Quiz 30: Circulation of the Blood

All of the following will increase heart rate except: A) sympathetic stimulation. B) a decrease in aortic blood pressure. C) a decrease in carotid blood pressure. D) stimulation of cold receptors in the skin.

Which of the following is not true of the baroreceptors? A) They are stretch receptors. B) They are sensitive to changes in the oxygen content of the blood. C) They send afferent nerve impulses to the cardiac control centers. D) They are located in the carotid sinus and the aorta.

Which of the following factors increases heart rate? A) Sudden, intense pain of visceral organs such as the intestines and the gallbladder B) Stimulation of skin receptors by cold C) Anxiety and fear D) Grief

Peripheral resistance is affected primarily by: A) the length of myocardial fibers. B) blood viscosity and the diameter of arterioles. C) the capacity of the blood reservoirs. D) elasticity of the heart.

Which of the following is not a mechanism that increases blood volume and therefore venous return of blood to the heart? A) Antidiuretic hormone B) Aldosterone C) Atrial natriuretic hormone D) Renin-angiotensin mechanism

Which of the following is not a true statement about cardiac output? A) It can be calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the heart rate. B) It is the amount of blood that flows out of a ventricle per unit of time. C) In can be computed by using Fick's Formula. D) All of the above are true statements about cardiac output.

The primary fluid flow principle of circulation is based on all of the following except a fluid: A) flows only when a pressure gradient is absent. B) does not flow when the pressure is the same in all parts of it. C) flows only when its pressure is higher in one area than in another. D) flows always from its higher-pressure area toward its lower-pressure area.

An increase in heart rate tends to increase: A) cardiac output. B) arterial blood volume. C) blood pressure. D) all of the above.

Cardiac output is determined by the: A) return of blood to the heart and the heart rate. B) strength of contraction of the left ventricle. C) stroke volume and heart rate. D) systolic discharge and stroke volume.

Which of the following statements is true regarding local control of arterioles? A) Local vasodilation is also referred to as active hyperemia. B) Nitric oxide causes vasoconstriction. C) Endothelin causes vasodilation. D) All of the above statements are true regarding local control of arterioles.

The Fick formula is used for determining: A) cardiac output. B) blood vessel resistance. C) mean pressure of the arteries. D) cardiac cycle.

The greatest resistance to blood flow occurs in the: A) arteries. B) arterioles. C) venules. D) capillaries.

Which of the following events would tend to cause a decrease in blood viscosity? A) An increase in red blood cell count B) Marked anemia C) An increase in blood protein concentration D) Both A and C

A decrease in total plasma volume results from the _____ mechanism. A) atrial natriuretic hormone B) antidiuretic hormone C) renin-angiotensin D) aldosterone

Minute volume is equal to the: A) central venous pressure divided by the resistance. B) mean arterial pressure divided by the central venous pressure. C) pressure gradient divided by the resistance. D) difference between the mean arterial pressure and the resistance, divided by the central venous pressure.

Which artery in the arm is used for measuring blood pressure? A) Brachial B) Radial C) Ulnar D) Axillary

When you take a blood pressure reading, the first sound that you hear (top reading) is the: A) systolic sound, indicating the relaxation of the ventricles. B) systolic sound, indicating the contraction of the ventricles. C) diastolic reading, indicating the contraction of the atria. D) diastolic sound, indicating the relaxation of the ventricles.

Which of the following blood vessels has the largest total cross-sectional area? A) Capillary B) Aorta C) Vena cava D) Arteriole

The best description of pulse pressure is the: A) pressure of blood against artery walls during ventricular systole. B) pressure of blood against artery walls during ventricular diastole. C) pressure of blood against artery walls during atrial systole. D) difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood pressures.

The pulse in the neck is felt over which artery? A) Temporal B) Common carotid C) Esophageal D) Vertebral

The pulse in the wrist is felt over which artery? A) Radial B) Brachial C) Ulnar D) Axillary

Which of the following arteries is not one of the six major pressure points used to stop arterial bleeding? A) Brachial B) Femoral C) Subclavian D) Axillary

Vasomotor control mechanisms influence: A) diameter of capillaries. B) stroke volume. C) cardiac output. D) diameter of arterioles.

A collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of the blood is the definition for: A) baroreceptors. B) hemodynamics. C) minute volume. D) the Fick law.

The blood in the subclavian vein of the chest had a P1 of 15 mm Hg. For the blood to flow back to the heart, the P2 in the superior vena cava: A) would have to be greater than 25. B) would have to be between 15 and 25. C) would have to be less than 15. D) could be at any value.

Which of the following statements is true? A) Stimulation by the vagus nerve slows the heart rate. B) Stimulation by the cardiac nerve slows the heart rate. C) Parasympathetic stimulation occurs through the cardiac nerve. D) Both B and C are true.

Peripheral resistance to blood flow comes about because of: A) friction between the blood cells and vessel walls. B) an increase in "arteriole runoff." C) constriction of the veins at the end of the capillary bed. D) both A and C.

