Quiz 31: Lymphatic System

The main difference between the composition of lymph and interstitial fluid and the composition of plasma is the _____ percentage of _____ in lymph and interstitial fluid. A) lower; proteins B) higher; proteins C) lower; fats D) higher; fats

Which of the following is a true statement? A) The wall of the lymphatic capillary consists of a multiple layer of flattened endothelial cells. B) Lymphatic and blood capillary networks are dependent on each other. C) Lymph from the entire body, except the upper right quadrant, drains eventually into the thoracic duct. D) The thoracic duct is approximately the same size as the large veins.

Lymph capillaries called lacteals are located in the: A) spleen. B) liver. C) thymus. D) small intestine.

Lymphatics resemble veins except that lymphatics: A) have thinner walls. B) contain more valves. C) contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course. D) All of the above are correct.

All of the following are functions of the lymphatic system except: A) transporting interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream. B) providing immunological defenses. C) transporting absorbed fats from the intestine to the blood. D) filtering metabolic wastes.

Which of the following is not a lymph organ? A) Thymus B) Spleen C) Pancreas D) Tonsils

The thymus undergoes involution during: A) early childhood. B) puberty. C) old age. D) fetal development.

Lymph ducts empty into the circulatory system, draining into the: A) jugular vein. B) subclavian veins. C) superior vena cava. D) inferior vena cava.

The percentage of the total proteins that leak out of the capillaries into the tissue fluid on a daily basis is: A) 40%. B) 50%. C) 60%. D) 70%.

The lymph pressure gradient is established by: A) breathing movements. B) skeletal muscle contractions. C) parasympathetic stimulation. D) both A and B.

If lymphatic return is blocked: A) blood protein concentration soon falls below normal. B) blood osmotic pressure soon falls below normal. C) fluid imbalance and death will result. D) all of the above will occur.

Lymph flows through the thoracic duct and reenters the general circulation at the rate of about _____ liter(s) per day. A) 1 B) 0.5 C) 3 D) 5

Lymph circulation is maintained by all of the following except: A) the heart. B) inspiration. C) skeletal muscle contractions. D) valves.

The size of lymph nodes varies from _____ mm to more than _____ mm in diameter. A) 1; 20 B) 10; 35 C) 20; 45 D) 30; 65

Which of the following is a lymphokinetic factor? A) Arterial pulsations B) Postural changes C) Passive compression of the body soft tissues D) All of the above

Which of the following is a function of lymph nodes? A) Hematopoiesis B) Filtration C) Phagocytosis D) All of the above

The lymph nodes located just above the bend of the elbow are called the _____ lymph nodes. A) inguinal B) axillary C) superficial cervical D) supratrochlear

The lymph nodes located in the groin are called the: A) inguinal lymph nodes. B) axillary lymph nodes. C) submaxillary group. D) submental group.

An infection in the thumb may result in enlargement of the _____ nodes. A) submental B) inguinal C) superficial cervical D) superficial cubital

The lymph nodes located in the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle are called the: A) submental and submaxillary groups. B) superficial cervical lymph nodes. C) supratrochlear lymph nodes. D) superficial cubital lymph nodes.

The cluster of lymph nodes found in the underarm and upper chest regions is referred to as _____ nodes. A) superficial cervical B) inguinal C) axillary D) superficial cubital

A type of blood cell produced by lymph nodes is called a(n): A) eosinophil. B) erythrocyte. C) neutrophil. D) monocyte.

The breast-the mammary gland and surrounding tissue-is drained by the: A) lymphatics that originate in and drain the skin over the breast with the exception of the areola and nipple. B) lymphatics that originate in and drain the substance of the breast itself, as well as the skin of the areola and nipple. C) inguinal lymph nodes. D) Both A and B are correct.

_____ of the lymph from the breast enters the lymph nodes of the axillary region. A) Less than 50% B) Less than 25% C) More than 85% D) More than 95%

The cutaneous lymphatic plexus drains lymph from the: A) forearm. B) facial areas. C) breast. D) leg.

In advanced old age, the thymus may be largely replaced by: A) fat. B) protein. C) scar tissue. D) cartilage.

The thymus is located in the: A) right hypochondriac region. B) left hypochondriac region. C) mediastinum. D) neck.

The size of the thymus is the largest at: A) birth. B) 2 years of age. C) puberty. D) approximately 25 years of age.

