Quiz 23: Bacteria and Archaea

What is the function of bacteria found in human guts? A) to synthesize vitamin A B) to synthesize vitamin C C) to synthesize vitamin K D) to synthesize vitamin B

Which of these statements best describes the type of bacteria found in your guts? A) They are less similar to that of your family than to people unrelated to you, and are not unique to you. B) They are less similar to that of your family than to people unrelated to you, but are still unique to you. C) They are more similar to that of your family than to people unrelated to you, and are not unique to you. D) They are more similar to that of your family than to people unrelated to you, but are still unique to you.

Over 6000 species of prokaryotes have been identified. What percentage of the total number of prokaryotic species on Earth does this represent? A) 1% B) 10% C) 30% D) 90%

What are the three domains of life? A) animals, plants, and microorganisms B) Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, and Eukaryota C) Prokaryota, Eukaryota, and Protoctista D) Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

Which type of cell contains a nuclear membrane? A) Eukarya B) Prokarya C) Bacteria D) Archaea

Which of the following contain cytoplasmic organelles? A) Archaea B) Eukarya C) Bacteria

Where is DNA found in prokaryotes? A) only in the nucleolus B) only in plasmids C) in the nucleolus and plasmids D) in the nucleoid and plasmids

Which of these terms refers to prokaryotes that are cylindrical? A) cocci B) spirilla C) vibrios D) bacilli

Which organisms stain as either Gram-positive or Gram-negative? A) Bacteria B) Archaea C) Eukarya

What is the composition of the genome of prokaryotes? A) a single, linear, DNA molecule B) a single, circular, DNA molecule C) many linear DNA molecules D) a single DNA molecule that may be circular or linear

What is the major structural component of bacterial cell walls? A) cellulose B) arabinogalactan C) peptidoglycan D) proteoglycan

Figure 23-1 -In the diagram of a bacterial cell in Figure 23-1, which type of cell is represented? A) a Gram-positive bacterium B) any prokaryotic cell C) an archaeal cell D) a Gram-negative bacterium

Figure 23-1 -In the diagram of a bacterial cell in Figure 23-1, which number identifies the structure that carries supplemental genetic information? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5

Figure 23-1 -In the diagram of a bacterial cell in Figure 23-1, which number identifies the structure that carries out protein synthesis? A) 2 B) 4 C) 5 D) 9

Figure 23-1 -In the diagram of a bacterial cell in Figure 23-1, which number identifies the structure that facilitates movement? A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 1

Figure 23-1 -In the diagram of a bacterial cell in Figure 23-1, which number identifies a structure that aids in attachment? A) 8 B) 3 C) 2 D) 1

Figure 23-1 -In the diagram of a bacterial cell in Figure 23-1, which number identifies a structure that is composed of polysaccharides? A) 9 B) 6 C) 3 D) 1

Figure 23-1 -In the diagram of a bacterial cell in Figure 23-1, which numbers identify structures that are found in all prokaryotes? A) 5 and 9 B) 3 and 4 C) 2 and 4 D) 1 and 5

What is the correct sequence of the reagents in the Gram stain technique? A) safranin, crystal violet, alcohol, iodine B) alcohol, iodine, crystal violet, safranin C) crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin D) iodine, alcohol, safranin, crystal violet

Suppose you perform a Gram stain of a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative cells, and afterward you realize that you omitted the iodine step. What would you expect to see if you observed the slide under the microscope? A) pink Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells B) purple Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells C) colourless Gram-positive and pink Gram-negative cells D) colourless Gram-positive and colourless Gram-negative cells

What do capsules protect bacteria from? A) osmotic lysis B) invaders C) radiation D) viruses

What are lipopolysaccharides associated with? A) the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria B) the plasma membrane of Gram-positive bacteria C) the plasma membrane of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria D) the plasma membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following characterizes Gram-positive bacteria? A) the presence of an outer membrane B) the absence of ribosomes C) the presence of a thick cell wall D) the absence of a cell wall

What is the order of the cell layers, from most external to most internal? A) cell wall, cell membrane, capsule B) cell membrane, capsule, cell wall C) capsule, cell membrane, cell wall D) capsule, cell wall, cell membrane

Which phrase describes a bacterial flagellum? A) It is the same in composition as archaeal flagellum. B) It is made of rigid helical proteins, C) It enables bacteria to adhere to a surface. D) It enables bacteria to move along a surface.

Which organisms obtain energy by oxidizing organic or inorganic substances? A) auxotrophs B) chemotrophs C) autotrophs D) phototrophs

Which organisms obtain carbon from CO₂? A) auxotrophs B) heterotrophs C) autotrophs D) chemotrophs

Which organisms obtain energy from sunlight? A) chemotrophs B) phototrophs C) autotrophs D) heterotrophs

Which type of metabolism is unique to prokaryotes? A) chemoheterotroph B) photoheterotroph C) photolithotroph D) photoautotroph

Which type of bacteria grows in either the presence or the absence of oxygen? A) obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes B) facultative anaerobes only C) obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes D) obligate anaerobes only

Which process contributes to prokaryotic genetic variability? A) binary fission B) horizontal gene transfer C) nitrogen fixation D) mutation

Which of these series best describes quorum sensing? A) three-dimensional shape B) attachment C) maturation D) signal

