage or death.

The more hydrogen ions excreted by the renal tubules, the more potassium ions excreted.

Ammonia excretion causes the body to retain sodium ions.

An increase in blood pH accelerates the renal tubule excretion of both hydrogen and ammonia.

Cranberries are said to direct acid-forming foods.

An increase in ammonium ion excretion occurs when there is an increase in blood pH.

Strong evidence shows that bicarbonate loading counteracts the effects of lactic acid buildup in athletes.

A change in pH can make an important enzyme in the cell unable to function.

The function of a number of proteins in the body requires that the normal hydrogen ion concentration be maintained.

Distilled water (pure water) contains equal amounts of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

Because intracellular fluid is in equilibrium with interstitial fluid and blood plasma, it also has a pH of 7.41.

In clinical medicine, acidosis can occur when the arterial blood is still basic.

Protein catabolism can produce both phosphoric and sulfuric acid.

A buffer would prevent any lowering of pH if a strong acid were added to a solution.

When NaOH is added to a buffered solution, one of the substances produced is water.

One of the potential serious side effects of taking the drug Glucophage is lactic acidosis.

The blood in the pulmonary artery has a lower pH than the blood in the aorta.

The control of acid and base levels is considered a homeostatic mechanism.

pH is used to represent the logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a liter of solution.

On the pH scale, as the value moves from 1 toward 7, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases.

On the pH scale, as the value moves from 1 toward 7, the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases.

On the pH scale, as the value moves from 14 toward 7, the concentration of hydroxide ions decreases.

On the pH scale, as the value moves from 14 toward 7, the concentration of hydroxide ions increases.

A solution with a pH of 7 would have no hydrogen ions in solution.

The metabolism of ribonucleotides increases the hydrogen ion concentration of extracellular fluid.

The metabolism of ribonucleotides increases the hydrogen ion concentration of intracellular fluid.

A diet that is very high in protein or very high in fruits and vegetables would tax the body's ability to maintain acid-base balance.

Rhubarb is said to be a direct base-forming food.

Buffers are said to consist of a weak acid and its salt. When the ratio is written out, the salt goes above the line and the weak acid goes below the line.

Life-threatening vomiting can occur both in infants and in pregnant women.

Vomiting results in acidosis because of the loss of chloride from the stomach.

Vomiting results in alkalosis because of the loss of sodium from the stomach.

The loss of chloride from the stomach will tend to lower the pH of the body.

Because saline solutions have chloride in them, they can be used to treat metabolic alkalosis caused by vomiting.

The more an acid dissociates, the stronger the acid is said to be.

Bicarbonate loading can lead to diarrhea and electrolyte imbalance.

Bicarbonate loading can lead to metabolic acidosis and disastrous effects if used long-term.

In the bicarbonate buffer system, the weak acid carbonic acid is used to buffer a strong acid such as HCl.

In the bicarbonate buffer system, the weak acid carbonic acid is used to buffer a strong base such as NaOH.

In the bicarbonate buffer system, the weak base bicarbonate is used to buffer a strong base such as NaOH.

In the bicarbonate buffer system, the weak base bicarbonate is used to buffer a strong acid such as HCl.

The chloride shift occurs to correct an electrical imbalance, not an acid-base imbalance.

For the bicarbonate buffer system to function, both the absolute amount and the ratio of the components must remain constant.

To function properly, the bicarbonate buffer system must have 20 times more H₂CO₃ than NaHCO₃.

The kidney is able to secrete hydrogen ions, which causes an increase in urine pH but a decrease in blood pH.

The proximal and distal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the urine.

Both the distal tubule cells and the red blood cells use carbonic anhydrase to help combine carbon dioxide and water.

Kidney tubule base bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion excretion both tend to alkalinize the blood by acidifying the urine.

Kidney tubule base bicarbonate reabsorption and hydrogen ion excretion tend to lower the blood pH and raise the pH of the urine.

The linkage between the hydrogen and potassium ions in the kidney can cause a drop in blood potassium when large amounts of hydrogen ion need to be excreted.

A change in pH damages an enzyme's ability to function because it changes the shape of the enzyme.

In a solution with a pH of 7, the number of H⁺ ions equals the number of OH- ions.

Acetone, acetoacetic acid, and lactic acid accumulate during the incomplete breakdown of fats.

The breakdown of ribonucleotides produces phosphoric acid.

In the bicarbonate buffer pair, NaHCO₃ acts as the weak acid.

In the phosphate buffer pair, Na₂HPO₄ acts as the basic phosphate.

If a strong acid were added to the phosphate buffer pair, the amount of Na₂HPO₄ in the solution would increase.

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Arterial blood pH greater than 7.45

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Symbol indicating hydrogen ion concentration

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Any substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Process that allows carbon dioxide to be buffered in the RBC and then carried as bicarbonate in the plasma

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Arterial blood pH of less than 7.35

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Any substance that decreases the amount of the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Substance that prevents marked changes in the pH of a solution

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Carbonic acid excess caused by conditions such as pneumonia or emphysema

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Bicarbonate deficit that could be caused by untreated diabetes mellitus or starvation

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Bicarbonate excess caused by excessive antacid use or excessive vomiting

Match each term with it corresponding definition. a.Alkaline b.pH c.Buffer d.Acid e.Alkalosis f.Chloride shift g.Acidosis h.Metabolic alkalosis i.Metabolic acidosis j.Respiratory acidosis k.Respiratory alkalosis -Carbonic acid deficit that can be caused by hyperventilation from fever or hysteria

Explain the pH scale

Identify the main buffer pairs present in body fluids. How do these buffer pairs function to limit large changes in pH?

Why does arterial blood have a lower hydrogen ion concentration than venous blood?

Describe the respiratory compensation for a change in blood pH.

Explain the methods the kidney uses to help control the pH of the blood.

Explain why a change in pH is so detrimental to the functioning of the body.

What substances or processes in the body might cause a change in the blood pH?

Name and explain the two types of pH control mechanisms used by the body.

What is the chloride shift and what is its cause?

Edith is pregnant and experiencing repeated vomiting episodes. Her obstetrician becomes concerned, admits her to the hospital, and begins intravenous administration of normal saline. How will this help Edith?

Vicki has a minor bladder infection. She has heard that this is often the result of urine not being acidic enough and that she should drink cranberry juice to correct the problem. She does not have any cranberry juice, so she substitutes orange juice. What is wrong with this substitution?

A patient was advised to acidify his urine to help reduce the development of kidney stones. He has been drinking a large glass of grapefruit juice every day to accomplish this. Explain why this is ineffective. What food choices might he make to help him acidify his urine?

Assume the strong base NaOH was added to a solution that contained the phosphate buffer pair Na₂HPO₄/NaH₂PO₄. Write out the chemical equation that shows how this buffer pair would react to the NaOH.