The tonsils located near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity are called the _____ tonsils. A) palatine B) pharyngeal C) lingual D) laryngeal

The tonsils located near the base of the tongue are called the _____ tonsils. A) palatine B) pharyngeal C) lingual D) laryngeal

Which of the following is not true of the thymus gland? A) Relative size is largest in early childhood. B) It is the primary central organ of the lymphatic system. C) It functions in the immune mechanism. D) It functions mostly in adult life.

The spleen ____ during infectious diseases and ____ in old age. A) atrophies; hypertrophies B) hypertrophies; atrophies C) secretes hormones; stops functioning D) None of the above is correct.

The spleen is located in the _____ region. A) right hypochondriac B) left hypochondriac C) epigastric D) left lumbar

Which of the following is a function of the thymus? A) It serves as the final site of lymphocyte development before birth. B) Soon after birth, it begins to secrete a group of hormones that enable lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells. C) Soon after birth, it begins to secrete a hormone that actively stimulates the posterior pituitary to release oxytocin. D) Both A and B are functions of the thymus.

The part of the lymphatic system that secretes a hormone is the: A) spleen. B) thymus. C) lymph nodes. D) palatine tonsils.

The pulp of the spleen and its venous sinuses allow it to store up to _____ ml of blood. A) 100 B) 150 C) 250 D) 350

Which of the following is not a function of the spleen? A) White blood cell destruction B) Platelet destruction C) Reservoir for blood D) Hematopoiesis

The vast majority of the body's lymph is drained by the _____ duct. A) right lymphatic B) left lymphatic C) thoracic D) abdominal

Adenitis is: A) an infected adenoid. B) an infected lymph node. C) tissue swelling. D) none of the above.

The lymph nodes perform which of the following functions? A) Control blood pressure B) Defense C) Hematopoiesis D) Both B and C

Lymph enters a node via: A) afferent lymph vessels. B) efferent lymph vessels. C) sinuses. D) trabeculae.

The thymus secretes: A) T₃. B) T₄. C) thymosin. D) both A and C.

Relative to the rest of the body, the thymus is largest at _____ years of age. A) 2 B) 10 C) 20 D) 50

Peyer patches are isolated nodules of lymph tissue in the: A) intestinal wall. B) bronchial tree of the lungs. C) throat. D) bladder and urethra.

The high concentration of protein in the thoracic duct results from the protein-rich lymph that drains from the: A) skeletal muscle groups. B) bronchial tree of the lung. C) liver. D) Both A and C are correct.

The cisterna chyli: A) originates in the right lymphatic duct. B) originates in the thoracic duct. C) is the storage area for hormones made by the thymus gland. D) filters the chyle coming from the small intestine.

Lacteals: A) drain into the right lymphatic duct. B) are the lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines. C) are able to absorb fat from the digestive system. D) Both B and C are correct.

Which of the following is not true of lymph nodes? A) They are oval or lima bean shaped. B) They have one afferent vessel. C) They act as a biological filter. D) They are divided by trabeculae.

Which tonsils are known as adenoids when they become swollen? A) Lingual B) Sublingual C) Pharyngeal D) Palatine

Hassall corpuscles are part of the: A) thymus. B) spleen. C) tonsils. D) thoracic duct.

Which of the following is not part of the lymphatic system? A) Thymus B) Spleen C) Thyroid D) Peyer patches

Which of the following is not part of the lymphatic system? A) Tonsils B) Bone marrow C) Liver D) All of the above are part of the lymphatic system.

The lymph taken from what location has the highest concentration of protein? A) Thoracic duct B) Cisterna chyli C) Spleen D) Thymus

About half of the lymph flowing through the thoracic duct comes from the: A) liver. B) small intestine. C) spleen. D) Both A and B are correct.

What structure drains lymph from about three fourths of the body into the subclavian vein? A) Right lymphatic duct B) Thoracic duct C) Cisterna chyli D) Spleen

The tonsils found at the base of the eustachian tubes are called: A) palatine tonsils. B) tubal tonsils. C) lingual tonsils. D) adenoids.

How are lymphatic capillaries related to the function of the lymphatic system? A) The wall of the lymphatic capillary consists of a multiple layer of flattened endothelial cells that prevents drainage of blood into the lymphatic system. B) The lymphatic capillary network allows lymph to flow from the larger-walled capillaries into the vessels with a thin wall diameter. C) The high degree of permeability of the lymphatic capillary wall permits very large molecules and even particulate matter, which cannot be absorbed into the blood capillary, to be removed from the interstitial space. D) The thoracic duct is approximately the same size as the large veins and forms an open circuit to drain fluid into the renal system.