Which of the following is not part of the vasomotor control mechanism? A) The vasoconstrictor center in the medulla B) Sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscles surrounding the resistance vessels C) Sympathetic stimulation of the heart to increase cardiac output D) All of the above are part of the vasomotor control mechanism.

Blood in the veins of which organ is not considered part of the "blood reservoir" system? A) Skin B) Skeletal muscle C) Spleen D) Liver

The chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies are particularly sensitive to: A) hypercapnia. B) hypoxia. C) a decrease in blood pH. D) an increase in the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood.

The effect of what substance is to increase the total blood volume? A) ADH B) ANH C) Aldosterone D) Both A and C

Which of the following statements is not true of the cardiovascular system? A) For the body to survive, all parts of the body must be equally supplied with blood. B) The cardiovascular system contains much less blood than the system could hold. C) Blood must be directed to the cells that need it most. D) Blood must move constantly through the cardiovascular system.

Which of the following tasks must the circulation control mechanism accomplish? A) Maintain circulation. B) Vary the volume and distribution of the blood circulated. C) Make sure that all cells receive the same amount of blood to maintain nutrient and oxygen levels. D) Both A and B are correct.

The Latin word lamina means: A) pump B) heart C) layer D) flow

Which of the following is not a means by which venous blood is returned to the heart? A) The semilunar valves in the vein B) Respiration, which reduces pressure in the thorax and increases pressure in the abdomen C) The contraction of skeletal muscles pushing blood through the veins D) All the above are means by which venous blood returns to the heart.

Which of the following factors would cause fluid to leave the blood vessel at the arterial end of the capillary? A) High hydrostatic pressure of the blood B) High hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid C) High colloid pressure of the plasma proteins D) All of the above

Which of the following factors would cause fluid to be reabsorbed into the blood vessel at the venous end of the capillary? A) High hydrostatic pressure of the blood B) High colloid pressure of the plasma proteins C) Hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid D) Both B and C

Circulatory shock caused by an acute allergic reaction is called _____ shock. A) cardiogenic B) hypovolemic C) anaphylactic D) septic

Circulatory shock caused by the effects of infectious agents is called _____ shock. A) cardiogenic B) hypovolemic C) anaphylactic D) septic

Circulatory shock caused by a drop in the amount of blood in the circulatory system is called _____ shock. A) cardiogenic B) hypovolemic C) anaphylactic D) septic

When trying to stop arterial bleeding by applying pressure, why is it necessary to apply pressure between the bleeding part and the heart? A) Because blood flows from the heart through the arteries to the injured part, pressure placed between the heart and the bleeding point cuts off the source of blood flow to that point. B) Because blood pressure is greater in the arteries coming from the heart, pressure placed between the heart and bleeding point reduces pressure, thus cutting off the source of blood flow to that point. C) Because venous blood pressure changes by alternate contraction and relaxation of the atria, pressure placed between the heart and bleeding point cuts off the source of venous blood flow to that point. D) Because arterial blood pressure changes by alternate contraction and relaxation of the atria, pressure placed between the heart and bleeding point cuts off the source of arterial blood flow to that point.

In order for all the cells of the body to survive, blood supplies to all cells must be equal.

Two important baroreceptors are located in the aorta and the carotid artery.

Emotional stress can influence heart rate by creating impulses that go from the cerebrum to the cardiac centers via the hypothalamus.

An increase in blood temperature tends to slow down heart rate.

Grief tends to make the heart beat faster.

Pulse is defined as the alternate expansion and recoil of an artery.

A fluid flows because a pressure gradient exists between different parts of its volume.

If the heart rate drops and the stroke volume increases, cardiac output will always show a decrease.

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance are directly proportional to arterial blood volume.

Because of the high concentration of protein in plasma, a decrease in the red blood cell count will cause an increase in blood viscosity.

The blood-pumping action of respirations and skeletal muscle contractions are both important factors promoting the return of venous blood to the heart.

Operation of the Starling law ensures that when the amount of blood returned to the heart is increased, stroke volume automatically increases to pump it out.

The vasomotor control mechanism regulates changes in the diameter of arteries.

Hypoxic conditions act as the major stimulant to chemoreceptors.

Diastolic pressure is the force of blood pushing against artery walls when the ventricles are contracting.

The atrial natriuretic hormone mechanism promotes water retention, thus increasing total plasma volume.

The volume of blood circulated per minute is equal to the difference between the mean arterial pressure and the central venous pressure, divided by the resistance.

The pulse wave is associated with left ventricular diastole.

The velocity of blood flow slows in the capillaries in association with an increase in total cross-sectional area.

The greater the cross-sectional area of a vessel, the greater the speed of the blood flow.

Venous pulse is just as significant clinically as arterial pulse.

To stop arterial bleeding, pressure must be applied between the damaged artery and the heart.

The pressure gradient in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta.

Pumping load can also be referred to as preload

Ejection fraction has no relation to the stroke volume.

Orthostasis means "standing upright."

The popliteal pulse point is found on the anterior surface of the elbow.

At rest most of the body's blood supply resides in the pulmonary loop.