What mechanism of reproduction is most common in bacteria? A) sexual reproduction: binary fission B) asexual reproduction: binary fission C) asexual reproduction: budding D) sexual reproduction: meiosis

Which term refers to a bacterial protein that causes disease only after the cell has been disrupted? A) endospore B) heterocyst C) endotoxin D) exotoxin

Which bacteria produce the botulism toxin? A) Clostridium B) Salmonella C) Escherichia D) Staphylococcus

Which of the following contain prokaryotic organisms that are pathogenic to humans? A) Archaea B) Eukarya C) Bacteria D) Fungi

How long does it take for a biofilm to form? A) seconds to minutes B) minutes to hours C) days to months D) months to years

Why is the process of nitrogen fixation by prokaryotes essential? A) It converts atmospheric nitrogen to a nontoxic form. B) It allows for the breakdown of complex macromolecules. C) It removes nitrogen from the soil. D) It provides nitrogen sources for plants and animals.

Figure 23-2 -In the phylogenetic tree in Figure 23-2, which branch identifies the common ancestor of all modern organisms? A) branch A B) branch B C) branch C D) branch D

Figure 23-2 -In the phylogenetic tree in Figure 23-2, which branch identifies a kingdom? A) branch B B) branch C C) branch D D) branch E

Figure 23-2 -In the phylogenetic tree in Figure 23-2, which branch identifies Bacteria? A) branch B B) branch C C) branch D D) branch E

Figure 23-2 -In the phylogenetic tree in Figure 23-2, which branch identifies Archaea? A) branch A B) branch B C) branch D D) branch E

Figure 23-2 -In the phylogenetic tree in Figure 23-2, which branch identifies Eukarya? A) branch A B) branch C C) branch D D) branch E

What are believed to be the evolutionary ancestors of mitochondria? A) ancient Archaea B) ancient proteobacteria C) ancient green bacteria D) ancient cyanobacteria

In what way is proteobacterial photosynthesis different from plant photosynthesis? A) Proteobacterial photosynthesis does not use a proton gradient. B) Proteobacterial photosynthesis does not consume CO₂. C) Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses water as an electron donor. D) Proteobacterial photosynthesis uses a different type of chlorophyll.

Which phrase describes proteobacteria? A) They are Gram-positive and include the purple bacteria. B) They are Gram-negative and include the green bacteria. C) They are Gram-negative and include the purple bacteria. D) They are Gram-positive and include the green bacteria.

Which category includes most of the bacteria that cause human disease? A) photoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) chemoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs

Which category includes the cyanobacteria? A) chemoautotrophs B) photoheterotrophs C) photoautotrophs D) chemoheterotrophs

Which genus contains Gram-positive bacteria? A) Neisseria B) Staphylococcus C) Kokuria D) Salmonella

Which of these types of bacteria has the smallest type of cell? A) mycoplasmas B) Lactobacillus C) Clostridium D) Staphylococcus

What was the basis on which prokaryotes were split into two domains? A) differences in cell membrane properties B) differences in cell wall composition C) differences in staining characteristics D) differences in rRNA sequences

From what environment were Archaea first isolated? A) salt lakes B) Mars C) freshwater lakes D) a human patient

Which of the following produce N-formylmethionine as their first amino acid in protein synthesis? A) Archaea B) Bacteria C) Eukarya

Which category contains organisms that have mitochondria? A) Bacteria B) Eukarya C) Archaea

Which organisms contain branched membrane lipids with ether linkages? A) Eukarya B) Archaea C) Bacteria

Which organisms contain prokaryotic histonelike proteins? A) Archaea B) Eukarya C) Bacteria

Which of the following are among the Archaea that have been cultured in the laboratory? A) Crenarchaeota and Korarchaeota B) Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota C) Nanoarchaeota and Korarchaeota D) Euryarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota

In which major taxonomic group of Archaea are the methanogens found? A) Crenarchaeota B) Korarchaeota C) Nanoarchaeota D) Euryarchaeota

What is the approximate number of distinct evolutionary branches in the domain Archaea, as revealed by genome sequencing studies? A) 3 to 4 B) 9 to 10 C) at least 12 D) at least 20

Which of the following is likely the oldest known lineage in the Archaea? A) Crenarchaeota B) Nanoarchaeota C) Korarchaeota D) Euryarchaeota

Extracellular polymer substance (EPS) is a slimy, gluelike substance produced by bacteria to facilitate the formation of endospores.

Chlamydias are bacteria that possess cell walls, but lack peptidoglycan.

Spirilli are Gram-negative bacteria that possess internal flagella, which cause the entire cell to twist in a corkscrew pattern.

Gingivitis is caused by archaea.

Archaea have multiple types of RNA polymerase.

Organisms that live optimally in cold temperatures are called barophiles.

The strong support for Lokiarchaeota and Eukarya being sister groups has phylogenetic and taxonomic implications.

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Salmonella

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Lactobacillus

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Rhizobium

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Chlamydia

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Neisseria

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Bacillus

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -snottite bacteria

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Streptococcus

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Treponema

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -Pyrobolus

Match each prokaryotic genus with its correct description. a.causes anthrax b.fixes nitrogen c.causes syphilis d.loves very high temperatures e.causes endotoxin shock f.helps in the production of yogurt g.causes necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) h.loves toxic H₂S gas i.causes gonorrhea j.produces CH₄ k. causes trachoma (a preventable form of blindness) -methanogen