How do the reticuloendothelial cells compare to white blood cells as a defense against infection? A) Only white blood cells play a role in the body's defense against infection. B) There is no comparison between these two types of cells; reticuloendothelial cells are in the lymphatic system and the white blood cells are part of the circulatory system. C) Reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages) lining the spleen remove microorganisms from the blood and destroy them by phagocytosis in a fashion similar to that of white blood cells. D) Reticuloendothelial cells (macrophages) lining the spleen prevent microorganisms from entering the blood in a similar fashion as do white blood cells, thus preventing infection.

Which would you predict would occur if a disease blocked the flow of lymph? A) Lymphokinesis would increase. B) Hematopoiesis would not occur. C) The liver might become enlarged or lymphedema may occur. D) The affected extremity would begin to shrink and become useless.

How would muscle contraction affect lymphokinetic action? A) There is no association between muscle contraction and lymphokinetic action. B) A decreased flow of lymph that occurs with increased physical activity helps return fluid to the cardiovascular system. C) Contraction of the smooth muscle in the thoracic vessel walls prohibits lymphatic vessels from pulsing rhythmically and, thus, helps to keep lymph from moving from one valved segment to the next. D) Increased external pressure from muscle contraction also increases lymphatic pressure, which results in keeping lymph moving in only one direction.

Why is having an understanding of the lymphatic drainage of the breast important in formulating the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer? A) A single cell of a primary cancer tumor can spread to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and cause metastasis. B) Removing the cancer can stop drainage of blood from the tumor and increase the flow of drainage of lymph from the breast area. C) The lymphatic drainage will start to clot and decrease further lymphatic drainage. D) The cancerous breast tissue will decrease lymphatic drainage, thus inhibiting the spreading of the tumor cells.

A person with thymus malfunction would: A) produce fewer B cells, thus reducing the effectiveness of the immune system. B) experience an inhibition of thymosin, thus creating an increased number of macrophages in the body. C) produce more T cells, thus reducing the effectiveness of the immune system. D) produce fewer T cells, thus reducing the effectiveness of the immune system.

Which best describes the mechanism involved with the central movement, or flow, of lymph? A) Movement is caused by gravity. B) Lymph flow is caused by relaxation of the skeletal muscles. C) Lymph flow in the body is the result of contracting skeletal muscles. D) Lymph flow is caused by the contraction of blood vessels.

Michael, a 43-year-old man, was in a serious car accident. He has a rigid and tender left hypochondrium region. His blood pressure is dropping, and he is in pain. What organ might be involved in this injury? A) Kidney B) Liver C) Pancreas D) Spleen

The two most important functions of the lymphatic system are immunity and the maintenance of fluid balance in the internal environment.

About 1.5 liters of lymph flows through the thoracic duct daily.

The lymphatic system, like the circulatory system, is a closed circuit.

Besides fluid balance and immunity, the lymphatic system plays an important role in the absorption of lipids.

The lymphatic system is actually a specialized component of the circulatory system because it consists of a moving fluid derived from the blood and tissue fluid and a group of vessels that return the fluid to the blood.

Both lymph and interstitial fluid contain a higher percentage of proteins than does plasma.

Lymph is derived from blood and tissue fluid.

Lymphatics have thicker walls than do veins.

Lymphatic vessels originate as microscopic, blind-end vessels called lymphatic capillaries.

Lymphatic vessels contain more valves than do veins.

Lymph from the entire body drains eventually into the thoracic duct.

Lymph contains platelets, which allow clots to form in lymphatic vessels.

Lymphatic capillaries (called lacteals) in the small intestine are important in the absorption of fats.

The cisterna chyli drains into the right lymphatic duct.

Veins have more valves than do lymphatics.

Protein substances that have left the bloodstream return by way of lymph fluid.

Chyle is milky lymph that is high in fat content.

Damage to main lymphatic ducts may cause death from the loss of serum proteins.

Lymphatic capillaries and blood capillaries both play important roles in the absorption of proteins from tissue spaces.

Activities that result in central movement, or flow, of lymph are called lymphokinetic actions.

Lymphatic vessels run parallel to veins and form frequent anastomoses with them.

The valves in the lymphatics are more numerous in the larger vessels.

Lymph nodes, or glands, are perfectly round structures.

Lymph nodes may range from 1 mm to more than 20 mm in diameter.

The passive compression of the body's soft tissues may act as a lymphokinetic factor.

When an infection is present, germinal centers form and the lymph node begins to release lymphocytes; some become antibody-producing plasma cells.

Lymph nodes contain reticuloendothelial cells that produce certain red blood cells.

Germinal centers are areas of rapidly dividing lymphocytes within a cortical node.