Cardiac output is determined by multiplying stroke volume and heart rate.

The resting cardiac output from the left ventricle is about 5 liters.

Blood viscosity is highly variable in healthy individuals under resting conditions.

Exercise has little effect on cardiac output.

The stress-relaxation effect occurs in all blood vessels but is most important in the arteries.

Velocity of blood is relatively constant as blood flows from the aorta toward the capillaries.

In a healthy adult, blood pressure at the union of the vena cavae and right atrium is about 80 mm Hg.

Parasympathetic control of the heart depends on the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX).

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is termed pulse pressure.

The capillaries perform the transport function of the circulatory system.

Blood vessels can hold much more blood than is present in the body.

Stroke volume and systolic discharge mean the same thing.

If the stroke volume remains constant, parasympathetic stimulation of the heart will cause an increase in cardiac output.

The Fick law of the heart says that, within limits, the longer the heart fibers are at the beginning of a contraction, the stronger the contraction will be.

Anger and fear have opposite effects on the heart rate.

Because of their small diameter, capillaries account for almost all the resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system.

Blood viscosity is caused by both red blood cells and the protein concentration of the blood.

An increase in arterial blood pressure causes an increase in parasympathetic impulses to the heart and blood vessels.

As arterial blood pressure decreases, the number of impulses from the carotid baroreceptors to the medulla decreases.

Local vasodilation or reactive hyperemia can be caused by the release of endothelin by the blood vessels.

The "pump" of the "respiratory pump" that moves blood to the central veins is the diaphragm.

Venous valves would not be necessary in the jugular veins of the neck.

Osmotic pressure tends to move plasma out of the capillary and into the tissues.

Hydrostatic pressure tends to decrease from the arterial end of the capillary to the venous end of the capillary.

The first Korotkoff sound indicates the diastolic blood pressure.

Bleeding that occurs at a relatively slow, steady rate would indicate that the damaged blood vessel is most likely a vein.

Because the circulatory system is a closed system filled with fluid, the pulse wave is felt at the same time in any part of the body.

As the elasticity of the artery wall decreases, the magnitude of the pulse wave increases.

If a pulse were taken at the popliteal and dorsalis pedis arteries at the same time, it would be felt at the popliteal artery first.

The arterial pulse is caused by the ventricles of the heart; the venous pulse is caused by the atria of the heart.

Hemodynamics is the term used to describe a collection of mechanisms that influence the active and changing circulation of the blood.

By the time the blood reaches the venous end of the capillaries, the pressure on the blood has reached 0 mm Hg.

SV (stroke volume) * HR (heart rate) = CO (cardiac output).

Based on the Starling law of the heart, the greater the venous return, the stronger the heart contraction.

When the amount of blood reaching the medulla drops, the medulla stimulates vasodilation to increase the flow of blood to the brain.

Blood osmotic pressure and blood hydrostatic pressure are opposing forces in terms of moving fluid into and out of the circulatory system.

The drop in blood pressure is greater between the aorta and capillary bed than it is between the capillaries and the venae cavae.

Deep, rapid breathing will increase the return of blood to the heart.

If fluid were collecting at the venous end of a capillary, it could be caused by either a drop in hydrostatic pressure or an increase in osmotic pressure.

In order for Korotkoff sounds to be heard, the cuff pressure must stay above systolic pressure.

If resistance in the blood vessels remains constant, the minute volume of blood is directly related to the difference between arterial and venous pressure.

An increase in ADH in the blood would have a tendency to increase total blood volume.

ANH and ADH work synergistically to increase total blood volume.

ADH is short for antidiuretic hormone.

The right atrium would have the lowest blood pressure in the systemic circulatory system.

Arterial blood pressure is inversely related to blood volume.

The cardiac output of the left ventricle is greater than the cardiac output of the right ventricle.

In general, as stroke volume goes up, ejection fraction goes up.

In a typical healthy heart, ejection fraction is between 80% and 85%.

Acetylcholine can increase the strength of contractions and therefore increase ejection fraction.

An increase in aldosterone would cause an increase in blood volume.

Explain the primary principle of circulation as related to Newton's first and second laws of motion.

What are two functions that circulation control mechanisms must accomplish?

Explain how the Starling law relates to cardiac output.

List two factors that affect peripheral resistance. Explain how these factors influence arterial blood pressure. In normal blood flow, where is the major peripheral resistance encountered?

List two major factors that promote the return of venous blood to the heart. Explain how each facilitates venous return.

Explain how the forces of osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure work to maintain a balance of fluid moving into and out of the capillary.

Explain how a drop in blood protein can cause edema (the collection of fluid) in the tissues.

Name and explain the reflexes that affect heart rate.

Name and explain the vasomotor reflexes.

Explain the role of the lymphatic system in maintaining blood volume.

Name and explain the relationship among the variables that impact the minute volume of blood.

Name and give the location of five places in the body where a pulse can be felt.

Nicole records her resting heart rate at sea level. She then climbs a mountain. After reaching 18,000 feet, she stops and records her resting heart rate again. Predict what change, if any, would be observed, and then explain the mechanisms involved.