The supratrochlear lymph nodes are located in the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

The inguinal lymph nodes are located in the groin.

Even though some lymph nodes occur in clusters, most occur as single nodes.

The lymphatic tissue of lymph nodes serves as the site of the final stages of maturation for some types of lymphocytes and monocytes that have migrated from the bone marrow.

The cutaneous lymphatic plexus drains lymph from the breast.

Cancer of the breast is one of the most common forms of malignancy in women.

The majority of lymph from the breast enters the axillary lymph nodes.

The breast-the mammary gland and the surrounding tissues-is drained by six sets of lymphatic vessels.

Axillary node enlargement may be a sign that breast cancer cells have spread to the nodes.

The palatine tonsils are located on each side of the throat.

The thymus appears yellowish early in childhood because of the high concentration of fat.

The fetal thymus forms immature lymphocytes, which then move to the bone marrow for the final stages of lymphocyte development before birth.

The thymus plays an important role in "seeding" other lymphatic tissue such as the spleen and lymph nodes with lymphocytes.

The size of the spleen is relatively constant in different individuals, regardless of sex or age.

The spleen removes imperfect platelets from the blood.

The spleen is not classified as a vital organ.

Anastomoses are not characteristic of lymphatic vessels, and therefore a malignant tumor in one breast cannot spread to the other breast.

Thymosin enables lymphocytes to develop into mature T cells, which attack foreign or abnormal cells.

Lymphedema, a swelling of the tissues of the extremities, may be treated by diuretics, bed rest, and elevation of the involved extremities.

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin are categories of lymphangitis.

Patients with immunodeficiencies such as AIDS often develop a malignancy of lymphoid tissue.

Lymphatic capillaries that operate in the villi of the small intestine are called lacteals.

The lymphatic system contributes to the circulatory system.

Peyer patches make up the structural framework of both the spleen and tonsils.

Lymph does not have the ability to clot.

The milky lymph found in lacteals after digestion is called chyle.

Activities that result in the flow of lymph are breathing movements and skeletal muscle contractions.

The hilus is a small depression on a lymph node from which the efferent lymph vessel exists.

Even though some lymph nodes occur as single nodes, most occur in clusters.

Removal of the spleen will most likely render a patient ill for the rest of his or her life.

More than 85% of the lymph from the breast enters lymph nodes at the lateral edge of the sternum.

After puberty, the thymus decreases in size; this process is called involution.

The spleen's two functions are defense against foreign microorganisms and provision of a blood reservoir.

Almost all of the interstitial fluid filtered out by the capillaries enters the lymphatic system.

A large amount of interstitial fluid that collects in the tissue and causes swelling is called edema.

When interstitial fluid enters a lymph vessel, it is called lymph.

Interstitial fluid fills the spaces between the cells.

The cisterna chyli is in the thoracic cavity just inferior to the left subclavian vein.

The tunica media of lymph vessels is similar to that of veins except the lymph vessels have no smooth muscle.

The semilunar valves of the lymph vessels are formed from folds of the tunica intima.

The "beaded" appearance of lymph vessels is caused by bands of smooth muscle tissue surrounding the vessel.

The high degree of permeability of lymphatic capillaries allows particulate matter to enter the capillary.

Blood in veins and lymph in lymph vessels are moved by the same kinds of "pumps."

Even though the lymphatic system has no single muscular pump like the heart, lymph flows at about the same speed as blood.

The lymphatic system returns about 3 liters of lymph back to the blood each day by consistently returning about 125 ml per hour.

There are between 10 to 15 axillary lymph nodes.

One function of the lymph node is to slow down the flow of lymph so that microorganisms and particulate matter can be phagocytized.

The thymus gland is a primary organ of the lymphatic system with an epithelial framework structure similar to that of the spleen.

The reason the red pulp of the spleen is red is that it contains a great deal of blood.

Peyer patches are isolated nodules of lymphatic tissue in the intestinal wall.

The highest concentration of protein in the lymphatic system is found in the cisterna chyli.

About half the lymph that passes through the thoracic duct comes from the liver and the small intestine.

The terms lacteal and Peyer patches refer to the same structures in the intestines.

The larger lymph vessels are made up of three layers of tissue, just as the veins and arteries are in the circulatory system.

Like most other structures in the body, lymph vessels have the capacity for repair or regeneration when damaged.

Lymph from the lips, nose, and teeth drains through the submental and submandibular lymph nodes.

Lymph nodes provide both biological and mechanical filtration.

The lymph with the highest concentration of protein is found in the right lymphatic duct.

Most of the protein in lymph comes from the small intestine and the liver.

The right lymphatic duct originates as the cisterna chyli.

Small aggregates on lymphatic tissue are found throughout the body, especially in connective and muscle tissue.

Palatine tonsils are called adenoids when they become swollen.

The tubal tonsils are located near the base of the eustachian tubes.

Although the thymus is at its largest size at puberty, its largest size relative to the rest of the body occurs at age 2.

There can be as many as three vessels that carry lymph back to the right subclavian vein.

Lymph containing chyle is equally likely to be found in either the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct.

Lymph nodes are made of lymphatic tissue while lymph glands are actually made of epithelial glandular tissue.

Sentinel lymph nodes can be used to determine whether breast cancer has spread.

The sets of tonsils that surround the throat form what is called the laryngeal lymphoid ring.

There are four sets of tonsils: the lingual, palatine, pharyngeal, and tubal.

Tonsils are in deep recesses called tonsillar crypts.

Elderly people have only about 10% function in their thymus gland.

The medullary tissue in the thymus is composed of large spherical structures called thymic corpuscles.

The spleen is located in the right hypochondrium just below the diaphragm and above the kidney.

Match each body location with the corresponding group of lymph nodes. a.In the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle b.In the floor of the mouth c.In the groin d.Just above the bend of the elbow e.Clustered deep within the underarm and upper chest regions -Inguinal lymph nodes

Match each body location with the corresponding group of lymph nodes. a.In the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle b.In the floor of the mouth c.In the groin d.Just above the bend of the elbow e.Clustered deep within the underarm and upper chest regions -Submaxillary group

Match each body location with the corresponding group of lymph nodes. a.In the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle b.In the floor of the mouth c.In the groin d.Just above the bend of the elbow e.Clustered deep within the underarm and upper chest regions -Axillary lymph nodes

Match each body location with the corresponding group of lymph nodes. a.In the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle b.In the floor of the mouth c.In the groin d.Just above the bend of the elbow e.Clustered deep within the underarm and upper chest regions -Superficial cervical lymph nodes

Match each body location with the corresponding group of lymph nodes. a.In the neck along the sternocleidomastoid muscle b.In the floor of the mouth c.In the groin d.Just above the bend of the elbow e.Clustered deep within the underarm and upper chest regions -Superficial cubital lymph nodes

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Duct through which most of the lymph is returned to the blood

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Small, oval-shaped or bean-shaped structures that can be as small as 1 mm

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Isolated nodules of lymphatic tissue in the intestinal wall

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Fluid that is filtered before being returned to the blood

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Fluid that fills the spaces between cells

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Duct that carries only about one fourth of the lymph back to the blood

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Structure that has functions that include hematopoiesis and destruction of red blood cells and platelets

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Lymphoid tissue that forms a protective ring around the mouth and back of the throat

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Structure that goes through involution as we age

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Structure in the abdominal cavity that is the origin of the thoracic duct

Match each structure or organ of the lymphatic system with its corresponding function or description. a.Tonsils b.Spleen c.Lymph node d.Cisterna chyli e.Lymph f.Thoracic duct g.Thymus h.Right lymphatic duct i.Peyer patches j.Hassall corpuscles k.Interstitial fluid -Part of the structure of the thymus gland

Compare and contrast the compositions of the following: Lymph Interstitial fluid Plasma

Compare and contrast the structures of veins and lymphatics.

Discuss the potential physiological effect that could result if blood proteins that escaped from the capillaries remained in the interstitial fluids without being returned to the blood.

Compare and contrast mechanisms for the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels with the movement of blood through veins.

Discuss the role lymphatic vessels and nodes can play in handling the healing process when swelling and infection are present.

Why is having an understanding of the lymphatic drainage of the breast important in formulating the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer?

What is the clinical significance of the anastomoses that occur between superficial lymphatics from both breasts across the middle line?

Describe the important functions performed by the thymus.

Identify each of the lymphatic organs, and give a generated function for each.

Describe the structure of a lymph node, and explain what happens when lymph passes through it.

Name and give the location of the major clusters of lymph nodes in the body.

Name and describe the two main lymphatic ducts of the body. What area of the body is drained by each? What is the cisterna chyli?

Baby Ruth was born without a thymus gland. Immediate plans were made to perform a transplant. In the meantime, Baby Ruth was placed in strict isolation. Even her parents were not allowed to touch her. Why was she placed in the isolation unit?

Michael, a 43-year-old man, was in a serious car accident. He has a rigid and tender left hypochondriac region. His blood pressure is dropping, and he is in pain. What organ might be involved in this injury, and if it is involved, what treatment would be necessary?